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Book Five Hundred Years of Lgbtqia  History in Western Nicaragua

Download or read book Five Hundred Years of Lgbtqia History in Western Nicaragua written by Victoria González-Rivera and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2024 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This groundbreaking book reframes five hundred years of western Nicaraguan history by giving gender and sexuality the attention they deserve. Victoria González-Rivera decenters nationalist narratives of triumphant mestizaje and argues that western Nicaragua's LGBTQIA+ history is a profoundly Indigenous one. In this expansive history, González-Rivera documents connections between Indigeneity, local commerce, and femininity (cis and trans), demonstrating the long history of LGBTQIA+ Nicaraguans. She sheds light on historical events, such as Andres Caballero's 1536 burning at the stake for sodomy. González-Rivera discusses how elite efforts after independence to "modernize" open-air markets led to increased surveillance of LGBTQIA+ working-class individuals. She also examines the 1960s and the Somoza dictatorship, when another wave of persecution emerged, targeting working-­class gay men and trans women, leading to a more stringent anti-sodomy law. The centuries prior to the post-1990 political movement for greater LGBTQIA+ rights demonstrate that, far from being marginal, LGBTQIA+ Nicaraguans have been active in every area of society for hundreds of years.

Book Homework Assignments and Handouts for LGBTQ  Clients

Download or read book Homework Assignments and Handouts for LGBTQ Clients written by Joy S. Whitman and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-01 with total page 1028 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Featuring over seventy affirming interventions in the form of homework assignments, handouts, and activities, this comprehensive volume helps novice and experienced counselors support LGBTQ+ community members and their allies. Each chapter includes an objective, indications and contraindications, a case study, suggestions for follow-up, professional resources, and references. The book’s social justice perspective encourages counselors to hone their skills in creating change in their communities while helping their clients learn effective coping strategies in the face of stress, bullying, microaggressions, and other life challenges. The volume also contains a large section on training groups of allies and promoting greater cohesion within LGBTQ+ communities. Counseling and mental health services for LGBTQ+ clients require between-session activities that are clinically focused, evidence-based, and specifically designed for one or more LGBTQ+ sub-populations. This handbook gathers together the best of such LGBTQ+ clinically focused material. As such, the book appeals both to students learning affirmative LGBTQ+ psychotherapy/counseling and to experienced practitioners. The Handbook features homework assignments, handouts, and activities that: -Emphasize working with clients from different backgrounds. -Stress the importance of ethical guidelines and culturally competent care. -Demonstrate how to engage clients in conversations about coming out across the lifespan. -Help clients manage oppression and build resilience through self-care, advocacy, and validation. -Identify the facets of relationships that are unique to LGBTQ+ individuals. -Offer interventions to enhance familial support and work through family dynamics. -Assist clients to more deeply appreciate their genders and sexual identities. -Aid therapists in their work with clients who have substance use and abuse issues. -Address concerns about career choices, employment options, and college pursuits. -Create safety in a range of social and clinical spaces, including college campuses. Offering practical tools used by clinicians worldwide, the volume is particularly useful for courses in clinical and community counseling, social work, and psychology. Those new to working with LGBTQ+ clients will appreciate the book’s accessible foundation to guide interventions.

Book

    Book Details:
  • Author :
  • Publisher : Religacion Press
  • Release :
  • ISBN :
  • Pages : 84 pages

Download or read book written by and published by Religacion Press. This book was released on with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The Origins of Macho

    Book Details:
  • Author : Sonya Lipsett-Rivera
  • Publisher : University of New Mexico Press
  • Release : 2019-06-15
  • ISBN : 0826360416
  • Pages : 289 pages

