Download or read book Investigation of Oxygen Storage in Three Way Catalysts written by T. Khossusi and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Oxygen storage dominated three way catalyst modeling written by Jeremias Bickel and published by Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. This book was released on 2022-01-20 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The key to achieve optimal emission performance of a modern three-way catalyst (TWC) under transient engine operating conditions is to maintain an optimal oxidation state of the oxygen storage material inside the washcoat of the catalyst. This work demonstrates how simplified kinetic models can be developed that allow for accurately predicting the oxygen storage level under dynamic operation.

Download or read book Investigation of UEGO Deception and Other Challenges in Three way Catalytic Converter Oxygen Storage Modeling written by Joshua Douglas Cowgill and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Three-way catalytic converter oxygen storage control is a topic which has gained increasing interest recently due to the potential additional emissions reduction benefits control could provide to reach SULEV emission standards. To further improve air-to-fuel ratio control strategies, however, accurate three-way catalytic converter models are required to optimally manage oxygen storage. A three-way catalytic converter model depends mostly upon two factors for success. The first of these is, of course, accurate model structure and parameter definition. The second, and possibly more problematic, is accurate measurement data to be used as model inputs. Despite a general trend of increasingly using universal exhaust gas oxygen (UEGO) sensors instead of switching exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) sensors, UEGO sensors are quite susceptible to sensor deception errors particularly present post-catalyst under dynamic conditions. Specifically, the response of the UEGO sensor is significantly effected by the not just the actual exhaust gas air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) but also the concentrations of different components which make up the exhaust gas. To characterize the effect of UEGO sensor measurement error, the specific processes by which measurement error developed was explored. Exhaust gas component concentrations were changed both artificially and through the use of a catalytic converter with the goal of better understanding the UEGO deception phenomenon as a standalone sensor and in its use in conjunction with a catalyst. From the data collected, steady state calibrations were created which allowed for more accurate predictions of true exhaust gas AFR. Furthermore, an ad hoc dynamic calibration was created to indirectly account for additional unmodeled catalytic converter dynamics which significantly affected the post-catalyst UEGO output. The knowledge of UEGO and three-way catalytic converter operation gained was applied to three- way catalytic converter modeling though many methods. Use of the corrected, and thus more accurate, exhaust gas AFR measurements allowed for the accurate determination of parameters necessary for three- way catalytic converter modeling. Understanding of the three-way catalytic converter operation allowed for a detailed analysis, calibration and subsequent improvements of a commonly available three-way catalytic converter model. From this work, the abilities and limitations of a standard three-way catalytic converter model were examined. Within the existing oxygen storage model framework, modified oxygen adsorption and release functions were suggested as well as a means of calibrating them. Furthermore, the work also shows that other unmodeled dynamics are present which are associated with the alteration of the magnitude of the change in hydrogen concentration from pre to post-catalyst possibly caused by catalytic converter deactivation. Unfortunately, while such unmodeled dynamics were noted, the extension of the three-way catalytic converter model to account for these dynamics was beyond the scope of this work. The sensitivity of a current oxygen storage model was numerically investigated by inducing plant and sensor faults and comparing the output of the model with faults against an ideal model output. It is shown in this work that effect of model or plant faults is the slow drifting of the predicted oxygen storage level, as would be expedited, since an integrator-type model is begin used. However it was also determined that, during this drift, the predicted post-catalyst AFR predicted is generally relatively unaffected. In a control application, this slow drift would not be of great concern, as the plant could be regulated around a operating condition which allowed information regarding the current oxygen storage level to be observed in the measurer post-catalyst AFR.

