Download or read book Ironmaking Process Alternatives Screening Study Volume II written by . Lockwood Greene and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ironmaking Process Alternative Screening Study written by . Lockwood Greene and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Iron in the United States is largely produced from iron ore mined in the United States or imported from Canada or South America. The iron ore is typically smelted in Blast Furnaces that use primarily iron ore, iron concentrate pellets metallurgical coke, limestone and lime as the raw materials. Under current operating scenarios, the iron produced from these Blast Furnaces is relatively inexpensive as compared to current alternative iron sources, e.g. direct iron reduction, imported pig iron, etc. The primary problem the Blast Furnace Ironmaking approach is that many of these Blast furnaces are relatively small, as compared to the newer, larger Blast Furnaces; thus are relatively costly and inefficient to operate. An additional problem is also that supplies of high-grade metallurgical grade coke are becoming increasingly in short supply and costs are also increasing. In part this is due to the short supply and costs of high-grade metallurgical coals, but also this is due to the increasing necessity for environmental controls for coke production. After year 2003 new regulations for coke product environmental requirement will likely be promulgated. It is likely that this also will either increase the cost of high-quality coke production or will reduce the available domestic U.S. supply. Therefore, iron production in the United States utilizing the current, predominant Blast Furnace process will be more costly and would likely be curtailed due to a coke shortage. Therefore, there is a significant need to develop or extend the economic viability of Alternate Ironmaking Processes to at least partially replace current and declining blast furnace iron sources and to provide incentives for new capacity expansion. The primary conclusions of this comparative Study of Alternative Ironmaking Process scenarios are: (1) The processes with the best combined economics (CAPEX and OPEX impacts in the I.R.R. calculation) can be grouped into those Fine Ore based processes with no scrap charge and those producing Hot Metal for charge to the EAF. (2) A pronounced sensitivity to Steel Scrap Cost was felt less by the Hot Metal Processes and the Fine Ore Processes that typically do not utilize much purchased scrap. (3) In terms of evolving processes, the Tecnored Process (and in particular, the lower-operating cost process with integral co-generation of electrical power) was in the most favorable groupings at all scrap cost sensitivities. (4) It should be noted also that the Conventional Blast Furnace process utilizing Non-Recovery coke (from a continuous coking process with integral co-generation of electrical power) and the lower-capital cost Mini Blast Furnace also showed favorable Relative Economics for the low and median Scrap Cost sensitivities. (5) The lower-cost, more efficient MauMee Rotary Hearth Process that uses a Briquetted Iron Unit Feed (instead of a dried or indurated iron ore pellet) also was in the most favorable process groupings. Those processes with lower-cost raw materials (i.e. fine ore and/or nonmetallurgical coal as the reductant) had favorable combined economics. In addition, the hot metal processes (in part due to the sensible heat impacts in the EAF and due to their inherently lower costs) also had favorable combined economics.

Download or read book IronMaking Process Alternatives Screening Study written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study (PDF 2.6 MB) by Lockwood Greene evaluates a number ironmaking processes. The appendices provide greater detail and further exploration of the ironmaking processes, including components, relative costs, and comparisons.

Download or read book Alternate Methods of Ironmaking written by Sujay Kumar Dutta | Rameshwar Sah and published by S. Chand Publishing. This book was released on with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been prepared primarily for use by Students studying Ferrous Metallurgy (i.e., Iron and Steelmaking) at UG and PG level of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Research workers engaged in obtaining fundamental information in this field, and for Process Metallurgists to understand the processes in general and Sponge Iron Producers in particular. •; It also helps the practicing engineers who wish to apply the theoretical knowledge to the process they are operating. •;The book may very well be introduced as a Textbook for Elective subject in Third/Fourth year of UG programme in Metallurgical & Materials Engineering. •;The book consists of nine chapters in two parts; five chapters in Part-I: Direct Reduction Processes and four chapters in Part-II: Smelting Reduction Processes. In Part-I, the Chapter 1 deals with a brief introduction of the sponge iron and classification of the direct reduction processes with their advantages and limitations. Chapter 2 deals with the raw materials involved in direct reduced ironmaking and their characteristics. In Chapter 3, the physico-chemical principles and thermodynamics of reduction are highlighted. The details of different direct reduction (DR) processes are discussed in Chapter 4. The characteristics and uses of DRI as well as its effect on Electric Arc Furnace performance is discussed in Chapter 5.