Download or read book The Origins of Macho written by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera and published by University of New Mexico Press. This book was released on 2019-06-15 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With limited resources to contextualize masculinity in colonial Mexico, film, literature, and social history perpetuate the stereotype associating Mexican men with machismo—defined as excessive virility that is accompanied by bravado and explosions of violence. While scholars studying men’s gender identities in the colonial period have used Inquisition documents to explore their subject, these documents are inherently limiting given that the men described in them were considered to be criminals or otherwise marginal. Nineteenth- and twentieth-century resources, too, provide a limited perspective on machismo in the colonial period. The Origins of Macho addresses this deficiency by basing its study of colonial Mexican masculinity on the experiences of mainstream men. Lipsett-Rivera traces the genesis of the Mexican macho by looking at daily interactions between Mexican men in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In doing so she establishes an important foundation for gender studies in Mexico and Latin America and makes a significant contribution to the larger field of masculinity studies.

Book An  lisis sobre la Necesidad de Implantaci  n de la Asignatura de Educaci  n Sexual en Nuestro Sistema Educativo

Download or read book An lisis sobre la Necesidad de Implantaci n de la Asignatura de Educaci n Sexual en Nuestro Sistema Educativo written by Olga Martínez Buendía and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012-10-26 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tanto padres como educadores, somos los responsables de proporcionar una educación sexual y afectiva completa a nuestros menores, no podemos relegar a un segundo plano los contenidos que contribuyen a la consecución de tales objetivos y es por ello que debemos incluir dentro de las materias del marco educativo actual, la educación sexual de los individuos que se están formando, sabiendo que de esta forma estamos contribuyendo al logro de conseguir seres felices.

Book Changes  Conflicts and Ideologies in Contemporary Hispanic Culture

Download or read book Changes Conflicts and Ideologies in Contemporary Hispanic Culture written by Teresa Fernandez Ulloa and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2014-06-02 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is formed by various chapters studying the manner in which conflicts, changes and ideologies appear in contemporary Hispanic discourses. The contributions analyze a wide variety of topics related to the manner in which ideological and epistemological changes of the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries are reflected in, and shape, Spanish language, literature, and other cultural expressions in both Spain and Latin America. The 19th century was conducive to various movements of independence, while, in Europe, radical changes of different types and in all contexts of life and knowledge occurred. Language was certainly affected by these changes resulting in new terminology and discourse strategies. Likewise, new schools of thought such as idealism, dialectic materialism, nihilism, and nationalism, among others, were established, in addition to new literary movements such as romanticism, evocative of (r)evolution, individualism and realism, inspired by the social effects of capitalism. Scientific and technological advances continued throughout the 20th century, when the women’s liberation movement consolidated. The notion of globalization also appears, simultaneously to various crises, despotism, wars, genocide, social exclusion and unemployment. Together, these trends give rise to a vindicating discourse that reaches large audiences via television. The classic rhetoric undergoes some changes given the explicit suasion and the absence of delusion provided by other means of communication. The 21st century is defined by the flood of information and the overpowering presence of mass communication; so much so, that the technological impact is clear in all realms of life. From the linguistic viewpoint, the appearance of anglicisms and technicalities mirrors the impact of post-modernity. There is now a need to give coherence to a national discourse that both grasps the past and adapts itself to the new available resources with the purpose of conveying an effective and attractive message to a very large audience. Discourse is swift, since society does not seem to have time to think, but instead seeks to maintain interest in a world filled with stimuli that, in turn, change constantly. Emphasis has been switched to a search for historical images and moments that presumably explain present and future events. It is also significant that all this restlessness is discussed and explained via new means such as the world-wide-web. The change in communication habits (e-mail, chats, forums, SMS) and tools (computers, mobile phones) that was initiated in the 20th century has had a net effect on the directness and swiftness of language.

Book Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics

Download or read book Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics written by Richard E. Behrman and published by Elsevier España. This book was released on 2004 with total page 2694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accompanying CD-ROM contains: contents of book; continuous updates; slide image library; references linked to MEDLINE; pediatric guidelines; case studies; review questions.

