Download or read book Towards an Islamic Lunisolar Calendar written by Hisham Abad and published by Hisham Abad. This book was released on 2021-04-10 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Calendar was invented in ancient times to allow nations to pace their economic and social activities with climatic seasons. Throughout the history of civilizations, much depended on organizing and administering an accurate calendar. Hunter-gatherers needed the calendar to predict the migrations of herds of wild animals. As humanity advanced, farming communities required calendars to predict the coming of rain or the time of the flooding of rivers. Traders and seafaring communities needed to map the best time of the year to tackle the dangers of seas when sailing far from home. In contemporary times of globalization, calendars have become even more critical in optimizing the complex supply chains of local and global production cycles. Oral traditions ascertain that the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula used a rudimentary lunisolar calendar, called in the literature the “Arabian Calendar.” Like with all nations, the lunisolar Arabian Calendar helped the Arabs organize their meager resources in the best ways possible. For example, research showed that the Ḥajj season and its pan-Arabian markets were scheduled to coincide with the date harvesting season peaking from July to September. The abundance of the date harvest available in this period, along with assigning the concept of inviolability to the Arabian months spanning this season, allowed them to travel across Arabia to Mecca to trade in the pan-Arabian markets and to participate in the religious rituals of their pilgrimage (the Ḥajj). It is asserted in this book that Prophet Muḥammad followed the lunisolar Arabian Calendar all his life. At the end of the tenth year after he migrated from Mecca to Medīna, and during his Farewell Pilgrimage, the Qurʾān sternly abolished the process of intercalation, i.e., the Nasīʾ, the very process which allowed the Arabs to organize their various economic and religious activities. When Caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb initiated the Hijri Calendar seven years after Prophet Muḥammad death, i.e., in 17 AH, he founded it as “purely lunar,” which meant its months were allowed to float within the solar year. Caliph ʿUmar is famous for his zeal in protecting the fundamental Islamic principle of monotheism. This, I show, was the reason for introducing the Hijri Calendar as purely lunar, because “Nasīʾ,” i.e., Quraysh’s method of intercalation was hopelessly entangled with the polytheistic religion of Quraysh, the Prophet’s tribe, and the guardian of the holy places in Mecca and its environs. The harmful effects of following the purely lunar Hijri Calendar were realized from early on. But the prohibition of Nasīʾ inhibited the early Islamic caliphs from reforming the Hijri Calendar. This book explores the history of the Arabian Calendar and its intimate connection with the Hijri Calendar. The main findings of this book are as follows: 1- The main Ḥajj shrines in Macca are aligned in the direction of sunrises and sunsets of the Summer Solstice day. 2- Quraysh intercalated its Arabian Calendar by forcing the Summer Solstice (SS) Day to occur within the 11th month of the Arabian Calendar, Shawwāl. The Nasīʾ month was added when the onset of the SS was about to transfer to into the 11th month Dhū’l Qaʿda. 3- The onset of the SS day was determined through the sunset alignment along the line joining the posts of “al-Wosṭā and al-ʿAqaba Jamarāt, and also by observing the sun rising from behind the peak of mount Thabīr from the location of the sacrificial altar of pre-Islamic Mina. 4- The Prophet arrived in his migration from Mecca to Medīna on the Days of ʿĀshūrāʾ which corresponded to the dates of 8th of Rabīʿ-I, the 10th of the Hebrew month Tishri, and to the 23rd of September 632. 5- The epoch of the Hijri Calendar must be adjusted back by two days from the epoch used so far. 6- The Farewell Pilgrimage occurred in autumn on September 4, 632 CE, not in spring on March 11, 632 CE.
Download or read book Calendrical Calculations Millennium Edition written by Edward M. Reingold and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-08-06 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book makes accurate calendrical algorithms readily available for computer use.