Download or read book ALTERNATIVE ROUTES TO IRON MAKING 2nd Ed written by SARANGI, ARABINDA and published by PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. This book was released on 2016 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a boom in the steel industry all over the world today, the demand of sponge iron has considerably increased as a feed (raw) material to steel making. The increase in the demand of sponge iron is also due to the fact that it is used for replacing coke making required for blast furnace processing. The primary objective of this book is to provide the basis, principles, fundamentals and theory of sponge iron production. This book, earlier titled as Sponge Iron Production in Rotary Kiln, is revised as per the feedback from students, faculty members and professionals. It, now, covers broad spectrum of alternative routes of iron making, therefore, the book is renamed as Alternative Routes to Iron Making. In this revised edition of the book, three new chapters have been added to fulfil the requirement of a textbook for various universities. NEW TO THIS EDITION • New chapters on: o Utilization of Sponge Iron o Environmental Pollution and Control in Sponge Iron Industries o Smelting Reduction Process • Inclusion of principle of fluidisation in fluidised bed processes • Description of Hyl III process with recent development of the process Primarily intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students of metal-lurgical engineering, this book is equally beneficial for researchers, and professionals engaged in DR processes and steel industries.

Download or read book Flash Ironmaking written by H. Y. Sohn and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-03-08 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the two major issues faced by the modern steel industry: CO2 emissions and energy consumption. The steel industry accounts for 6.7% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions and consumes 6% of the total energy consumed in manufacturing. In response to these critical issues, a new technology called flash ironmaking has been developed, aimed at producing iron directly from iron ore concentrate using gaseous reductants/fuels such as natural gas or hydrogen. This ironmaking technology takes advantage of the rapid reaction rate of fine particles and bypasses the palletization process. This book discusses the principles of flash ironmaking, laboratory experiments, and design and operation of a prototype flash reactor. Provides theories and principles of ironmaking and a novel ironmaking technology Includes laboratory experiments to establish the kinetic feasibility of flash ironmaking Covers the design and operation of a prototype flash reactor as well as the design of industrial-size flash ironmaking reactors Describes various cases of flow sheet development, which forms the basis for process analysis and simulation Presents economic analysis case studies Presenting a novel technology that addresses contemporary issues facing one of the largest manufacturing industries, this book is aimed at professionals and researchers in metallurgy, materials engineering, manufacturing engineering, and related disciplines.

Download or read book Treatise on Process Metallurgy Volume 3 Industrial Processes written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-12-09 with total page 1810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Process metallurgy provides academics with the fundamentals of the manufacturing of metallic materials, from raw materials into finished parts or products. Coverage is divided into three volumes, entitled Process Fundamentals, encompassing process fundamentals, extractive and refining processes, and metallurgical process phenomena; Processing Phenomena, encompassing ferrous processing; non-ferrous processing; and refractory, reactive and aqueous processing of metals; and Industrial Processes, encompassing process modeling and computational tools, energy optimization, environmental aspects and industrial design. The work distils 400+ years combined academic experience from the principal editor and multidisciplinary 14-member editorial advisory board, providing the 2,608-page work with a seal of quality. The volumes will function as the process counterpart to Robert Cahn and Peter Haasen’s famous reference family, Physical Metallurgy (1996)--which excluded process metallurgy from consideration and which is currently undergoing a major revision under the editorship of David Laughlin and Kazuhiro Hono (publishing 2014). Nevertheless, process and extractive metallurgy are fields within their own right, and this work will be of interest to libraries supporting courses in the process area. Synthesizes the most pertinent contemporary developments within process metallurgy so scientists have authoritative information at their fingertips Replaces existing articles and monographs with a single complete solution, saving time for busy scientists Helps metallurgists to predict changes and consequences and create or modify whatever process is deployed

Download or read book Strategic Study of Future Ironmaking Processes Vol II written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive analysis of future ironmaking processes combining a literature review with interviews of Canadian steel, coal, and oxygen producers, discussions with foreign experts, and information obtained from the International Symposium/Workshop on Future Ironmaking Processes in June 1990. Volume II contains a concise description of each of the processes, including developer, objectives, basic principles, current status, potential contacts, and references.