Download or read book Experimental and Numerical Study of the Behavior of Three way Catalytic Converters Under Different Engine Operation Conditions written by Yuetao Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thesis reports the studies on how the three-way catalytic converters behave under different operation conditions. The main focus of the work is in the oxygen storage capacity of the three-way catalyst. Rich-to-lean air/fuel ratio step-change experiments were carried out to quantify the oxygen storage capacity. Results show that the amount of oxygen stored is dependent on how much oxygen is present in the exhaust. Thus the oxygen storage capacity is not a fixed value, rather it is determined by the equilibrium between the storage sites and the feed stream. A numerical model was developed to characterize the oxygen storage capacity. The model matches well with the experiments. The effects of catalyst age and fuel sulfur content on oxygen storage were measured. The results show that the aging effects and fuel sulfur effects are decoupled. The storage capacity decreases by 10% for every 150ppm increase in fuel sulfur, and it scales with (age−0̇84). Different modes of air/fuel ratio modulations were tested on the catalysts, since such modulation is the practice to keep conversion efficiency high and to increase robustness of the catalyst during transients.

Download or read book Nonlinear Dynamic Modelling and Identification of a Three way Catalytic Converter written by Michail I. Soumelidis and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasingly stringent automotive exhaust emissions legislation demands both advanced catalyst control for super ultra low emission vehicle (SULEV) requirements, and close monitoring of catalyst performance. Modem monitoring and control strategies for three-way catalysts (TWC) are usually based on simplified oxygen storage models. Because such control-oriented models need to be simple in structure, they often fail to capture significant dynamic phenomena that take place inside the TWC. Although several extended oxygen storage models have been recently proposed, often compromising their original simple structure, most of them still appear incomplete. In the study presented in this thesis, the limitations of a conventional control-oriented TWC model, based on the dynamics of oxygen storage, were first investigated. Model validation tests, based on an extensive range of experimental data, suggest that inclusion of the basic kinetics of the governing TWC reactions in some form can be beneficial during the modelling process. A simple chemical model was developed to assist the identification process. The model proved to be accurate and robust in estimating the oxygen storage process and predicting the post-catalyst concentrations of some of the main exhaust gas components. Nonlinear modelling and identification techniques were then employed in order to explore alternative means of modelling the strongly nonlinear dynamic behaviour of TWCs. The polynomial NARMAX model was selected to describe the TWC dynamic system and both its structure and parameters were identified in real-time. Validation tests demonstrated the superior performance of the NARMAX model compared to the oxygen storage model, in predicting the post-catalyst air-fuel ratio (AFR) over a wide range of operating conditions. A nonlinear catalyst model was finally proposed, incorporating four NARMAX models, each optimised for local prediction. The chemical model was ' used to identify the current operating region and select the appropriate local model for prediction. The proposed dynamic model is simple in structure, only requires knowledge of the upstream/downstream AFR values, and could form the basis of an on-board catalyst monitoring and control system.

Download or read book Application of Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensors to the Study of Storage Effects in Automotive Three way Catalysts by Allen H Meitzler written by Allen H. Meitzler and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Catalysis by Ceria and Related Materials written by Alessandro Trovarelli and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2013 with total page 909 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book follows the 2002 edition of Catalysis by Ceria and Related Materials, which was the first book entirely devoted to ceria and its catalytic properties. In the ten years since the first edition a massive amount of work has been carried out in the field, and ceria has gained a prominent position in catalysis as one of the most valuable material for several applications. This second edition covers fundamental and applied aspects of the latest advances in ceria-based materials with a special focus on structural, redox and catalytic features. Special emphasis is given to nano-engineered and nano-shaped systems which are a key factor in the predictive and rational design of ceria with novel properties.In addition, the book presents recent advances in emerging and traditional large-scale applications of ceria in catalysis, such as the treatment of emissions from mobile sources (including diesel and gasoline engines). The primary readership includes catalysis and material science researchers from academy and industry and postdoctorate and graduate students in chemistry, chemical engineering and physics.