Book Disremembering the Dictatorship

Download or read book Disremembering the Dictatorship written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-08-04 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most accounts of the Spanish transition to democracy have been celebratory exercises at the service of a stabilizing rather than a critical project of far-reaching reform. As one of the essays in this volume puts it, the “pact of oblivion,” which characterized the Spanish transition to democracy, curtailed any serious attempt to address the legacies of authoritarianism that the new democracy inherited from the Franco era. As a result, those legacies pervaded public discourse even in newly created organs of opinion. As another contributor argues, the Transition was based on the erasure of memory and the invention of a new political tradition. On the other hand, memory and its etiolation have been an object of reflection for a number of film directors and fiction writers, who have probed the return of the repressed under spectral conditions. Above all, this book strives to present memory as a performative exercise of democratic agents and an open field for encounters with different, possibly divergent, and necessarily fragmented recollections. The pact of the Transition could not entirely disguise the naturalization of a society made of winners and losers, nor could it ensure the consolidation of amnesia by political agents and by the tools that create hegemony by shaping opinion. Spanish society is haunted by the specters of a past it has tried to surmount by denying it. It seems unlikely that it can rid itself of its ghosts without in the process undermining the democracy it sought to legitimate through the erasure of memories and the drowning of witnesses' voices in the cacaphony of triumphant modernization.

Book P  lvora  sangre y sexo

Download or read book P lvora sangre y sexo written by Assen Kokalov and published by IAP. This book was released on 2014-03-01 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book examines the links between literature and film in Latin America by using queer theory and a series of recent cultural productions whose arguments destabilize traditional gender roles and heteronormative masculinity. For many years, the connections between a literary text and its film adaptation have been considered only from the point of view of the latter’s fidelity to the written work, which many scholars imagined to be the original that filmmakers needed to respect. Within the last two decades, however, the idea of adaptation fidelity has been challenged by a number of critics who refute the existence of an original text and promote the notion of an ambiguous and complex relationship between a literary work and its film adaptation. Based on such developments and with the help of queer theory, this book questions and revises several crucial theoretical approximations that analyze the relations between the two art forms in an attempt to overcome the limitations of fidelity discourse. This is the first book-length study that seeks to examine, with the appropriate detail, the connections between film and literature in Latin America through the lenses of queer theory and by focusing on the representations of numerous practices that do not fit within the general framework of heteronormative sexuality.

Book Bullying

    Book Details:
  • Author : José Ramón Ubieto
  • Publisher : NED Ediciones
  • Release : 2016-01-15
  • ISBN : 8494442473
  • Pages : 190 pages

Download or read book Bullying written by José Ramón Ubieto and published by NED Ediciones. This book was released on 2016-01-15 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Los adolescentes olvidan sus juguetes infantiles para vérselas con una nueva pareja: su cuerpo sexualizado que les produce extrañeza y los inquieta. Es allí donde la tentación del bullying aparece como una falsa salida: manipular el cuerpo del otro bajo formas diversas (ninguneo, agresión, exclusión, injuria) les permite poner a resguardo el suyo. Para eso hay que designar un chivo expiatorio y golpear y destruir esa diferencia que se le imputa a la víctima y que deviene, para algunos, insoportable porque confronta a cada uno con la asunción de su sexualidad y con encontrar un lugar en ese nuevo mundo que sucede a la adolescencia. Abordar el acoso implica acompañar a esos adolescentes en su delicado tránsito.

