Download or read book Investment Incentives and Market Power written by Dean V. Williamson and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Investment Incentives and Market Power written by Dean V. Williamson and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-06 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We examine investment incentives and market power in an experimental market. We characterize market power as the strategic interdependence of subjects' investment decisions and output decisions. The market is designed so that investment and output decisions can be jointly characterized as strategies within a game. A Nash-Cournot equilibrium of the game provides a way of characterizing how investment incentives and market power interact. Subjects could invest in two different production technologies and could produce output to serve as many as two different demand conditions. The technologies were analogous to "baseload" capacity and "peaking" capacity in wholesale electricity markets. The Nash-Cournot benchmark constituted a good indicator of subjects' output decisions in that output cycled around the Cournot benchmark. Thus, on average, consumers extracted the surplus available to them in the equilibrium. While we do not observe Edgeworth Cycles in prices or outputs, we do see them in the producer surplus series. Producers dissipated some of the surplus they could have extracted in the equilibrium by overinvesting in peaking capacity and underinvesting in baseload capacity. Inefficient investment diminished total system efficiency, but producers' investments in total production capacity tracked the Nash-Cournot benchmark. In contrast, monopoly explanations such as collusion do not characterize the data.

Download or read book Investment Incentives and Market Power written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book World Economic Outlook April 2019 written by International Monetary Fund. Research Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-04-09 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After strong growth in 2017 and early 2018, global economic activity slowed notably in the second half of last year, reflecting a confluence of factors affecting major economies. China’s growth declined following a combination of needed regulatory tightening to rein in shadow banking and an increase in trade tensions with the United States. The euro area economy lost more momentum than expected as consumer and business confidence weakened and car production in Germany was disrupted by the introduction of new emission standards; investment dropped in Italy as sovereign spreads widened; and external demand, especially from emerging Asia, softened. Elsewhere, natural disasters hurt activity in Japan. Trade tensions increasingly took a toll on business confidence and, so, financial market sentiment worsened, with financial conditions tightening for vulnerable emerging markets in the spring of 2018 and then in advanced economies later in the year, weighing on global demand. Conditions have eased in 2019 as the US Federal Reserve signaled a more accommodative monetary policy stance and markets became more optimistic about a US–China trade deal, but they remain slightly more restrictive than in the fall.

Download or read book Investment Incentives and Performance Requirements written by Stephen E. Guisinger and published by Greenwood. This book was released on 1985 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Tax Incentives Market Power and Corporate Investment written by Dagmar Rajagopal and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Primer on Capacity Mechanisms written by Natalia Fabra and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I build a simple model to capture the key drivers of investment and pricing incentives in electricity markets. The focus is put on the interaction between market power and investment incentives, and the trade-off it introduces when designing the optimal regulatory instruments. In contrast to the energy-only market paradigm that assumes perfect competition, my model demonstrates that in the presence of market power scarcity prices do not promote efficient investments, even among risk-neutral investors. Combining price caps and capacity payments allows to disentangle the two-fold objective of inducing the right investment incentives while mitigating market power. Bundling capacity payments with financial obligations further mitigate market power as long as strike prices are set sufficiently close to marginal costs.

Download or read book Fiscal Incentives for Investment and Innovation written by Anwar Shah and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing countries continue to make widespread use of tax policy instruments to promote industrial and technological development. The actual effect of these instruments on business activity and government revenues, however, remains an open question. The studies presented in this volume take an important first step in quantifying the effect of investment incentives on business decisions related to production and investment. In addition, they suggest the consequences of such incentives for government revenues. The analyses presented in subsequent chapters attempt to answer a narrow set of questions. The most fundamental of these questions is: Do taxes matter for investment? Related questions include: - What have been the investment stimulation (direct and induced) effects of tax policy measures per dollar of forgone revenues? - Do taxes matter for foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries? Do they influence foreign business decisions about location? - What are the implications of the home (industrial) country tax regime for the host (developing) country tax system? - How do taxes interact with other institutional features of a developing country, and what are the implications for the effectiveness of tax incentives? Are corporate taxes largely ineffective (nonmarginal) instruments because of the influence of other policy instruments? - Do taxes matter for domestic investment? What is their effect on the structure of industrial production? - What has been the effect of tax instruments on the employment of labor, physical capital, and research and development (R&D) capital? - What has been the effect of business taxes and tax expenditures (forgone revenues) on technological change, expansion of private output, and after-tax profits? - Are there tax-induced distortions that prevent firms from holding optimal levels of fixed factors? - How does market power affect tax incentives? - What is the role of expectations in investment decisions? - Given empirical estimates on factor substitution, the nature of technical change, and economies of scale, what revenue-neutral alternative tax policy environment would best encourage investment and enhance productivity and growth? The papers presented in this volume reflect on the above questions at both conceptual and empirical levels and in doing so pay close attention to the tax and nontax policy elements and the existing institutions (market imperfections) in developing and emerging market economies. In the next section the case for tax policy interventions in the marketplace is examined briefly.