Download or read book Iron Ore written by Liming Lu and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Iron Ore: Mineralogy, Processing and Environmental Sustainability, Second Edition covers all aspects surrounding the second most important commodity behind oil. As an essential input for the production of crude steel, iron ore feeds the world's largest trillion-dollar-a-year metal market and is the backbone of the global infrastructure. The book explores new ore types and the development of more efficient processes/technologies to minimize environmental footprints. This new edition includes all new case studies and technologies, along with new chapters on the chemical analysis of iron ore, thermal and dry beneficiation of iron ore, and discussions of alternative iron making technologies. In addition, information on recycling solid wastes and P-bearing slag generated in steel mills, sustainable mining, and low emission iron making technologies from regional perspectives, particularly Europe and Japan, are included. This work will be a valuable resource for anyone involved in the iron ore industry. Provides an overall view of the entire value chain, from iron ore to metal Includes specific information on process/stage/operation in the value chain Discusses challenges and developments, along with future trends in the iron ore and steel industries Incorporates new, sustainable mining techniques

Download or read book Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes written by Pasquale Cavaliere and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-02 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes improvements in the iron and steel making process in the past few decades. It also presents new and improved solutions to producing high quality products with low greenhouse emissions. In addition, it examines legislative regulations regarding greenhouse emissions all around the world and how to control these dangerous emissions in iron and steel making plants.

Download or read book The Coal Handbook Towards Cleaner Production written by Dave Osborne and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-31 with total page 787 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coal is an important fossil fuel resource for many nations due to its large remaining resources, relatively low production and processing cost and potential high energy intensity. Certain issues surround its utilisation, however, including emissions of pollutants and growing concern about climate change. The coal handbook: Towards cleaner production Volume 1 reviews the coal production supply chain from analysis to extraction and distribution. Part one explores coal characterisation and introduces the industrial use of coal as well as coal formation, petrography, reserves, sampling and analysis. Part two moves on to review coal extraction and preparation. Chapters highlight advances in coal mining technology, underground coal gas extraction, coal sizing, comminution and cleaning, and solid-liquid separation technologies for coal. Further chapters focus on economic factors affecting coal preparation, post-treatment of coal, coal tailings treatment, and the optimisation, simulation and control of coal preparation plants. Finally, part three considers aspects of the coal supply chain including the management approach and individual functions such as coal blending and homogenisation, transportation and handling along the entire supply chain. With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, The coal handbook Volumes 1 and 2 is a comprehensive and invaluable resource for professionals in the coal mining, preparation, and utilisation industry, those in the power sector, including plant operators and engineers, and researchers and academics interested in this field. Reviews the coal production supply chain from analysis to extraction and distribution Explores coal characterisation, formation, petrography, reserves, sampling and analysis Examines coal extraction and preparation and highlights advances in coal mining technology, underground coal gas extraction, coal sizing, comminution and cleaning, and solid-liquid separation technologies

Download or read book Celebrating the Megascale written by Phillip Mackey and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-02 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume contains more than 70 papers covering the important topics and issues in metallurgy today including papers as follows: keynote papers covering a tribute to David Robertson, workforce skills needed in the profession going forward, copper smelting, ladle metallurgy, process metallurgy and resource efficiency, new flash iron making technology, ferro-alloy electric furnace smelting and on the role of bubbles in metallurgical processing operations. Topics covered in detail in this volume include ferro-alloys, non-ferrous metallurgy, iron and steel, modeling, education, and fundamentals.

Download or read book SPONGE IRON PRODUCTION BY DIRECT REDUCTION OF IRON OXIDE written by AMIT CHATTERJEE and published by PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. This book was released on 2012-09-12 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a fascinating study of the very important emerging field of direct reduction in which iron ore is ‘directly reduced’ in the solid-state, using either natural gas or non-coking coal, to produce a highly metallised material, referred to as sponge iron (or direct reduced iron). This intermediate product is subsequently melted in electric arc furnaces or induction furnaces (sometimes even in basic oxygen furnaces) to produce liquid steel. Such a process combination enables steel to be produced without using coking coal, which is an expensive input in the normal blast furnace—basic oxygen furnace route of steelmaking adopted in integrated steel plants. The book offers comprehensive coverage and critical assessment of various coal-based and gas-based direct reduction processes. Besides dealing with the application of the theoretical principles involved in the thermodynamics and kinetics of direct reduction, the book also contains some worked-out examples on sponge iron production. The concluding part of this seminal book summarises the present and future scenario of direct reduction, including the use of gas generated from coal in direct reduction processes. The book is primarily intended for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of metallurgical engineering. It is also a must-read for researchers, technologists and process metallurgists engaged in the rapidly developing field of direct reduction of iron oxides, which is of critical importance for India and other developing nations that are beginning to play a major role in global steelmaking.

