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Book Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice  2011 Edition

Download or read book Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice. The editors have built Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Book Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice  2013 Edition

Download or read book Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice 2013 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-05-01 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ book that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Acupuncture and Meridian Studies. The editors have built Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Acupuncture and Meridian Studies in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Book Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice  2012 Edition

Download or read book Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice 2012 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Acupuncture and Electrotherapeutics in a compact format. The editors have built Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Acupuncture and Electrotherapeutics in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research and Practice: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Book Issues in Clinical Medicine Research and Practice  2011 Edition

Download or read book Issues in Clinical Medicine Research and Practice 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 1916 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Clinical Medicine Research and Practice: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Clinical Medicine Research and Practice. The editors have built Issues in Clinical Medicine Research and Practice: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Clinical Medicine Research and Practice in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Clinical Medicine Research and Practice: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Book Clinical Research in Complementary Therapies E Book

Download or read book Clinical Research in Complementary Therapies E Book written by George Thomas Lewith and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2010-11-23 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of complementary therapies is exploding, increasing the pressure to establish a rigorous science to support its practice. Clinical Research in Complementary Therapies: Principles, Problems and Solutions provides students with the tools they need to research complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) and so fill this gap. Essential for both undergraduate and postgraduate students, this second edition is significantly updated and enhanced. Part 1 deals with research strategies and methods, explaining the major types of clinical research in CIM and how these inter-relate. New chapters are included on whole systems research, qualitative research and questionnaire development. Not all therapies can be treated the same way nor channeled through the signal process of randomized controlled trials. Therefore, detailed description of mixed methods approaches including observational, qualitative, cost-benefit and comparative effectiveness research are described. Part 2 deals with specific complementary therapies and how they are invested by experts in each field. The book analyses the key questions asked and the controversies debated in complementary medicine research and offers clear and innovative guidance for answering these questions. FEATURES • Provides an overarching synthesis of methods in CIM and how they are to be used collectively including the role of comparative effectiveness research • Suggests both general and specific factors which need to be considered in assessing or planning complementary therapy research • Pinpoints aspects of research which are different in orthodox research and complementary therapy research • Reviews the types of research carried out in specific complementary therapies and analyses issues which arise • Includes information on measuring the economic cost and benefits of complementary medicine, clinical audit and the role of placebos use • Builds upon recent research results, looks at the lessons these provide for all complementary therapies and suggests key issues to address in future research. • Provides an overarching synthesis of methods in CIM and how they are to be used collectively including the role of comparative effectiveness research • Suggests both general and specific factors which need to be considered in assessing or planning complementary therapy research • Pinpoints aspects of research which are different in orthodox research and complementary therapy research • Reviews the types of research carried out in specific complementary therapies and analyses issues which arise • Includes information on measuring the economic cost and benefits of complementary medicine, clinical audit and the role of placebos use • Builds upon recent research results, looks at the lessons these provide for all complementary therapies and suggests key issues to address in future research.

Book Handbook of Complementary  Alternative  and Integrative Medicine

Download or read book Handbook of Complementary Alternative and Integrative Medicine written by Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-10-29 with total page 535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Six volumes combine to make up the Handbook of Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Medicine: Education, Practice, and Research, which describes the education, practice, and research-related issues of complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine; and its efficacy and safety in treating diseases and health conditions. Further the volumes review integrative medicine around the world to share the best practices and experiences in terms of education, practice, and research; and identify the challenges and suggest recommendations to overcome them. The 20 chapters of Volume 3 focus on complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine research-related issues. It begins with a history of complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine research and continues with coverage of the different research issues such as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) research importance, plans, proposals, funding, ethical issues, study designs, methods, advantages and disadvantages for each method, best practices in CAM research, and publications. Key Features: · Describes the complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine research-related issues · Describes the complementary and alternative medicine importance, plans and funding issues · Describes the complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine research methodology with examples · Describes the challenges of complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine research and suggest recommendations to overcome them

Book Issues in Biologicals  Therapies  and Complementary and Alternative Medicine  2011 Edition