Download or read book The Theory of Competitive Price written by George Joseph Stigler and published by . This book was released on 1946 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Limited Market Power and Institutions Incentives in a Distressed Market written by Sangwook Sung and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We analyze the efficiency of the liquidity flows provided to recover stability in a distressed market. Using a theoretical framework, our analysis focuses on the incentives of financial institutions, namely, the incentive for arbitrage profits, the disincentive from liquidity risk, and market manipulation incentives. We show that, depending on market conditions, financial institutions determine their optimal investment strategy based on the three incentives mentioned. This paper explains how the market restabilizes from a distressed state. The main findings are as follows: High deterioration risk and strong trend sensitivity decrease institutions' investments; when an institution has sufficient risk-bearing capacity, it trades against a market shock, but when it does not, it follows the shock; as more funding is injected into institution, the more it invests capital in risky assets while reducing market exposure; and competition among institutions contributes to market stability stimulating institutions' investments. Our findings help to explain financial issues such as the flight to quality, liquidity dry-ups, market manipulation, asset fire sales, and shock amplification in a distressed market. In addition, they provide important implications for policymakers endeavoring to recover market stability. We suggest that policymakers lessen the market power of a few financial institutions by spreading private information across the market at lower information costs and by stimulating competition by injecting public funds into as many institutions as possible.

Download or read book Investment Incentives written by Kenneth P. Thomas and published by . This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Great Reversal written by Thomas Philippon and published by Belknap Press. This book was released on 2019 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: American markets, once a model for the world, are giving up on competition. Thomas Philippon blames the unchecked efforts of corporate lobbyists. Instead of earning profits by investing and innovating, powerful firms use political pressure to secure their advantages. The result is less efficient markets, leading to higher prices and lower wages.

Download or read book Renewable Support Intermittency and Market Power written by Ali Darudi and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable energy sources (RES) play an increasing role in many electricity systems thanks to climate and support policies and subsequent cost reductions in recent years. Compared to conventional generation technologies, RES has two main important distinctive features: First, their cost pattern is characterized by high investment and negligible variable costs and second, their operational decision is governed by weather conditions limiting their availability. In this paper, we aim to analyze the role of RES in electricity markets focusing on the interplay of investment and dispatch decisions under different levels of market competitiveness and different support schemes; namely, feed-in tariff, feed-in premium, and investment subsidies. To this end, we develop a two-stage model of endogenous investment and operation with both intermittent and conventional technologies to obtain analytical solutions for investment and operation decisions. We show that there are feedback effects between the investments of different firms, and between the different technologies of the same firm. Exercise of market power results in underinvestment in the conventional technology; but the effect on renewables is ambiguous due to the interplay of opposing investment incentives. The results furthermore highlight that for the optimal design of a support policy the underlying competiveness of the market needs to be considered.

Download or read book The Economics of Electricity Markets written by Darryl R. Biggar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-07-10 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridges the knowledge gap between engineering and economics in a complex and evolving deregulated electricity industry, enabling readers to understand, operate, plan and design a modern power system With an accessible and progressive style written in straight-forward language, this book covers everything an engineer or economist needs to know to understand, operate within, plan and design an effective liberalized electricity industry, thus serving as both a useful teaching text and a valuable reference. The book focuses on principles and theory which are independent of any one market design. It outlines where the theory is not implemented in practice, perhaps due to other over-riding concerns. The book covers the basic modelling of electricity markets, including the impact of uncertainty (an integral part of generation investment decisions and transmission cost-benefit analysis). It draws out the parallels to the Nordpool market (an important point of reference for Europe). Written from the perspective of the policy-maker, the first part provides the introductory background knowledge required. This includes an understanding of basic economics concepts such as supply and demand, monopoly, market power and marginal cost. The second part of the book asks how a set of generation, load, and transmission resources should be efficiently operated, and the third part focuses on the generation investment decision. Part 4 addresses the question of the management of risk and Part 5 discusses the question of market power. Any power system must be operated at all times in a manner which can accommodate the next potential contingency. This demands responses by generators and loads on a very short timeframe. Part 6 of the book addresses the question of dispatch in the very short run, introducing the distinction between preventive and corrective actions and why preventive actions are sometimes required. The seventh part deals with pricing issues that arise under a regionally-priced market, such as the Australian NEM. This section introduces the notion of regions and interconnectors and how to formulate constraints for the correct pricing outcomes (the issue of "constraint orientation"). Part 8 addresses the fundamental and difficult issue of efficient transmission investment, and finally Part 9 covers issues that arise in the retail market. Bridges the gap between engineering and economics in electricity, covering both the economics and engineering knowledge needed to accurately understand, plan and develop the electricity market Comprehensive coverage of all the key topics in the economics of electricity markets Covers the latest research and policy issues as well as description of the fundamental concepts and principles that can be applied across all markets globally Numerous worked examples and end-of-chapter problems Companion website holding solutions to problems set out in the book, also the relevant simulation (GAMS) codes