Book Our Caribbean

    Book Details:
  • Author : Thomas Glave
  • Publisher : Duke University Press
  • Release : 2008
  • ISBN : 9780822342267
  • Pages : 420 pages

Download or read book Our Caribbean written by Thomas Glave and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book of its kind, Our Caribbean is an anthology of lesbian and gay writing from across the Antilles. The author and activist Thomas Glave has gathered outstanding fiction, nonfiction, memoir, and poetry by little-known writers together with selections by internationally celebrated figures such as José Alcántara Almánzar, Reinaldo Arenas, Dionne Brand, Michelle Cliff, Audre Lorde, Achy Obejas, and Assotto Saint. The result is an unprecedented literary conversation on gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered experiences throughout the Caribbean and its far-flung diaspora. Many selections were originally published in Spanish, Dutch, or creole languages; some are translated into English here for the first time. The thirty-seven authors hail from the Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent, St. Kitts, Suriname, and Trinidad. Many have lived outside the Caribbean, and their writing depicts histories of voluntary migration as well as exile from repressive governments, communities, and families. Many pieces have a political urgency that reflects their authors' work as activists, teachers, community organizers, and performers. Desire commingles with ostracism and alienation throughout: in the evocative portrayals of same-sex love and longing, and in the selections addressing religion, family, race, and class. From the poem "Saturday Night in San Juan with the Right Sailors" to the poignant narrative "We Came All the Way from Cuba So You Could Dress Like This?" to an eloquent call for the embrace of difference that appeared in the Nassau Daily Tribune on the eve of an anti-gay protest, Our Caribbean is a brave and necessary book. Contributors: José Alcántara Almánzar, Aldo Alvarez, Reinaldo Arenas, Rane Arroyo, Jesús J. Barquet, Marilyn Bobes, Dionne Brand, Timothy S. Chin, Michelle Cliff, Wesley E. A. Crichlow, Mabel Rodríguez Cuesta, Ochy Curiel, Faizal Deen, Pedro de Jesús, R. Erica Doyle, Thomas Glave, Rosamond S. King, Helen Klonaris, Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes, Audre Lorde, Shani Mootoo, Anton Nimblett, Achy Obejas, Leonardo Padura Fuentes, Virgilio Piñera, Patricia Powell, Kevin Everod Quashie, Juanita Ramos, Colin Robinson, Assotto Saint, Andrew Salkey, Lawrence Scott, Makeda Silvera, H. Nigel Thomas, Rinaldo Walcott, Gloria Wekker, Lawson Williams

Book Esther Tusquets

    Book Details:
  • Author : Nina L. Molinaro
  • Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
  • Release : 2014-06-12
  • ISBN : 1443861669
  • Pages : 255 pages

Download or read book Esther Tusquets written by Nina L. Molinaro and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2014-06-12 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume reviews and revisits the life and work of Spanish writer, editor, and intellectual Esther Tusquets (1936–2012). The author of some seven novels, three collections of short stories, two books for children, seven volumes of essays and memoirs, and an extensive corpus of journalistic and other short prose texts, Tusquets’s contributions to contemporary Spanish culture and literature are vast and heterogeneous. Most academic scholarship to date has been dedicated to Tusquets’s groundbreaking novelistic trilogy (El mismo mar de todos los veranos [1978], El amor es un juego solitario [1979], Varada tras el último naufragio [1980]) and to her unified short-story collection, Siete miradas en el mismo paisaje (1979). The essays contained in Esther Tusquets: Scholarly Correspondences offer new readings of the author’s canonical fiction and delve into the largely unexplored terrain of her non-fiction. Participating faculty-scholars include Nina L. Molinaro (University of Colorado at Boulder); Maureen Tobin Stanley (University of Minnesota Duluth); Inmaculada Pertusa-Seva (Western Kentucky University); Laura Lonsdale (Queen’s College, University of Oxford); Stacey Dolgin Casado (University of Georgia); Abigail Lee Six (Royal Holloway, University of London); María Elena Soliño (University of Houston); Mayte de Lama (Elon University); Catherine G. Bellver (University of Nevada, Las Vegas); Rosalía Cornejo Parriego (University of Ottawa); Meri Torras Francès (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona); and Mary S. Vázquez (Davidson College). The volume concludes with a complete bibliography by Tiffany L. Malloy of works by and about Tusquets.