Download or read book Spillover and Mobility of Species on Solid Surfaces written by A. Guerrero-Ruiz and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-08-02 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Spillover and Mobility of Species and Solid Surfaces" collects the papers which were presented at the Fifth International Conference Spillover, either as oral or poster contributions, as well as the summaries of the invited lectures. This congress and its publication in the Studies on Surface Science and Catalysis series follow the tradition of previous conferences on spillover, initiated in Lyon, 1983, and continued in Leipzig, 1989, Kyoto 1993 and Dalian, 1997. For the fifth conference, held in S.L. el Escorial (Madrid), the organising committee has attempted to compile representative contributions which illustrate the advances in understanding the spillover phenomenon since 1997. Spillover is a process taking place during the interface of gas reactant molecules (mainly hydrogen and oxygen) on solid surfaces. However, different contributions to the more general area of the chemistry at surfaces, related with the mobility and migration of species, diffusion through membranes, fuel cell catalysts, etc., have also been included. In fact the title of the present volume summarizes this attempt to extend the conference topics towards dynamics at surfaces.Among the 70 contributions received, the 56 accepted papers were selected on the basis of the reports of at least two international reviewers, according to standards comparable to those applied for other specialised journals. These papers are from 21 different countries.

Download or read book A Surface Science Study of Model Automotive Emissions Control Catalysis written by Robert Ferrizz and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ceria and zirconia are important oxide components of the three-way catalyst (TWC) for automotive emissions control. Simultaneous conversion of harmful exhaust pollutants is enhanced by ceria's ability to store and release oxygen to maintain conditions within a narrow operating window of air-to-fuel ratios. Zirconia increases ceria's effectiveness for oxygen storage, yet a fundamental understanding of this favorable interaction is still lacking. In this thesis, surface-sensitive spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize interactions at ceria-zirconia interfaces and their effect on the activity of model emissions control catalysts. The structure-activity relationships and oxygen transport properties of ceria-based samples were studied primarily using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thermal desorption of CO and conversion to CO2 were used as chemical probes of the oxidation and reduction of ceria. NO and CH3OH reactivity on ceria surfaces was used to monitor oxygen vacancy (Ce3+) sites. XPS was used to directly measure the oxidation state of cerium cations. These chemical and spectroscopic probes demonstrated that interactions at the ceria-zirconia interface are responsible for an enhanced reducibility, and therefore enhanced oxygen transport, throughout the ceria layer. This enhanced reducibility results in an increased oxygen storage capacity in the TWC for emissions control.

Download or read book Methods for Monitoring and Diagnosing the Efficiency of Catalytic Converters written by M. Sideris and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1998-06-19 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dramatic evolution of catalytic converters in the last thirty years was a result of a need worldwide to reduce pollution created by the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. Environmental concerns have led American, Japanese and European Union (EU) legislation to pose continuously stricter emission limits for petrol engines in the last decades. The catalytic converter has become the most important means of exhaust treatment to achieve the desired emission limits. The international legislation has also created a need for a regular assessment of the efficiency of the catalytic converter in order to detect a deterioration of its conversion efficiency as soon as this deterioration takes place. The assessment of conversion efficiency of a catalytic converter can take place during normal driving of a vehicle (on-board diagnosis or OBD) or in a workshop by specialized technicians. The most important methods nowadays are the OBD methods. The evolution of methods concerned with OBD and non-OBD monitoring and diagnosing of efficiency of catalytic converters of internal combustion engines is described based on patents and published patent applications. Non-patent references are also used. The basic principles of modern catalytic converters are described in an extensive Introduction, where the importance of monitoring and diagnosing the efficiency of catalytic converters is demonstrated. The book is divided into four parts. The first part describes methods involving the use of oxygen or air/fuel exhaust gas sensors to determine the oxygen storage capacity of a catalytic converter. The second part describes methods involving the use of temperature sensors to determine the exothermic reaction capacity of a catalytic converter. The third part describes all other methods existing in patent literature that monitor and diagnose the efficiency of catalytic converters. The great majority of the methods of the third part involves exhaust gas concentration measurements. The fourth part comprises a general discussion of all methods described. In the beginning of each part, a short introduction is given to explain the problem that the methods attempt to solve. The methods in each part are presented in chronological order per patent applicant. This helps to evaluate how the patent applicant has improved his methods over time. A patent number index with information about the patent applicants, inventors, priorities and patent-families, an inventor index, a company index and a subject index can be found at the end of the book.

