Download or read book Investigation of Turbine Fuel Flammability Within Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by L. J. Nestor and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The equilibrium flammability envelopes of turbine fuels were determined by both visual and instrumental techniques. The lean and rich limits were found to be linear functions of altitude and temperature when wall effects were reduced and ignition spark energies were high. The linearity of the limits could be altered by increasing the wall effects or decreasing the ignition spark energies. Wide-cut turbine engine fuels, aviation kerosenes and blends of the two types were tested. The flammability characteristics of the fuels at equilibrium were compared to those of the fuel under simulated aircraft dynamic conditions. Aircraft dynamics affect fuel primarily by producing spray. When the point of ignition was not directly within the sprayed fuel, no deviation from the normal equilibrium flammability envelope occurred. When the point of ignition was directly within the spray, the lean flammability limit of the fuel was extended considerably beyond the equilibrium limit.
Download or read book A Review of the Flammability Hazard of Jet A Fuel Vapor in Civil Transport Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Preliminary Investigation of Fuel Tank Ullage Reactions During Horizontal Gunfire written by R. G. Clodfelter and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report deals with the effect horizontal gunfire has on the flammability of hydrocarbon turbine fuel in aircraft fuel tanks. Two fuels, JP-4 and JP-8 were used in the testing. The fuels were placed in an explosion proof test vessel and subjected to CAL .50 (Armor-Piercing Incendiary) gunfire. A wide range of conditions were investigated and the results are presented. The test program was designed to briefly explore the many facets of the fuel tank fire and explosion problem with the intent of investigating in more detail during future testing those areas which appear to be of major significance.
Download or read book Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-08-18 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reduction of the fire hazard of fuel is critical to improving survivability in impact-survivable aircraft accidents. Despite current fire prevention and mitigation approaches, fuel flammability can overwhelm post-crash fire scenarios. The Workshop on Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety was held November 19-20, 1996 to review the current state of development, technological needs, and promising technology for the future development of aviation fuels that are most resistant to ignition during a crash. This book contains a summary of workshop discussions and 11 presented papers in the areas of fuel and additive technologies, aircraft fuel system requirements, and the characterization of fuel fires.
Download or read book Preliminary Investigation of Fuel Tank Ullage Reactions During Horizontal Gunfire written by R. G. Clodfelter and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report deals with the effect horizontal gunfire has on the flammability of hydrocarbon turbine fuel in aircraft fuel tanks. Two fuels, JP-4 and JP-8 were used in the testing. The fuels were placed in an explosion proof test vessel and subjected to CAL .50 (Armor-Piercing Incendiary) gunfire. A wide range of conditions were investigated and the results are presented. The test program was designed to briefly explore the many facets of the fuel tank fire and explosion problem with the intent of investigating in more detail during future testing those areas which appear to be of major significance.
Download or read book Investigation of Mechanisms of Potential Aircraft Fuel Tank Vent Fires and Explosions Caused by Atmospheric Electricity written by and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Fuel Slosh and Vibration on the Flammability Hazards of Hydrocarbon Turbine Fuels Within Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by Edwin E. Ott and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report deals with the effects of liquid fuel motion on the flammability of hydrocarbon turbine fuels in aircraft fuel tanks. Three military turbine fuels, JP-4, JP-5, and JP-8, were used in the testing. The fuels were placed in an explosion proof cylindrical test vessel (80-gallon capacity) and subjected to slosh and vibration. An electric arc was formed within the ullage which ignited any flammable fuel-air mixture present. The pressure rise from combustion was measured and correlated with initial conditions. The major effect of fuel slosh and vibration was to lower or abolish the lean flammabile temperature limit of the fuel. The rich flammable temperature limit was unchanged. An analysis was performed on these results and an explanation proposed based upon the hypothesis that all the fuel vapor in the ullage burns for combustion below the flash point.
Download or read book NASA Reference Publication written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Rate of Oxygen Evolution from Aviation Turbine Fuel Within Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by Adam Paul Harris and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing the effects of dissolved air evolution from aviation fuel has presented long-standing issues for the design and operation of aircraft fuel systems. This phenomenon, known colloquially as fuel outgassing, is responsible for a broad spectrum of fuel system issues, including; increased fuel tank flammability, two-phase flow in pipes, fuel pump cavitation and fuel tank over- pressurisation. The rate and effects of oxygen evolution from Jet A-I aviation turbine fuel is studied here using experimental techniques, dimensional modelling and aircraft flight testing. The rate of fuel agitation present within a laboratory fuel tank was demonstrated to have the greatest effect on the rate of oxygen evolution from the fuel. Oxygen evolution rate increased hyperbolic ally with increasing fuel agitation rate under pressure and temperature conditions consistent with an aircraft fuel tank during flight. Dimensional modelling was used to estimate the rate of oxygen evolution in an Airbus A320-200 aircraft fuel tank from measurements made on a dimensionally similar laboratory model. The extrapolated rate of oxygen evolution from similarity laws was found to be over 200% greater in the A320 inner wing fuel tank than that measured in the laboratory model. Further work is required to validate the similarity laws of fuel outgassing with flight test data if dimensional modelling is to be adopted for estimating fuel outgassing rates in aircraft fuel tank flammability studies. Flight testing on an Airbus A340-300 aircraft revealed the effect of fuel outgassing on a nitrogen inerted Centre Wing Fuel Tank (CWT) ullage to be minimal. CWT ullage oxygen concentration increased primarily due to atmospheric air inspired via the vent system, resulting from a reducing fuel quantity in the CWT. This unexpected result is believed to have been influenced by a combination of the fuel's tendency to absorb nitrogen from the ullage during CWT refuel, a large ullage to fuel ratio and near quiescent CWT fuel conditions.