Book New Perspectives on the History of Facial Hair

Download or read book New Perspectives on the History of Facial Hair written by Jennifer Evans and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-02 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together a range of scholars from diverse disciplinary backgrounds to re-examine the histories of facial hair and its place in discussions of gender, the military, travel and art, amongst others. Chapters in the first section of the collection explore the intricate history of beard wearing and shaving, including facial hair fashions in long historical perspective, and the depiction of beards in portraiture. Section Two explores the shifting meanings of the moustache, both as a manly symbol in the nineteenth century, and also as the focus of the material culture of personal grooming. The final section of the collection charts the often-complex relationship between men, women and facial hair. It explores how women used facial hair to appropriate masculine identity, and how women’s own hair was read as a sign of excessive and illicit sexuality.

Book Transgender Rights

    Book Details:
  • Author : Paisley Currah
  • Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
  • Release : 2006-08-18
  • ISBN : 1452942587
  • Pages : 396 pages

Download or read book Transgender Rights written by Paisley Currah and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2006-08-18 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Transgender Rights packs a surprising amount of information into a small space. Offering spare, tightly executed essays, this slim volume nonetheless succeeds in creating a spectacular, well-researched compendium of the transgender movement." -Law Library Journal Over the past three decades, the transgender movement has gained visibility and achieved significant victories. Discrimination has been prohibited in several states, dozens of municipalities, and more than two hundred private companies, while hate crime laws in eight states have been amended to include gender identity. Yet prejudice and violence against transgender people remain all too common. With analysis from legal and policy experts, activists and advocates, Transgender Rights assesses the movement’s achievements, challenges, and opportunities for future action. Examining crucial topics like family law, employment policies, public health, economics, and grassroots organizing, this groundbreaking book is an indispensable resource in the fight for the freedom and equality of those who cross gender boundaries. Moving beyond media representations to grapple with the real lives and issues of transgender people, Transgender Rights will launch a new moment for human rights activism in America. Contributors: Kylar W. Broadus, Judith Butler, Mauro Cabral, Dallas Denny, Taylor Flynn, Phyllis Randolph Frye, Julie A. Greenberg, Morgan Holmes, Bennett H. Klein, Jennifer L. Levi, Ruthann Robson, Nohemy Solórzano-Thompson, Dean Spade, Kendall Thomas, Paula Viturro, Willy Wilkinson. Paisley Currah is associate professor of political science at Brooklyn College, executive director of the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies at the CUNY Graduate Center, and a founding board member of the Transgender Law and Policy Institute. Richard M. Juang cochairs the advisory board of the National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE) in Washington, DC. He has taught at Oberlin College and Susquehanna University. He is the lead editor of NCTE's Responding to Hate Crimes: A Community Resource Manual and coeditor of Transgender Justice, which explores models of activism. Shannon Price Minter is legal director of the National Center for Lesbian Rights and a founding board member of the Transgender Law and Policy Institute.

Book Hermaphroditism  Medical Science and Sexual Identity in Spain  18501960

Download or read book Hermaphroditism Medical Science and Sexual Identity in Spain 18501960 written by Richard Cleminson and published by University of Wales Press. This book was released on 2009-10-31 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book in English to analyse the medical category of 'hermaphroditism' in Spain over the period 1850-1960. It attempts to show how the relationship between the male and female body, biological 'sex', gender and sexuality constantly changed in the light of emerging medical, legal and social influences. Tracing the evolution of the hermaphrodite from its association with the 'marvellous' to the association with intersexuality and transexuality, this book emphasizes how the frameworks employed by scientists and doctors reflected not only changing international paradigms with respect to 'hermaphrodite science' but also social anxieties about shifting gender roles, the evolving discourse on sexuality and, in particular, the increased visibility of the 'sexual deviancies' such as homosexuality and changing legislation on marriage and divorce. Finally, we hope to open a space whereby the voice of 'hermaphrodites' and 'intersexuals' themselves could be heard in the past as agents in the construction of their own destiny as figures deemed 'in-between' by medicine and society.