Download or read book A Global Reaction Mechanism for Transient Simulations of Three Way Catalytic Converters written by Raoul Holder and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2008-09-04 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complex interactions between chemical kinetics and transport phenomena of mass, momentum and energy lead to incomplete fuel combustion, which is the origin of pollutant formation of internal combustion engines. Vehicle exhaust gas emission control devices have continuously been improved to meet the constantly tightened standards. Three-way catalyst technology is extensively used for the purification of automotive exhaust gases, usually in combination with monolithic (honeycomb) reactors. A promising alternative to the time consuming and costly engine and vehicle experiments are catalytic reactor model. In this work a global reaction mechanism for three-way catalysts is developed including 16 reactions and 12 gas phase species. The reaction mechanism is combined with an empirical oxygen storage model and validated against a number of different real engine experiments carried out on both fresh (not aged) and aged catalysts. Once the mechanism is validated against the fresh system, the adaption to the aged system is achieved solely by the reduction of the available reactive surface area of the washcoat, without tuning the individual reaction parameters. Finally the parameter set of the aged system is used to simulate a FTP75 drive cycle and the results are compared to experimental data of the same catalyst without further tuning. First a transient one-dimensional catalyst model is derived in chapter 2. First a short introduction to the structure of monolithic reactors is given, followed by the introduction of the governing equations for catalytically reacting flows. Chapter 3 focuses on the relevant transport processes inside the monolithic reactor channel and the adequacy of the transport models applied here. Local distributions of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers inside a monolith channel are resolved using a two-dimensional model. The cases of non-reacting and reacting conditions at the channel wall are discussed and subsequently compared to according a priori correlations. The subject of chapter 4 is the development and validation of the reaction mechanism. An advanced multi-objective optimization algorithm is used to calibrate the kinetic parameters of the presented reaction mechanism (comprising 16 reactions) to match the conversion behavior of a fresh catalyst. The simulation results are compared with experimental data at different operating conditions. In a second step the kinetic model is then used to simulate the conversion behavior of an aged catalyst. The adaption of the kinetic model is achieved only by the reduction of the available surface area. Again the computed conversion characteristics are compared to measured data. Finally an empirical oxygen storage model is included. In chapter 5 the catalyst model for the aged system is used to predict the tailpipe emissions during real drive cycle conditions. Finally a catalyst design parameter study is presented as a typical application of the model within the development process of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems.