Download or read book A Study of the Flammability of Commercial Transport Airplane Wing Fuel Tanks written by William M. Cavage and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Fire Safety Team of the Airport and Aircraft Safety Research and Development Division performed tests at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) William J. Hughes Technical Center using the environmental chamber and the air induction facility (wind tunnel) to examine individual effects that contribute to commercial transport wing fuel tank flammability. Additionally, previously acquired wing tank flammability measurements taken during flight tests were compared with the results from the FAA Fuel Air Ratio Calculator in an effort to see if the calculations agreed with existing flight test data. The results of the scale fuel tank testing in the environmental chamber showed that (1) fuel height in the tank had little or no effect on the flammability, (2) increasing the amount of heat on the top surface and a higher ambient temperature caused increased flammability, and (3) lower fuel flash point increased flammability greatly. Wind tunnel tests conducted with a section of a Boeing 727 wing tank showed that, under dynamic airflow conditions, change in ullage temperature was the primary mechanism affecting ullage flammability, not fuel temperature, as observed in environmental chamber tests. Other wind tunnel tests showed that the angle of attack of the fuel tank played little role in reducing fuel tank flammability, but that a cross-venting condition of the fuel tank would lead to a very rapid decrease in hydrocarbon concentration. An input temperature algorithm could be used with the FAA Fuel Air Ratio Calculator to significantly improve predictions of wing tank ullage flammability, based on tests that showed in-flight changes of ullage flammability in a wing tank are driven largely by the ullage temperature. This is very different from what had been shown with a center wing fuel tank, in which fuel temperature continues to be the main driver of flammability even during flight."--Report documentation page.
Download or read book Investigation of Minimum Corona Type Currents for Ignition of Aircraft Fuel Vapors written by M. M. Newman and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigation of Aircraft Fuel Tank Explosions and Nitrogen Inerting Requirements During Ground Fires written by Richard Hill and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen inerting was investigated as a means of preventing or minimizing explosions and/or reactions in aircraft fuel tanks under simulated crash-fire conditions. Tests were conducted on both small and large volume tanks, inerted to various concentrations (expressed in terms of O2 concentration by volume), containing different amounts of Jet-A or JP-4 fuel and heated at different rates. Results of these tests indicated that internal fire or explosion would not result from external heating or internal high-energy spark when the tank was inerted to an oxygen concentration lower than 10 percent. (Author) Color illustrations reproduced in black and white.
Download or read book In flight breakup over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800 Boeing 747 131 N93119 near East Moriches New York July 17 1996 written by United States. National Transportation Safety Board and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) summarizes the findings from the 1996 Trans World Airlines Flight 800 crash.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 976 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Download or read book Aviation Fuel written by Perry W. Kirklin and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1992 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For technical readers in the aviation and fuel industries, and in testing laboratories, explores the history and philosophy of the thermal stability of aviation fuel, and considerations during the fuel's manufacture, storage and transport, use, and assessment. The 13 papers, representing a number of
Download or read book Flight Vibration and Environmental Effects on Formation of Combustible Mixtures Within Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by T. C. KOSVIC and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of the study was to determine fuel tank vapor space characteristics for a simulated helicopter fuel tank and to evaluate the potential hazard which exists. Fuel/air ratios were measured as a function of time and position within the ullage of the fuel tank for specified flight profiles. These results were compared to published flammability limits as a basis for assessing flight hazard potential. The flight profiles were simulated by withdrawing fuel (at rated engine usage) from a vibrating tank held at constant pressure and temperature. Parametric variations were made in fuel temperature (40 to 100F), flight altitude (0 to 15,000 feet), vibration environment, and fuel properties (liquid JP-4 versus JP-4 emulsion EF4-104H). Another important variable not considered initially but which was uncovered during the course of this investigation was the effect that the rubberized tank liner could have on the measured fuel/air ratios. The extent of this effect was found to be related to fuel temperature and exposure time of the liner to the fuel. The experimental results showed those ranges of the test variables which had a significant effect on the measured fuel/air ratios. They also demonstrated that fuel/air mixture gradients do exist in fuel tanks under flight conditions. It was found that tanks which would be considered safe as determined by calculations for equilibrium conditions actually contain flammable regions, even for level flight. An analytical model for the ullage space was written which included transient fuel vapor diffusion and convection which was brought about by venting of the ullage. (Author).
Download or read book Flammability of Aircraft Fuels in Inerted Tanks written by Paul B. Stewart and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