Download or read book Old Muslim Calendars of Southeast Asia written by Ian Proudfoot and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2018-12-24 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been said that "a modern arrogance has blocked our access to the history of the Muslim calendar in Southeast Asia". Without at least the outlines of that history, we simply do not understand the basis of dates found in Malay sources. Also, without a history of Malay calendars we are denied an understanding of the context from which the Javanese Muslim calendar arose. This volume, the result of combining empirical evidence with a sound understanding of the structural requirements of calendar-making, and of the mechanisms through which these needs could be met, for the first time explains how these old octaval calendars actually worked. It traces the history of Muslim calendars in Southeast Asia, and attempts to put them into their historical and cultural context. Understanding the old calendars will at last throw light on a number of essential aspects of older Malay science and culture. An accompanying interactive CD-ROM presents the reader with a tool for converting Malay and Javanese dates, with access to the range of variant calendars.
Download or read book The Islamic World written by John L. Esposito and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2004-05-13 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the events of September 11, 2001, students and people everywhere are filled with questions about Islam. What do Muslims believe? Who is Osama bin Laden? What is a jihad? Even though Islam is a major religion with more than one billion followers worldwide and more than six million in the United States alone, there is still uncertainty and misunderstanding about the ideas, tenets, and practice of Islam. Understanding Islam and the people who believe in it has become crucially important in the greater world. The Islamic World: Past and Present is the ideal source for fostering understanding and answering questions. John Esposito's acclaimed four-volume The Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World (1995) set the standard in references on Islam. Adapted from this award-winning set, The Islamic World: Past and Present brings all the scholarship and information of the original to general readers and college and high school students. In addition to the more approachable language and user-friendly page layout, this reference covers events and changes of the last eight years. It also includes entirely new entries to provide coverage of the pre-modern world of Islam. Containing more than 300 articles, it provides an excellent, comprehensive resource for gaining understanding into a belief system that seems mysterious and incomprehensible to many.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Islam written by Juan Eduardo Campo and published by Infobase Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 801 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the terms, concepts, personalities, historical events, and institutions that helped shape the history of this religion and the way it is practiced today.
Download or read book Islamic Faith in America written by James A. Beverley and published by Infobase Learning. This book was released on 2015-04-29 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the second-largest world religion, Islam is also one of the fastest-growing religions in the United States.
Download or read book ISLAMIC CALENDAR written by Narayan Changder and published by CHANGDER OUTLINE. This book was released on 2024-02-11 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Delve into the timeless rhythm of Islamic timekeeping with this informative MCQ book on the Islamic calendar. Navigate through a curated collection of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) that explore the unique lunar-based system used in Islam to mark time and religious events. From the Hijri months and significant dates like Ramadan and Eid to the historical and cultural significance of the Islamic calendar, this guide offers a comprehensive overview of Islamic timekeeping practices. Whether you're a student, scholar, or enthusiast of Islamic culture, this MCQ book provides a valuable resource to deepen your understanding of the Islamic calendar. Download your copy now to embark on a journey through the rich tapestry of time in Islam."
Download or read book Medieval Islamic Civilization A K index written by Josef W. Meri and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2006 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher description
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Muslim American History written by Edward E. Curtis and published by Infobase Publishing. This book was released on 2010 with total page 667 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A two volume encyclopedia set that examines the legacy, impact, and contributions of Muslim Americans to U.S. history.
Download or read book Islamic Thought written by Abdullah Saeed and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-11-22 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Islamic Thought is a fresh and contemporary introduction to the philosophies and doctrines of Islam. Abdullah Saeed, a distinguished Muslim scholar, traces the development of religious knowledge in Islam, from the pre-modern to the modern period. The book focuses on Muslim thought, as well as the development, production and transmission of religious knowledge, and the trends, schools and movements that have contributed to the production of this knowledge. Key topics in Islamic culture are explored, including the development of the Islamic intellectual tradition, the two foundation texts, the Qur’an and Hadith, legal thought, theological thought, mystical thought, Islamic Art, philosophical thought, political thought, and renewal, reform and rethinking today. Through this rich and varied discussion, Saeed presents a fascinating depiction of how Islam was lived in the past and how its adherents practise it in the present. Islamic Thought is essential reading for students beginning the study of Islam but will also interest anyone seeking to learn more about one of the world’s great religions.