Download or read book Issues in Biologicals Therapies and Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Biologicals, Therapies, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Biologicals, Therapies, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine. The editors have built Issues in Biologicals, Therapies, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Biologicals, Therapies, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Biologicals, Therapies, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Book Researching Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Download or read book Researching Complementary and Alternative Medicine written by Jon Adams and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2007-01-24 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Researching Complementary and Alternative Medicine provides a valuable and timely resource for those looking to understand, initiate and expand CAM research. This collection brings together leading international CAM researchers with backgrounds and expertise in a variety of areas including health social science, qualitative methodology, general practice, health services research and public health. Drawing upon their own research work and experience, the contributors explain and review core methods and research issues pertinent to contemporary CAM and its future development. Topics discussed include: the use and limitation of evidence in CAM research the issues facing practitioners (GPs, therapists, nurses, etc) who wish to conduct research how and why qualitative methods should be combined alongside quantitative methods to help explore CAM how the randomised control trial (RCT) method relates to CAM the future direction of CAM research in terms of public health and policy-related agendas. Researching Complementary and Alternative Medicine is essential reading for students, academics and researchers in CAM, health studies, medicine, nursing, medical sociology and public health. It will also appeal to CAM and allied health practitioners.

Book Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries written by Dean T. Jamison and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006-04-02 with total page 1449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on careful analysis of burden of disease and the costs ofinterventions, this second edition of 'Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition' highlights achievable priorities; measures progresstoward providing efficient, equitable care; promotes cost-effectiveinterventions to targeted populations; and encourages integrated effortsto optimize health. Nearly 500 experts - scientists, epidemiologists, health economists,academicians, and public health practitioners - from around the worldcontributed to the data sources and methodologies, and identifiedchallenges and priorities, resulting in this integrated, comprehensivereference volume on the state of health in developing countries.

Book Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Download or read book Complementary and Alternative Medicine written by Michael H. Cohen and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 1998-02-02 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the legal issues that health care providers, institutions, and regulators confront as they contemplate integrating complementary and alternative medicine into mainstream U.S. health care. A third of all Americans use complementary and alternative medicine—including chiropractic, acupuncture, homeopathy, naturopathy, nutritional and herbal treatments, and massage therapy—even when their insurance does not cover it and they have to pay for such treatments themselves. Nearly a third of U.S. medical schools offer courses on complementary and alternative therapies. Congress has created an Office of Alternative Medicine within the National Institutes of Health, and federal and state lawmakers have introduced legislation authorizing widespread use of such therapies. These institutional and legislative developments, argues Michael H. Cohen, express a paradigm shift to a broader, more inclusive vision of health care than conventional medicine admits. Cohen explores the legal issues that health care providers (both conventional and alternative), institutions, and regulators confront as they contemplate integrating complementary and alternative medicine into mainstream U.S. health care. Challenging traditional ways of thinking about health, disease, and the role of law in regulating health, Cohen begins by defining complementary and alternative medicine and then places the regulation of orthodox and alternative health care in historical context. He next examines the legal ramifications of complementary and alternative medicine, including state medical licensing laws, legislative limitations on authorized practice, malpractice liability, food and drug laws, professional disciplinary issues, and third-party reimbursement. The final chapter provides a framework for thinking about the possible evolution of the regulatory structure. This book is the first to set forth the emerging moral and legal authority on which the safe and effective practice of alternative health care can rest. It further suggests how regulatory structures might develop to support a comprehensive, holistic, and balanced approach to health, one that permits integration of orthodox medicine with complementary and alternative medicine, while continuing to protect patients from fraudulent and dangerous treatments.

Book Professionalism and Ethics in Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Download or read book Professionalism and Ethics in Complementary and Alternative Medicine written by Ethan B Russo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-11-12 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gain a better understanding of the complex issues that will decide the future of health care!This is the first book of its kind in the rapidly growing field of complementary and alternative medicine. It addresses quality-of-care concerns and also focuses on the goals of many practitioners: to secure a firm place for their practice in health care systems and to establish levels of integration. Professionalism and Ethics in Complementary and Alternative Medicine is a unique textbook, but is also an essential resource for practitioners of complementary, alternative, and conventional medicine as well as the general public.This volume is divided into three parts. The first looks at a range of current concerns over complementary and alternative medicine, many of which raise ethical issues relating to quality of care. The next section, focusing on professionalism, indicates how practitioners must respond to the public’s concerns, especially in light of the public’s rising expectations of standards of care among all practitioners. The third part is comprised of case histories plus commentaries suitable for private study or classroom discussion.In this valuable book you will find: an examination of current issues in complementary/alternative medicine and bioethics explorations of other approaches to ethical dilemmas including “bottom-up” ethics such as consequentialism and social utilitarianism plus feminist ethics, virtue ethics, and more informed discussion of public expectations of professional roles and responsibilities case histories that illustrate ethical issues explanations of the Hippocratic Oath and complementary and alternative medicine codes an examination of the power structure within health care systems and much, much more!Growing from a course on ethics and law at the Homeopathic College of Canada in Toronto, Professionalism and Ethics in Complementary and Alternative Medicine will benefit everyone who is concerned with quality care and integrated medicine.