Download or read book Studies on the Reduction of Nitrous Oxide Formation in NOx trap Catalysts written by Javier Mena Casanova and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current society has become more concerned about being environmentally friendly. Catalytic gas after treatment is one of the solutions adopted to reduce pollutant emissions from a combustion engine. A Three Way NOx Storage Catalytic Converter (TWNSC) is a new development of Daimler AG together with Umicore AG [1]. It consists of a Catalyst with some of the main properties of a Three Way Catalyst (TWC) together with NOx storage capacity (lean-NOx trap). This catalyst is used in Otto direct-injection engines with lean/rich operation mode. This technology can reduce fuel consumption in a range of 10%. During lean engine operation time, high quantities of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) are generated. In presence of a TWNSC, this NOx can be stored. When the engine changes to rich operating mode, the amount of NOx in exhaust gases decreases become rich of unburned hydrocarbons (HC), hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) that can reduce the NOx stored. However, during NOx reduction, formation of undesired byproducts occur. That is the case of nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3). In this Master thesis, studies on the reduction of nitrous oxide formation in Three Way NOx Storage Catalytic Converter are performed. Studies on N2O formation during catalyst performance have not been widely studied and published. In this master thesis, lean/rich experimentations on two new TWNSC (catalyst A and B) are performed to find conditions in which N2O formation can be reduced. Experiments are performed in a test bench where lean gases are provided by a 1- cylinder-engine and rich gases from synthetic gas mixtures. At the beginning of the master thesis, two preliminary investigations are performed. The first consists of the calculation of Oxygen Storage Capacity (OSC) of a cylindrical sample (25 mm diameter, 30 mm length) of catalyst A and B. The results of the experiment show that catalyst B has less Oxygen Storage Capacity. The experiment consisted on applying a flow of 12,5 l/min of Oxygen (O2) in nitrogen (N2) (0,4% by volume) through the previously reduced sample. An average of 0,3 g./l.cat. less oxygen is stored in catalyst B for temperatures of 300, 350 and 400 oC. At 300oC, catalyst A stores 1,44 g/l.cat. compared to the 0,93 g/l.cat. in catalyst B. The second preliminary investigation consists of determining the temperature in which the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) in reactor 1 has to operate. The objective of this DOC is to oxidize the HC and maintain the original NO2/NOx ratio from the engine exhaust gases. During lean mode, gases from a 1-cylinder-engine (Hatz-motor [2]) are used. NOx and HC concentrations are analyzed for a range of temperatures from 150 to 650 oC. It is concluded that a temperature of 620 oC has to be reached in reactor one to get rid of HC and maintain the NO2/NOx ratio of the bypass exhaust gases (2% of NO2 in NOx). After the preliminary investigations, the first objective is getting to know the basic performance of the two different TWNSC. Lean/rich experimentations are performed on both samples A and B at the range of temperatures from 150oC to 450oC. Lean/rich timing is set on 120/15 seconds respectively. In addition, three different rich gas mixtures (lambdas 0,95, 0,9 and 0,82) have been used for the rich mode. Results show that for lambda 0,95 less N2O is generated (0,06 g/l.cat. at 300oC in catalyst A). The minimum N2O detected is at catalyst B at temperatures of 400 and 450oC (0,01 and 0,00 g/l.cat.). The main part of the Master Thesis consists of four different experimentations that have the objective to find any reduction in N2O formation: 1. N2O formation studies with lean/rich experimentations at modified TWNSC catalysts. Instead of the 30 mm sample previously used, two 15 mm samples are used together. Modifications are applied on the first 15 mm sample and consist on five perforations (2 mm diameter) and the introduction of an uncoated central part section. These modifications try to increase reductants velocity during rich mode. Results show a decrease in N2O formation in the experiment with 15 mm uncoated catalyst A together with another 15 mm catalyst A. An average of 2,8 g/l.cat. of N2O reduction is obtained at temperature of 300oC. In addition, an increase of NOx conversion efficiency has been detected: for the same sample and temperature an average increase of 20% NOx performance 2. N2O formation studies with lean/rich experimentations at a combination of catalysts A and B together. It is concluded that the combination of catalyst A and B does not have a beneficial effect on N2O formation. 3. N2O formation studies with lean/rich experimentations with variation of rich time period. The objective is to see if the reduction of rich time period has an effect on N2O formation. 4. Lean/rich experimentations with variation of the lambda during rich period. The objective is to see if a reduction in N2O is obtained with these variations. For low temperatures (150oC and 200oC) a diminution in N2O formation is appreciated (0,05 g/l.cat to 0,04 g./l.cat at 150oC for 30 mm TWNSCA with uncoated section). This Master Thesis represents a base line study for further investigations on N2O formation on TWNSC. Catalyst modifications are a feasible solution for N2O diminution as well as NOx conversion efficiency. These results encourage further experimentations with these current and other new catalyst modifications. Variation of lambda during rich period and variation of the rich time period are variables that can have a relevant role.

Download or read book Introduction to Modeling and Control of Internal Combustion Engine Systems written by Lino Guzzella and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Internal combustion engines still have a potential for substantial improvements, particularly with regard to fuel efficiency and environmental compatibility. These goals can be achieved with help of control systems. Modeling and Control of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) addresses these issues by offering an introduction to cost-effective model-based control system design for ICE. The primary emphasis is put on the ICE and its auxiliary devices. Mathematical models for these processes are developed in the text and selected feedforward and feedback control problems are discussed. The appendix contains a summary of the most important controller analysis and design methods, and a case study that analyzes a simplified idle-speed control problem. The book is written for students interested in the design of classical and novel ICE control systems.

