Download or read book Investigation of High fat Diet induced Metabolic Disorders and Endothelial Dysfunction in Wild type Nox2 Knockout and ApoE Knockout Mice written by Junjie Du and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dietary obesity after middle age is associated with insulin resistance and oxidative stress and is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. However it remains unclear about the effects of high-fat diet (HFD) on vascular oxidative status and endothelial function, and both of them are interactive and pivotal to the development of obesity-associated cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis. Nox2 is a major source of vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS); however its role in diet-induced metabolic disorders and vascular dysfunction is unclear. Therefore, the objective of this PhD project is to investigate the role of Nox2 and oxidative stress in HFD-induced metabolic disorders and endothelial dysfunction in mice. Male C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice and Nox2 knockout (KO) mice at 7 month of age were fed with a HFD or a normal chow diet (NCD) for 16 weeks. Body weight, blood pressure (BP) and fasting blood samples were taken before and after diet intervention. Mice were sacrificed for assessment of aortic function ex vivo. Compared to NCD-fed mice, WT mice fed with HFD showed significant increases in body weight, fasting glucose and insulin levels with elevated lipids profiles and BP. These changes were accompanied by significant increases in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent ROS production by aortas and a decrease in endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation and this was reversed back to control levels by adding superoxide scavenger tiron. Compared to WT mice, Nox2 KO mice fed with HFD has no significant increase in fasting glucose with less augmented lipids profiles and unaltered BP. The aortic NADPH-dependent ROS production remained unchanged and the endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation was well preserved. In a parallel study, HFD-fed WT mice were supplied with a Nox2 inhibitor apocynin in drinking water. Apocynin treatment significantly attenuated the HFD-induced overweight, the high lipids levels and the high BP, but had no significant effect on blood glucose levels. Apocynin treatment also preserved the endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation to acetylcholine in HFD group. To further investigate the relationship between HFD and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, we fed HFD to apolipoprotein E (apoE) KO mice at age of 6 weeks for 10 weeks. The HFD promoted obesity, hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes-like insulin resistance and accelerated the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein in apoE KO mice. HFD also attenuated the endothelium-dependent relaxation responses of aortas accompanied with higher BP in apoE KO mice. In conclusion, HFD increases the levels of ROS production in the vasculature. Activated Nox2 and induced oxidative stress by diet-induced obesity contribute to metabolic disorders including impaired glucose and lipids metabolism, and endothelial dysfunction. Deletion or inhibition of Nox2 attenuates these detrimental pathological progresses. Therefore, Nox2 and Nox2-derived ROS play a key role in mediating dietary obesity-related metabolic disorders and endothelial dysfunction after middle-age.
Download or read book The Endothelium written by Michel Félétou and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References
Download or read book Phenotypic Characterization of Adipocyte Fatty Acid Binding Protein Knockout Mice Under High Fat High Cholesterol Diet Induced Obesity written by Pui-Chi Lee and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Phenotypic Characterization of Adipocyte Fatty Acid Binding Protein Knockout Mice Under High Fat High Cholesterol Diet-induced Obesity" by Pui-chi, Lee, 李佩芝, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Background and objectives: A lot of studies proved that adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP), an adipokine mainly expressed in adipocytes and macrophages, is the key link between obesity and inflammation which is suggested to be a therapeutic target for obesity-related diseases. Loss-of-function study was employed by using A-FABP knockout (KO) mice generated by our group to investigate role of A-FABP in high fat high cholesterol (HFHC) diet-induced obesity. Key findings: 1. Our study confirmed that HFHC diet-induced A-FABP KO mice have a significantly increased body weight when compared to the wild-type (WT) control mice. 2. Higher adiposity was the major reason for the A-FABP KO mice to be heavier than the WT controls under HFHC diet induction. 3. The marked increase of the weight of subcutaneous fat and peri-renal fat contributed to the higher adiposity of the HFHC-diet induced A-FABP KO mice when compared to the WT controls. 4. The HFHC-diet induced A-FABP KO mice significantly consumed less oxygen and produced less carbon dioxide suggesting the reduced energy expenditure but had higher weekly energy intake when compared with the WT controls, leading to higher adiposity. 