Book Fundamentals of Complementary  Alternative  and Integrative Medicine   E Book

Download or read book Fundamentals of Complementary Alternative and Integrative Medicine E Book written by Marc S. Micozzi and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get a solid, global foundation of the therapies and evidence-based clinical applications of CAI. Fundamentals of Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Medicine, 6th Edition is filled with the most up-to-date information on scientific theory and research of holistic medicine from experts around the world. The 6th edition of this acclaimed text includes all new content on quantum biology and biofields in health and nursing, integrative mental health care, and homeopathic medicine. Its wide range of topics explores therapies most commonly seen in the U.S., such as energy medicine, mind-body therapies, and reflexology along with traditional medicine and practices from around the world. With detailed coverage of historic and contemporary applications, this text is a solid resource for all practitioners in the medical, health, and science fields! Coverage of CAI therapies and systems includes those most commonly encountered or growing in popularity, so you can carefully evaluate each treatment. An evidence-based approach focuses on treatments best supported by clinical trials and scientific evidence. Observations from mechanisms of action to evidence of clinical efficacy answers questions of how, why, and when CAM therapies work. A unique synthesis of information, including historical usage, cultural and social analysis, current basic science theory and research, and a wide range of clinical investigations and observations, makes this text a focused, authoritative resource. Global coverage includes discussions of traditional healing arts from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Clinical guides for selecting therapies, and new advances for matching the appropriate therapy to the individual patient, enables you to offer and/or recommend individualized patient care. Expert contributors include well-known writers such as Kevin Ergil, Patch Adams, Joseph Pizzorno, and Marc Micozzi. A unique history of CAI traces CAM therapies from their beginnings to present day practices. Suggested readings and references on the companion website list the best resources for further research and study. NEW! Added chapters offer fresh perspective on quantum biology and biofields in health and nursing, integrative mental health care, and homeopathic medicine. NEW! Updated chapters feature new content and topics, including: challenges in integrative medicine, legal issues, CAI in the community, psychometric evaluation, placebo effect, stress management, and much more! NEW! Updated guides on common herbal remedies in clinical practice, East and Southeast Asia, and native North and South America deliver the latest information. NEW! Basic science content and new theory and research studies cover a wide range of sciences such as biophysics, biology and ecology, ethnomedicine, psychometrics, neurosciences, and systems theory. NEW! Expanded global ethnomedical systems includes new content on Shamanism and Neo-Shamanism, Central and North Asia, Southeast Asia, Nepal and Tibet, Hawaii and South Pacific, Alaska and Pacific Northwest, and contemporary global healthcare.

Book Complementary  Alternative  and Integrative Health

Download or read book Complementary Alternative and Integrative Health written by Helda Pinzon-Perez and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-07-12 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Health: A Multicultural Perspective provides a critical analysis of non-allopathic healing practices, including their uses, limitations, and scientific basis. The evidence-based discussion explores complementary, alternative, and integrative health (CAIH) across various cultural and ethnic groups both in the U.S. and internationally, to give you a greater understanding of the different modalities—including a literature-backed examination of proven methods and questionable practices within a cross-cultural framework. Each chapter highlights the scientific analysis of the practices relevant to each group, and guides you toward independent analysis of the risks and benefits of the practices discussed. Emphasizing the student as a future health professional, this book includes case studies, examples, questions, and discussion problems that underscore the role of health educators in educating consumers about CAIH practices.

Book Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Download or read book Complementary and Alternative Medicine written by Lois Snyder and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-17 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary book to focus on the ethical challenges of complementary and alternative medicine. It examines the ethical challenges that CAM raises for patients and their physicians, and for patient-physician relationships. The book is written by a multidisciplinary team of CAM ethics and policy analysts, researchers and thought-leaders who present a forward-looking exploration of their subject.

Book Complementary   Alternative Therapies in Nursing

Download or read book Complementary Alternative Therapies in Nursing written by Ruth Lindquist, PhD, RN and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2013-11-05 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sixth Edition Designated a Doodyís Core Title! "[C]onsistently offers easily accessible and timely information on how complementary therapies influence the health, comfort, and well-being of patients in a variety of clinical settings. It is an influential resource for nurses in practice, education, and research." --Janice Post-White, PhD, RN, FAAN Praise for the Sixth Edition "Complementary and alternative therapies are increasingly popular and this book provides an informative and up-to-date introduction to the more commonly used treatments."--IAHPC Newsletter (International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care) The seventh edition of this highly acclaimed book continues to deliver evidence-based practice guidelines for the use of complementary and alternative therapies in nursing. It is the only book about complementary/alternative therapies that is focused on nursing, has chapters that examine specific therapies along with guidance for their implementation, and addresses therapies through a cultural/international lens. It reflects the rapid expansion of research on many complementary therapies and the exponential increase in the use of these therapies in the United States and globally. This new edition satisfies the recent requirement by the AACN for knowledge of complementary therapies as essential content for BA and Post-BA programs and will assist students in their study for NCLEX-RN test items regarding complementary therapies. New to this edition are the contributions of a new editor, Dr. Mary Frances Tracy, who is a recognized expert in the use of complementary therapies in both research and practice settings. In addition to the updating of all research-related content, the book now includes a focus on the use of alternative therapies outside of the U.S. and content on cultural therapies that nurses may encounter in clinical agencies. The book incorporates the most up-to-date information from the National Center for Complementary/Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), the relationship of technology to complementary therapies, updated information about precautions to be taken or interactions to note when using these therapies, instructions for the use of various therapies, and available resources and legal aspects related to the use of complementary therapies. The book includes an interactive PDF. New to the Seventh Edition: Completely updated research-related contents A focus on the international use of alternative/complementary therapies Incorporates new information from the National Center for Complementary/Alternative Medicine including their most recent classifications for complementary therapies New content on cultural therapies that nurses may encounter Technology and complementary therapies New information on precautions and potential interactions Instruction techniques for each therapy in exhibit form Legal concerns regarding the use of complementary therapies New references providing cutting edge content

Book Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Download or read book Complementary and Alternative Medicine written by Information Resources Management Association and published by Medical Information Science Reference. This book was released on 2018-05-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book is a critical reference source of the latest research findings on the application of complementary and alternative medicine in the prevention, treatment, and cures for numerous diseases. Highlighting a range of pertinent topics such as herbal remedies, antioxidants, and functional foods"--

Book Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine   E Book

Download or read book Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine E Book written by Marc S. Micozzi and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2014-11-20 with total page 783 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practitioners like you have been turning to Micozzi’s comprehensive CAM text for the past 20 years. Filled with the most up-to-date information on scientific theory and research and updated contributions from world experts, Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 5th Edition gives you a solid foundation of the therapies and evidence-based clinical applications for CAM – and expands your global perspective with new and updated chapters on healing systems from around the world. Dive into interesting discussions on massage, manual therapies and bodywork, yoga, chiropractic, osteopathy, herbal medicine, aromatherapy and essential oils therapy, "nature cure," naturopathy and naturopathic medicine, and nutrition and hydration. With its wide range of topics, this 20th anniversary edition is your ideal CAM reference! • A broad perspective traces CAM therapies from their beginnings to present day practices. • Clinical guides for selecting therapies, and new advances for matching the appropriate therapy to the individual patient, enables you to offer and/or recommend individualized patient care. • Expert contributors include well-known writers such as Kevin Ergil, Patch Adams, Joseph Pizzorno, and Marc Micozzi himself. • A unique synthesis of information, including historical usage, cultural and social analysis, current basic science theory and research, and a wide range of clinical investigations and observations, makes this text a focused, authoritative resource. • Suggested readings and references in each chapter list the best resources for further research and study. • Coverage of CAM therapies and systems includes those most commonly encountered or growing in popularity, so you can carefully evaluate each treatment. • An evidence-based approach focuses on treatments best supported by clinical trials and scientific evidence. • Observations from mechanisms of action to evidence of clinical efficacy answers questions of how, why, and when CAM therapies work. • Global coverage includes discussions of traditional healing arts from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. • NEW! Updated chapters feature new content and topics, including: challenges in integrative medicine, legal issues, CAM in the community, psychometric evaluation, placebo effect, stress management, and much more! • NEW! Updated guides on common herbal remedies in clinical practice, East and Southeast Asia, and native North and South America deliver the latest information. • NEW! Revised chapters with new contributors offer fresh perspectives on these important and relevant topics. • EXPANDED! Basic science content and new theory and research studies cover a wide range of sciences such as biophysics, biology and ecology, ethnomedicine, psychometrics, neurosciences, and systems theory. • NEW! New and expanded global ethnomedical systems include new content on Shamanism and Neo-Shamanism, Central and North Asia, Southeast Asia, Nepal and Tibet, Hawaii and South Pacific, Alaska and Pacific Northwest, and contemporary global healthcare.