Download or read book Market definition and market power in the platform economy written by Jens-Uwe Franck and published by Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl (CERRE). This book was released on 2019-05-08 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the rise of digital platforms and the natural tendency of markets involving platforms to become concentrated, competition authorities and courts are more frequently in a position to investigate and decide merger and abuse cases that involve platforms. This report provides guidance on how to define markets and on how to assess market power when dealing with two-sided platforms. DEFINITION Competition authorities and courts are well advised to uniformly use a multi-markets approach when defining markets in the context of two-sided platforms. The multi-markets approach is the more flexible instrument compared to the competing single-market approach that defines a single market for both sides of a platform, as the former naturally accounts for different substitution possibilities by the user groups on the two sides of the platform. While one might think of conditions under which a single-market approach could be feasible, the necessary conditions are so severe that it would only be applicable under rare circumstances. To fully appreciate business activities in platform markets from a competition law point of view, and to do justice to competition law’s purpose, which is to protect consumer welfare, the legal concept of a “market” should not be interpreted as requiring a price to be paid by one party to the other. It is not sufficient to consider the activities on the “unpaid side” of the platform only indirectly by way of including them in the competition law analysis of the “paid side” of the platform. Such an approach would exclude certain activities and ensuing positive or negative effects on consumer welfare altogether from the radar of competition law. Instead, competition practice should recognize straightforwardly that there can be “markets” for products offered free of charge, i.e. without monetary consideration by those who receive the product. ASSESSMENT The application of competition law often requires an assessment of market power. Using market shares as indicators of market power, in addition to all the difficulties in standard markets, raises further issues for two-sided platforms. When calculating revenue shares, the only reasonable option is to use the sum of revenues on all sides of the platform. Then, such shares should not be interpreted as market shares as they are aggregated over two interdependent markets. Large revenue shares appear to be a meaningful indicator of market power if all undertakings under consideration serve the same sides. However, they are often not meaningful if undertakings active in the relevant markets follow different business models. Given potentially strong cross-group external effects, market shares are less apt in the context of two-sided platforms to indicate market power (or the lack of it). Barriers to entry are at the core of persistent market power and, thus, the entrenchment of incumbent platforms. They deserve careful examination by competition authorities. Barriers to entry may arise due to users’ coordination failure in the presence of network effect. On two-sided platforms, users on both sides of the market have to coordinate their expectations. Barriers to entry are more likely to be present if an industry does not attract new users and if it does not undergo major technological change. Switching costs and network effects may go hand in hand: consumer switching costs sometimes depend on the number of platform users and, in this case, barriers to entry from consumer switching costs increase with platform size. Since market power is related to barriers to entry, the absence of entry attempts may be seen as an indication of market power. However, entry threats may arise from firms offering quite different services, as long as they provide a new home for users’ attention and needs.

Download or read book The Economics of Electricity Markets written by Clara Poletti and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Economics of Electricity Markets provides a cutting-edge analysis of the critical issues involved in the design and operation of electricity markets, as well as an assessment of alternative institutional arrangements that have either been implemented or are under discussion in Europe and the US. The book illustrates how a sound market design can render electricity trading and retailing very much like that of other commodities. Social and political concerns, rather than engineering or economics, are what make electricity markets 'special'. The expert contributors address a wide set of issues that arise when competition is introduced to the electricity industry, ranging from the design of spot and real-time power markets to alternative approaches to congestion management, from competition policy in wholesale electricity markets to the benefits and costs of retail competition, and from regulatory measures to ensure generation capacity adequacy to the politicization of generation investment decisions as a way of pursuing sustainability targets. This highly informative book will appeal to academics, students and researchers in the field of advanced energy economics, and will prove essential reading for energy regulators, professionals and executives wishing to explore the theoretical foundations underpinning their day-to-day activities.

Download or read book Measuring Capital in the New Economy written by Carol Corrado and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-02-15 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the accelerated technological advances of the past two decades continue to reshape the United States' economy, intangible assets and high-technology investments are taking larger roles. These developments have raised a number of concerns, such as: how do we measure intangible assets? Are we accurately appraising newer, high-technology capital? The answers to these questions have broad implications for the assessment of the economy's growth over the long term, for the pace of technological advancement in the economy, and for estimates of the nation's wealth. In Measuring Capital in the New Economy, Carol Corrado, John Haltiwanger, Daniel Sichel, and a host of distinguished collaborators offer new approaches for measuring capital in an economy that is increasingly dominated by high-technology capital and intangible assets. As the contributors show, high-tech capital and intangible assets affect the economy in ways that are notoriously difficult to appraise. In this detailed and thorough analysis of the problem and its solutions, the contributors study the nature of these relationships and provide guidance as to what factors should be included in calculations of different types of capital for economists, policymakers, and the financial and accounting communities alike.