Download or read book Unified World Islamic Calendar written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contributed papers presented in a World Conference on International Islamic Calendar.
Download or read book Blessed Days Nights Of The Islamic Yea written by Huseyin Algul and published by Tughra Books. This book was released on 2008-11-01 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The blessed days, nights, and months are each a distinctive sign of islam. They are celebrated by Muslims all around the world in due respect to their unique worth and sanctity that make them distinct from the rest of the year. Muslims commemorate Prophet Noah and his tireless messengership every year by cooking Ashura pudding and sharing it with their neighbors; they remember the great model of Abraham as the firend of God who displayed the greates example of submission to the Divine Will. Providing essential information about various components of Islamic tradition as the unviersal heritage of human history, we hope this book will serve to the better understanding and mutual respect between members of different faiths.
Download or read book Islam written by William Russell and published by First Edition Design Pub.. This book was released on 2017-03-24 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Civilization Suffers Where Islam Rules When the terrible events of 9/11 struck New York City, I was astonished that there were such a large number of people in the Islamic countries of the Middle East who hate us, who danced in the streets and burned our flag shouting, “Death to America” when they heard the tragic news. The fact that our sovereign country was invaded, property destroyed, and thousands of innocent Americans were murdered by this sneak attack, this act of war stirred me to find out who did it and why. When we learned that 11 university-educated Muslim men (4 with PHD’S) performed this evil act simply because their God, Allah, the God of Islam, told them to do it, was disturbing enough but when further study revealed the fundamental objective of these Muslim fanatics is to take over the world with their philosophies, energized me to learn more about Islam and write this book. Keywords: Islam, Threat of Islam, Islam – a Theocracy, Islam Hates Jews, Islam and Nazism, Islam and Isis, Islam and Terrorism, Islam – Violent Religion, Islam – Sharia Law, Islam at War
Download or read book The Islamic Scholarly Tradition written by Michael A. Cook and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2011-03-21 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together the expansive scholarly expertise of former students of Professor Michael Allan Cook, this volume contains highly original articles in Islamic history, law, and thought. The contributions range from studies in the pre-Islamic calendar, to the "blood-money group" in Islamic law, to transformations in Arabic logic.
Download or read book Astronomy of Islamic Calendar written by Mohammad Ilyas and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Islamic and Christian Calendars written by Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville and published by Ithaca Press (GB). This book was released on 1995 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This is a new version of my The Muslim and Christian calendars (1963, 1977 [2nd. ed.]) which is now out of date. The revision takes both Islamic and Christian dates up to AD 2222. The original was written primarily for eastern Africa, and has been altered to meet a wider demand and to emend errors in the earlier printing."--
Download or read book The Day Begins at Sunset written by Barbara Freyer Stowasser and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2014-05-09 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fullest account ever written of the fascinating nexus between Islam and Time, this is a major contribution to the wider history of ideas and religion. Night and day, and the twelve lunar months of the year, are'appointed times for the believing people'. Reading the sky for the prayers of the hour has thus for Muslims been a constant reminder of God's providence and power. In her absorbing and illuminating new book, the late Barbara Freyer Stowasser examines the various ways in which Islam has structured, ordered and measured Time. Drawing on examples from Judaism and Christianity, as well as the ancient world, the author shows that while systems of time facilitate the orderly function of vastly different civilizations, in Islam they have always been fundamental. Among other topics, she discusses the Muslim lunar calendar; the rise of the science of astronomy; the remarkable career of al-Biruni, greatest authority in Muslim perceptions of Time; and the impact of technologies like the astrolabe, Indian numerals and paper. The fullest account ever written of the fascinating nexus between Islam and Time, this is a major contribution to the wider history of ideas and religion.