Download or read book Modeling a NOx Storage and Reduction Catalyst written by Jasdeep Singh Mandur and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lean burn engines are more fuel efficient than standard stoichiometric-burn engines but at the same time, the conventional three-way catalyst is not effective in reducing the NOx in oxygen-rich exhaust. One of the recent advancements in exhaust after treatment technologies for lean burn engines is the NOx storage and reduction (NSR) methodology. In this mechanism, NOx is stored on the storage component of a NSR catalyst during normal engine operation. However, before the catalyst reaches its saturation capacity, an excess of fuel is injected to the engine for a very short period resulting in reductant rich exhaust and during this period, NOx is released and subsequently reduced to N2, therefore, restoring the storage capacity of the catalyst. The operation is cyclic in nature, with the engine operating between an oxygen rich feed for long periods and a fuel rich feed for relatively shorter periods. To implement this technology in the most efficient way, a detailed understanding of the NSR chemistry under different operating conditions is required. For the past few years, several authors have studied the NSR systems using both experimental and modeling techniques. However, most of the models proposed in the literature were calibrated against the steady cyclic operation where the NOx profiles are similar for each cycle. In real life situations, the engine operation changes with different driving conditions, occurring due to sudden acceleration, roads in hilly areas, non-uniform braking, etc., which results in operation with a number of different transient cycle-to-cycle regimes depending upon the frequency with which the engine operation is altered. Due to such varying conditions, it is very important to investigate the significance of transients observed between the two different steady cycle-to-cycle operations for the optimization and control purposes. Also, the models in the literature are specific to the catalyst used in the study and therefore, their adaptation to other NSR catalysts is not straightforward. Therefore, one of the main motivations behind this research work is to develop a general approach to explain the storage dynamics. Moreover, the existing models have not studied the regeneration mechanisms, which is very important to explain the cyclic data in complete operation including both transients and steady state cycles.

Download or read book Catalysis By Ceria And Related Materials 2nd Edition written by Alessandro Trovarelli and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2013-04-30 with total page 909 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book follows the 2002 edition of Catalysis by Ceria and Related Materials, which was the first book entirely devoted to ceria and its catalytic properties. In the ten years since the first edition a massive amount of work has been carried out in the field, and ceria has gained a prominent position in catalysis as one of the most valuable material for several applications. This second edition covers fundamental and applied aspects of the latest advances in ceria-based materials with a special focus on structural, redox and catalytic features. Special emphasis is given to nano-engineered and nano-shaped systems which are a key factor in the predictive and rational design of ceria with novel properties.In addition, the book presents recent advances in emerging and traditional large-scale applications of ceria in catalysis, such as the treatment of emissions from mobile sources (including diesel and gasoline engines). The primary readership includes catalysis and material science researchers from academy and industry and postdoctorate and graduate students in chemistry, chemical engineering and physics.

Download or read book Metal Oxides in Energy Technologies written by Yuping Wu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-10-05 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal Oxides in Energy Technologies provides, for the first time, a look at the wide range of energy applications of metal oxides. Topics covered include metal oxides materials and their applications in batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, solar cells, supercapacitors, and much more. The book is written by an experienced author of over 240 papers in peer-reviewed journals who was also been recognized as one of Thomson Reuter’s “World’s Most Influential Scientific Minds in 2015. This book presents a unique work that is ideal for academic researchers and engineers. Presents an authoritative overview on metal oxides in energy technologies as written by an expert author who has published extensively in the area Offers up-to-date coverage of a large, rapidly growing and complex literature Focuses on applications, making it an ideal resource for those who want to apply this knowledge in industry

Download or read book Control of Oxygen Buffer in a Three Way Catalyst written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: