Download or read book LA FE DEL ISLAM MAHOMA The Faith of Islam Mohammed written by MEENACHISUNDARAM.M and published by MEENACHI SUNDARAM. This book was released on 2024-09-05 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TABLA DE CONTENIDO LA FE DEL ISLÁM... 4 CAPÍTULO I: LOS FUNDAMENTOS DEL ISLÁM. 4 CAPÍTULO II: EXÉGESIS DEL CORÁN Y LAS TRADICIONES. 35 CAPÍTULO III: LAS SECTAS DEL ISLÁM. 66 CAPÍTULO IV: EL CREDO DEL ISLÁM. 104 CAPÍTULO V: LOS DEBERES PRÁCTICOS DEL ISLÁM. 166 ACERCA DEL AUTOR. 235 LA FE DEL ISLÁM CAPÍTULO I: LOS FUNDAMENTOS DEL ISLÁM. El credo del Islam, “Lá-iláha-il-lal-láhu wa Muhammad-ur-Rasúl-Ulláh” (No hay más deidad que Dios, y Mahoma es el Apóstol de Dios), es muy breve, pero el sistema en sí es muy dogmático. Afirmaciones como: “El Corán es un código que lo abarca todo y lo regula todo”, “El Corán contiene todo el código del Islam, es decir, no es simplemente un libro de preceptos religiosos, sino que gobierna todo lo que hace un musulmán”, “El Corán contiene toda la religión de Mahoma”, “El Corán contiene todo el Evangelio del Islam” no son simplemente engañosas, sino erróneas. El Corán no es la única regla de fe y práctica para los musulmanes, pero no hay una sola secta entre ellos cuya fe y práctica se basen únicamente en él. Nadie entre ellos discute su autoridad ni pone en duda su autenticidad. Su voz es suprema en todo lo que concierne a ella, pero su exégesis, todo el sistema de jurisprudencia legal y de ciencia teológica, se basa en gran medida en las Tradiciones. Entre los musulmanes ortodoxos, los fundamentos de la fe son cuatro: el Corán, la Sunna, la Ijmá' y la Qíaz. El hecho de que todas las sectas no estén de acuerdo con los ortodoxos -los sunnitas- en esta cuestión ilustra otro hecho importante en el Islam: la falta de unidad entre sus seguidores. 1. El Corán.—En el próximo capítulo se tratará en profundidad la cuestión de la inspiración y se dará una explicación de las leyes de la exégesis del Corán. Baste por ahora decir que este libro goza de la más alta veneración por parte de los musulmanes de todas las sectas. Cuando se lee, se lo mantiene en un atril elevado sobre el suelo y nadie debe leerlo ni tocarlo sin hacer antes la ablución legal. No se traduce a menos que exista una necesidad urgente, e incluso en ese caso se imprime el texto árabe junto con la traducción. Se dice que Dios eligió el mes sagrado de Ramadán para dar todas las revelaciones que en forma de libros se han concedido a la humanidad. Así, en la primera noche de ese mes descendieron del cielo los libros de Abraham; en la sexta, los libros de Moisés; en la decimotercera, el Injíl o Evangelio, y en la veintisiete, el Corán. Se dice que en esa noche, la Laylut-ul-Qadr, o “noche del poder”, todo el Corán descendió al más bajo de los siete cielos, desde donde fue traído a Mahoma, en partes, según lo requería la ocasión. “En verdad, hemos hecho que (el Corán) descienda en la noche del poder” (Sura xcvii. 1). Esa noche se llama la noche bendita, la noche mejor que mil meses, la noche en que los ángeles descendieron con el permiso de su Señor, la noche que trae paz y bendiciones hasta el amanecer rosado. Dos veces esa noche en la soledad de la cueva de Hira la voz llamó, dos veces aunque apretada dolorosamente "como si un peso terrible hubiera sido puesto sobre él", el profeta luchó contra su influencia. La tercera vez escuchó las palabras: "Recita, en el nombre de tu Señor que creó— "Creó al hombre a partir de coágulos de sangre." (Sura xcvi. 5.) "Cuando la voz dejó de hablar, contando cómo desde los más mínimos comienzos el hombre había sido llamado a la existencia, y elevado por la comprensión y el conocimiento del Señor, que es el más benéfico, y que por la pluma había revelado lo que el hombre no sabía, Muhammad despertó de su trance y sintió como si "un libro hubiera sido escrito en su corazón". Se alarmó mucho. La tradición registra que fue apresuradamente a su esposa y le dijo: "¡Oh Jadiya! ¿Qué me ha sucedido?" Se acostó y ella observó a su lado. Cuando se recuperó de su paroxismo, dijo: "¡Oh Jadiya! Aquel de quien nadie hubiera creído (es decir, él mismo) se ha convertido en un adivino (káhin) o en un loco". Ella respondió: "Dios es mi protección, oh Ab-ul-kásim. Él no permitirá que te suceda algo así, porque dices la verdad, no devuelves mal por mal, eres fiel, llevas una vida buena y eres amable con tus parientes y amigos, y no eres un charlatán en los bazares. ¿Qué te ha sucedido? ¿Has visto algo terrible? Muhammad respondió: "Sí". Y él le contó lo que había visto. A lo que ella respondió y dijo: "Alégrate, querido esposo, y ten ánimo. Aquel en cuyas manos está la vida de Jadiya es mi testigo de que serás el Profeta de este pueblo". La siguiente sura, la 74, fue revelada en La Meca, después de la cual parece haber habido un intermedio, llamado Fatrah. Fue durante este tiempo que el Profeta adquirió algún conocimiento del contenido de las Escrituras judías y cristianas. Se cree que Gabriel fue el medio de comunicación. Sin embargo, este hecho sólo se menciona una vez en el Corán: "Di: ¿Quién es enemigo de Gabriel? Pues él es quien, con el permiso de Dios, ha hecho descender el Corán a tu corazón" (Sura ii. 91). Esta Sura fue revelada algunos años después de la huida del Profeta a Medina. Las otras referencias a la revelación del Corán son: "En verdad, este libro ha descendido del Señor de los mundos; el Espíritu Fiel (Rúh-ul-Ámín) ha descendido con él" (Sura xxvi. 192). "El Corán no es otra cosa que una revelación que le fue revelada, y que se la enseñó un poder terrible (Shadíd-ul-Quá)". (Sura liii. 5.) Estos últimos pasajes no afirman claramente que Gabriel fuese el medio de comunicación, pero la creencia de que lo fue es casi, si no totalmente, universal, y los Comentaristas dicen que los términos "Rúh-ul-Ámín" y "Shadíd-ul-Quá" no se refieren a ningún otro ángel o espíritu. El uso de la palabra "enseñó" en la última Sura citada, y la siguiente expresión en la Sura lxxv. 18. “Cuando lo hayamos recitado, tú sigue la recitación”, muestra que el Corán es una revelación completamente objetiva y que Mahoma era sólo un medio pasivo de comunicación. El historiador musulmán Ibn Khaldoun dice sobre este punto: “De todos los libros divinos, el Corán es el único cuyo texto, palabras y frases han sido comunicados a un profeta por una voz audible. Sucede lo contrario con el Pentateuco, el Evangelio y los demás libros divinos: los profetas los recibieron bajo la forma de ideas”. Esto expresa la creencia universal sobre este punto, una creencia que revela la naturaleza esencialmente mecánica del Islam.