5. The A-FABP KO mice were protected against HFHC diet induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia when compared with the WT controls. There was also a better insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation in A-FABP KO mice under prolonged HFHC diet induction when compared with the WT controls. 6. The A-FABP KO mice were protected against the development of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglycemia when compared the WT controls under HFHC diet induction. However, there was no significant difference in the fasting serum free fatty acids (FFA) level among A-FABP WT and KO mice fed with standard chow (STC) or HFHC diet. 7. A-FABP KO mice were protected against isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) under HFHC diet induction. 8. The A-FABP KO mice were protected against HFHC diet-induced liver injury as indicated by a lower serum ALT level suggesting a better liver function when compared with the WT controls. 9. Under HFHC diet induction, M1 macrophage polarization was dominant in fat tissues of A-FABP WT mice but M2 macrophage polarization was dominant in fat tissues of A-FABP KO mice, suggesting an improved inflammatory status in the adipose tissue of the A-FABP KO mice when compared with the WT controls. This may also be the reason for why HFHC diet-induced A-FABP KO mice have an increased body weight but are metabolically healthier compared to their WT controls. Conclusions: A-FABP KO mice had a significant higher body weight and higher adiposity due to the reduced energy expenditure and increased weekly food intake as indicated in the metabolic cage study and the reason for metabolic healthier is due to the alleviated HFHC diet induced M1 macrophage polarization in various adipose tissues suggesting an improved inflammatory status in A-FABP KO mice comparing to the WT controls. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5194748 Subjects: Cytokines Fat cells Adipose tissues Obesity - Animal models
Download or read book Experimentation on Living Animals written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture and Forestry and published by . This book was released on 1916 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Diabetes Complications Comorbidities and Related Disorders written by Enzo Bonora and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-04-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the reader with comprehensive information on the interactions between diabetes and a wide range of comorbid conditions and on disease management in such patients. It has the aim of empowering health care providers in their daily battle against the disease and its consequences. Diabetes has been identified by WHO and the United Nations as a medical emergency because of the increase in its global prevalence, which may reach one billion in three to four decades if the trend remains unchanged. Despite improved care that is helping to prolong life, diabetes impacts substantially on the quality of life of those affected and kills or disables several million people each year. The disease is systemic because all organs, tissues, and cells suffer in the presence of hyperglycemia and are damaged by the diabetic milieu. Unfortunately, most patients with diabetes will consequently experience chronic diabetic complications. This book will be of value for all physicians and nurses who care for patients with diabetes and face the challenge of treating hyperglycemia and related acute and chronic complications.
Download or read book Role of Nrf2 in Disease Novel Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches written by Javier Egea and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-01-02 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammation written by Shauna Dauphinee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-24 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endothelial dysfunction is broadly defined as a disruption of the balance between vasoactive mediators and a propensity towards an inflammatory state. This volume provides an overview of the fields of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation through the discussion of topics ranging from the molecular biology of activated endothelial cells to the endothelium in inflammatory disease and therapeutic approaches targeting endothelial dysfunction. Topics include: Heterogeneity of the endothelium during inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, biology and regulation of nitric oxide in inflammatory pathologies, endothelial dysfunction in inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis and Clinical methods used to assess endothelial function. This book brings together basic and clinical research to assist the reader in bridging connections from bench-to-bedside. Written by expert researchers in the fields of endothelial biology, inflammation research and clinical science, it serves as a useful reference for academic and industrial researchers, clinicians, and trainees in the medical profession.