Book Introducci  n a la socioling    stica hisp  nica

Download or read book Introducci n a la socioling stica hisp nica written by Manuel Diaz-Campos and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-12-02 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introducción a la Sociolingüística Hispánica es un libro de texto imprescindible para los estudiantes de pregrado que cursan sociolingüística hispánica. Cada capítulo está redactado en un lenguaje sencillo y accesible. Sobre la base de un enfoque pedagógico, cada capítulo incluye una introducción, una lista de los temas a ser discutidos, el desarrollo de tales temas, un resumen, una lista de términos claves, un glosario de la terminología clave, una sección de ejercicios y preguntas de comprensión al final de cada sección temática de cada capítulo. Provee una introducción actualizada sobre los temas más relevantes de la versátil sociolingüística española contemporánea tales como la variación fonológica, el bilingüismo, la lengua y las leyes, las actitudes lingüísticas, entre otros Incluye una variedad de actividades para apoyar y extender el aprendizaje de los estudiantes Ofrece un enfoque pedagógico único que incluye ejercicios de análisis de datos. Estas actividades estimulan la investigación por parte de los estudiantes a través del uso de las bases de datos, la música popular y otros recursos audiovisuales El libro incluye ejemplos de las variedades de español habladas en el mundo hispanohablante con secciones especiales dedicadas a las variedades habladas en los EEUU Introducción a la Sociolingüística Hispánica is a much-needed undergraduate introduction to the study of sociolinguistics in the Spanish-speaking world. Written in accessible Spanish, each chapter includes an overview, a review of topics, a section of key terms, exercises and questions. Provides up-to-date coverage of the main topics of sociolinguistics – such as phonological variation, bilingualism, and language attitudes – in relation to the Hispanic world Incorporates a variety of activities to support and extend student’s learning Offers a unique pedagogical approach, in which data analysis exercises encourage students to conduct research by using electronic databases, popular music, and audiovisual material Features examples that apply to Spanish varieties spoken around the world, with special sections dedicated to the Spanish varieties of the US

Book Aurora Bertrana

Download or read book Aurora Bertrana written by Silvia Roig and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2016 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Silvia Roig explores the narrative of Aurora Bertrana (1892-1974), an unknown writer today, but a successful and recognized female author in Catalonia and Spain during the 20th century. Aurora Bertrana's works are almost never mentioned in manuals of literature. Her rich, intellectual work has not received the attention it deserves, relegated almost to absolute oblivion. The author reviews and studies twenty-four of Bertrana's novels written in Catalan andSpanish, including: Ariatea (1960), El pomell de les violes (MS), L'inefable Philip (MS), La aldea sin hombres (mn.), La madrecita de los cerdos (MS), Entre dos silencis (1958), La ninfa d'argila (1959), Fracàs (1966) and La ciutat dels joves: reportatge fantasia (1971). She studies her work, published and unpublished, from a feminist approach, taking into account the intellectual history of Spain and Catalonia. Bertana's strong commitment to social issues reveals her association with the Modernist and Noucentists trends of her time. Bertrana's novels reveal a unique interest in non-Western cultures and lifestyles and her work undertakes controversial topics and socio-cultural issues, while she observes and draws special attention to the situation of women in different circumstances and cultural geographies. This book is therefore anchored on interpretive and theoretical parameters that intersect with consideration of gender, such as travel-and-gender and war-and-gender. Roig uses the work of feminists such as Simone De Beauvoir, Shulamith Firestone, Jelke Boesten, Margaret and Patrice Higonnet, Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Julia Kristeva to help assess Bertrana's engagement with gender and socio-political issues. This approach is particularly well suited for a writer like Bertrana, a Catalan and Republican intellectual woman forced into self-exile during the Spanish Civil War and the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. Silvia Roig is a Faculty Member, BMCC Department of Modern Languages, The City University of New York.