Download or read book Palabra por Palabra Sixth Edition Spanish Vocabulary for AQA A level written by Phil Turk and published by Hodder Education. This book was released on 2018-05-08 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exam board: AQA Level: A-level Subject: Spanish First teaching: September 2016 First exams: Summer 2018 Essential vocabulary for AQA A-level Spanish, all in one place. - Supplement key resources such as course textbooks with all the vocab students need to know in one easy-to-navigate place, completed updated to match the latest specification - Ensure extensive vocab coverage with topic-by-topic lists of key words and phrases, including a new section dedicated to film and literature - Test students' knowledge with end-of-topic activities designed to deepen their understanding of word patterns and relationships - Develop effective strategies for learning new vocab and dealing with unfamiliar words

Download or read book Intercultural Contacts in the Medieval Mediterranean written by Benjamin Arbel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-04-15 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These essays by medievalists touch upon many aspects of intercultural links in the medieval Mediterranean, covering not only strictly cultural and religious contacts, but also political, military, ethnic, social institutional, scientific and technological relationships.

Download or read book Faith and Fanaticism written by Robert Hooworth-Smith and published by Routledge. This book was released on 1997 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Six essays from a May 1996 conference at the University of Humberside, England, are augmented with an additional three contributions developing the main themes further. They discuss the quest for orthodoxy in terms of the problems of the female visionary in the Catholic Monarchy, monastic spirituality in the early 16th century, and fanatical condemnation of opponents of the Immaculate Conception in 15th-century Valencia. They also include topics on the imposition of orthodoxy and cross-cultural awareness. Assumes literacy in Spanish. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Download or read book Manual Work and Mental Work written by Christoph Strosetzki and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-03-10 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information Text: In the early modern period, numerous texts deal with professions by presenting the knowledge required in each case, individual fields of activity, purpose, origin and prestige. The course of argumentation is humanistic, insofar as it mostly starts from the human being. The ancient idea of the primacy of mental work over manual work is formative here. The importance of Spain results from the fact that the Spanish king Charles V was both emperor and ruler of the colonies in America, i.e. he ruled a world empire by the standards of the time. After discussing some central categories, overall representations of knowledge, professions, and prominent professional representatives are presented. Here, the hierarchization and its relativization by satire is revealing. The mechanical arts and the artes liberales are then presented on the basis of individual professions selected as characteristic examples, each with its own specific knowledge. The higher faculties of medicine, theology and jurisprudence with their representatives form the conclusion.

Download or read book Miracles Duels and Cide Hamete s Moorish Dissent written by Juergen Hahn and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Qur an in Rome written by Federico Stella and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-03-04 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite its relevance to the subsequent development of Western Islamic studies, the intellectual contribution of early modern Catholicism is still an under-researched area. The aim of this volume is to fill this gap, offering a series of essays dealing with the study of the Qur’an and Arabic language in early modern Catholic Europe. Focusing on the circulation of manuscripts, translations and printed books, the essays highlight how Catholic Orientalism contributed to the birth and spread of Western Islamic studies, although sometimes it was still directed towards religious polemics. Among the protagonists of this period of Islamic studies, the volume will focus on Catholic priests, missionaries, religious orders (Jesuits, Franciscans, Carmelites) Eastern Christians, converts, and other prominent figures in the Catholic culture of the time. Special attention will be given to the work of Ludovico Marracci, author of a fundamental edition of the Arabic text and Latin translation of the Qur’an with an introduction, notes, refutations and religious and linguistic insights. The volume is of interest to an audience of specialists and non-specialists interested both in Islamic and Qur'anic studies and in the history of modern Catholicism, missions, and Orientalism

Download or read book Charlemagne and His Legend in Early Spanish Literature and Historiography written by Matthew Bailey and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2016 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New examinations of the figure of Charlemagne in Spanish literature and culture.

Download or read book Digital Talking Books Plus written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Religious Polemics of the Muslims of Late Medieval Christian Iberia written by Mònica Colominas Aparicio and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Religious Polemics of the Muslims of Late Medieval Christian Iberia examines the corpus of polemical literature against the Christians and the Jews of the protected Muslims (Mudejars). Commonly portrayed as communities in cultural and religious decay, Mònica Colominas convincingly proves that the discourses against the Christians and the Jews in Mudejar treatises provided authoritative frameworks of Islamic normativity which helped to legitimize the residence of their communities in the Christian territories. Colominas argues that, while the primary aim of the polemics was to refute the views of their religious opponents, Mudejar treatises were also a tool used to advance Islamic knowledge and to strengthen the government and social cohesion of their communities.