Download or read book Hot Metal Production by Smelting Reduction of Iron Oxide written by AMIT CHATTERJEE and published by PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. This book was released on 2014-04-03 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, in its second edition, continues to offer a comprehensive treatise on smelting reduction of iron oxide—an emerging alternative method of producing hot metal without using coke. This technique is being increasingly used for hot metal production, which has till date, been dominated by the traditional blast furnace method. Shortage of coking coal, high cost of coke and the recent enforcement of stricter environmental regulations have resulted in the advent of smelting reduction as a supplementary method of hot metal production. The book covers the details of this rapidly emerging method that holds particular relevance for countries like India, endowed with relatively large reserves of high grade iron ore but unfortunately, not matched by the availability of coking coal. The book offers an in-depth analysis of the theoretical as well as the practical aspects of smelting reduction. It begins by acquainting the readers with the current worldwide status of ironmaking, followed by the classification of the various smelting reduction processes. It then focuses on explaining the fundamentals of smelting reduction before proceeding with a critical appraisal of the various smelting reduction processes that are currently available. The future of this methodology in India and in the rest of the world is discussed in the concluding chapter. The book contains numerous illustrations to provide a clear understanding of the different processes, equipment and quality parameters relevant to smelting reduction-based ironmaking. The book is intended mainly for undergraduate and postgraduate engineering (particularly metallurgical engineering) students seeking an insight into this emerging ironmaking technology. It would also be of immense interest to researchers and technologists engaged in the subject of smelting reduction of iron oxide. A variety of chapter-end references would enable teachers and students to get acquainted with the extensive knowledge already available in this field. HIGHLIGHTS OF SECOND EDITION • Two new sections on HIsarna process and Circosmelt process have been incorporated. • New figures and tables have been used in some sections to illustrate the concepts with better clarity and give the up-to-date information. • Some references have also been added, making the text suitable for further study.

Download or read book Indexes written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 1760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Hydrogen as a Future Energy Carrier written by Andreas Züttel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-22 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book fills the gap for concise but comprehensive literature on this interdisciplinary topic, involving chemical, physical, biological and engineering challenges. It provides broad coverage of the most important fields of modern hydrogen technology: hydrogen properties, production, storage, conversion to power, and applications in materials science. In so doing, the book covers all the pertinent materials classes: metal hydrides, inorganic porous solids, organic materials, and nanotubes. The authors present the entire view from fundamental research to viable devices and systems, including the latest scientific results and discoveries, practical approaches to design and engineering, as well as functioning prototypes and advanced systems.

Download or read book High Temperature Gas cooled Reactors written by Tetsuaki Takeda and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-02-24 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-Temperature Gas Reactors is the fifth volume in the JSME Series on Thermal and Nuclear Power Generation. Series Editor Yasuo Koizumi and his Volume editors Tetsuaki Takeda and Yoshiyuki Inagaki present the latest research on High-Temperature Gas Reactor (HTGR) development and utilization, beginning with an analysis of the history of HTGRs. A detailed analysis of HTGR design features, including reactor core design, cooling tower design, pressure vessel design, I&C factors and safety design, provides readers with a solid understanding of how to develop efficient and safe HTGR within a nuclear power plant. The authors combine their knowledge to present a guide on the safety of HTGRs throughout the entire reactor system, drawing on their unique experience to pass on lessons learned and best practices to support professionals and researchers in their design and operation of these advanced reactor types. Case studies of critical testing carried out by the authors provide the reader with firsthand information on how to conduct tests safely and effectively and an understanding of which responses are required in unexpected incidents to achieve their research objectives. An analysis of technologies and systems in development and testing stages offer the reader a look to the future of HTGRs and help to direct and inform their further research in heat transfer, fluid-dynamics, fuel options and advanced reactor facility selection. This volume is of interest for nuclear and thermal energy engineers and researchers focusing on HTGRs, HTGR plant designers and operators, regulators, post graduate students of nuclear engineering, national labs, government officials and agencies in power and energy policy and regulations. Written by the leaders and pioneers in nuclear research at the Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers and draws upon their combined wealth of knowledge and experience Includes real examples and case studies from Japan, the US and Europe to provide a deeper learning opportunity with practical benefits Considers the societal impact and sustainability concerns and goals throughout the discussion Includes safety factors and considerations, as well as unique results from performance testing of HTGR systems.