Download or read book Embracing Muslims in a Catholic Land Rethinking the Genesis of Isl m in Mexico written by Jonathan Benzion and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2022-02-28 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is an academic pursuit that aims to produce innovative scholarly general interest that explores, through a fresh perspective and from a historical approach and a multidisciplinary angle, an understudied subject of Colonial and Early Independent Mexico’s History: Islam.

Download or read book The Venetian Qur an written by Pier Mattia Tommasino and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2018-03-26 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An anonymous book appeared in Venice in 1547 titled L'Alcorano di Macometto, and, according to the title page, it contained "the doctrine, life, customs, and laws [of Mohammed] . . . newly translated from Arabic into the Italian language." Were this true, L'Alcorano di Macometto would have been the first printed direct translation of the Qur'an in a European vernacular language. The truth, however, was otherwise. As soon became clear, the Qur'anic sections of the book—about half the volume—were in fact translations of a twelfth-century Latin translation that had appeared in print in Basel in 1543. The other half included commentary that balanced anti-Islamic rhetoric with new interpretations of Muhammad's life and political role in pre-Islamic Arabia. Despite having been discredited almost immediately, the Alcorano was affordable, accessible, and widely distributed. In The Venetian Qur'an, Pier Mattia Tommasino uncovers the volume's mysterious origins, its previously unidentified author, and its broad, lasting influence. L'Alcorano di Macometto, Tommasino argues, served a dual purpose: it was a book for European refugees looking to relocate in the Ottoman Empire, as well as a general Renaissance reader's guide to Islamic history and stories. The book's translation and commentary were prepared by an unknown young scholar, Giovanni Battista Castrodardo, a complex and intellectually accomplished man, whose commentary in L'Alcorano di Macometto bridges Muhammad's biography and the text of the Qur'an with Machiavelli's The Prince and Dante's Divine Comedy. In the years following the publication of L'Alcorano di Macometto, the book was dismissed by Arabists and banned by the Catholic Church. It was also, however, translated into German, Hebrew, and Spanish and read by an extended lineage of missionaries, rabbis, renegades, and iconoclasts, including such figures as the miller Menocchio, Joseph Justus Scaliger, and Montesquieu. Through meticulous research and literary analysis, The Venetian Qur'an reveals the history and legacy of a fascinating historical and scholarly document.

Download or read book Muslims of Medieval Latin Christendom c 1050 1614 written by Brian A. Catlos and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-03-20 with total page 649 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An innovative study which explores how the presence of Muslim communities transformed Europe and stimulated Christian society to define itself.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of World History written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An encyclopedia with thousands of ilustrations, including date panels and quick reference timelines.

Download or read book Catalog of the Oriental Institute Library University of Chicago written by University of Chicago. Oriental Institute. Library and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Interreligious Encounters in Polemics Between Christians Jews and Muslims in Iberia and Beyond written by Mercedes García-Arenal and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on polemical religious texts of Iberia's long fifteenth century, a period characterized by both social violence and cultural exchange. It highlights how polemical texts often reveal the interconnected nature of social and cultural intimacy, promoting dialogue and cultural transfer.

Download or read book Muslims in Spain 1492 1814 written by Eloy Martín Corrales and published by Mediterranean Reconfigurations. This book was released on 2020-12 with total page 689 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In Muslims in Spain, 1492-1814: Living and Negotiating in the Land of the Infidel, Eloy Martín-Corrales surveys Hispano-Muslim relations from the late fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries, a period of chronic hostilities. Nonetheless there were thousands of Muslims in Spain during this time: ambassadors, exiles, merchants, converts, and travelers. Their negotiating strategies and the necessary support they found on both shores of the Mediterranean prove that relations between Spaniards and Muslims were based on reasons of state and a pragmatism that generated intense ties, both political and economic. These increased enormously after the peace treaties that Spain signed with Muslim countries between 1767 and 1791"--