Download or read book Hyperlipidaemia and Atherosclerosis written by Keith E. Suckling and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biochemistry of Diabetes and Atherosclerosis written by James S.C. Gilchrist and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diabetes is an autoimmune, inflammatory disease affecting many different organ systems and exhibiting both primary and secondary defects. Because diabetes affects a wide range of cellular systems, a multidisciplinary effort has been mounted over the past several decades using a wide range of investigative techniques and methodologies in order to identify molecular mechanisms responsible for cellular dysfunction. Because primary defects at various levels of sub-cellular signaling, intracellular calcium handling, protein expression and energy regulation are often a primary consequence of diabetes. This volume is a compilation of new multidisciplinary research that will broaden our current understanding of diabetes and cardiovascular disease as well as provide the basis for the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
Download or read book Advances in Geroscience written by Felipe Sierra and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-10 with total page 637 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the first comprehensive overview of a new scientific discipline termed Geroscience. Geroscience examines the molecular and cellular mechanisms that might explain why aging is the main risk factor for most chronic diseases affecting the elderly population. Over the past few decades, researchers have made impressive progress in understanding the genetics, biology and physiology of aging. This book presents vital research that can help readers to better understand how aging is a critical malleable risk factor in most chronic diseases, which, in turn, could lead to interventions that can help increase a healthy lifespan, or ‘healthspan.’ The book begins with an analysis of the Geroscience hypothesis, as well as the epidemiological underpinnings that define aging as a candidate main risk factor for most chronic diseases. Next, each chapter focuses on one particular disease, or group of diseases, with an emphasis on how basic molecular and cellular biology might explain why aging is a major risk factor for it. Coverage in the book includes: cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementias, stroke, Parkinson's and Alzheimer’s diseases, osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes asthma, emphysema, kidney disease, vision impairment, and AIDS/HIV. It finishes with a chapter on pain in the elderly and an overview of future steps needed to bring the newly acquired knowledge into the clinic and the public at large.
Download or read book Functional Foods and Cardiovascular Disease written by Mohammed H. Moghadasian and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-02-10 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiovascular disease remains the number one killer in North America and around the world. The staggering medical costs involved in treating patients suffering from this disease demand an alternative approach to prevent or minimize its development. In Functional Foods and Cardiovascular Disease, international researchers reveal essential up-to-date information on the role that functional foods and nutraceuticals play in preventing the development of heart disease. Highlighting the physiological benefits of a host of functional foods, the book examines: The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease Genetic methods for enhancing bioactives in foods and new techniques for extracting bioactive components for developing functional foods Clinical and experimental evidence of the cardiovascular benefits of fish oils and plant oils, particularly flaxseed oil The importance of folic acid in homocysteine metabolism and its impact on cardiovascular disease Clinical and experimental evidence for the cardiovascular benefits of plant sterols The beneficial effects of wine, garlic products, eggs, fiber, cocoa and chocolate, and coffee and tea on cardiovascular health While there have been great improvements in treating coronary heart disease through surgery and medications, prevention through diet and exercise should remain an essential priority in maintaining the health of the aging population. Nutritionists, food scientists, and those working in the health industry will find that this book enhances their understanding of the potential role of functional foods in combating cardiovascular disease before more aggressive treatment is needed.
Download or read book Small Animal Imaging written by Fabian Kiessling and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-22 with total page 871 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook is a practical guide to the use of small animal imaging in preclinical research that will assist in the choice of imaging modality and contrast agent and in study design, experimental setup, and data evaluation. All established imaging modalities are discussed in detail, with the assistance of numerous informative illustrations. While the focus of the new edition remains on practical basics, it has been updated to encompass a variety of emerging imaging modalities, methods, and applications. Additional useful hints are also supplied on the installation of a small animal unit, study planning, animal handling, and cost-effective performance of small animal imaging. Cross-calibration methods and data postprocessing are considered in depth. This new edition of Small Animal Imaging will be an invaluable aid for researchers, students, and technicians involved in research into and applications of small animal imaging.
Download or read book Multiple Stressors A Challenge for the Future written by Carmel Mothersill and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-20 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecotoxiclogical risk from multiple stressors covers any situation where org- isms are exposed to a combination of environmental stressors. These include physical and chemical pollutants as well as other stressors such as parasites and environmental impact (e. g. , climate change or habitat loss). The combi- tion of stressors can result in increased risk to organisms (either additive or synergistic effects) or decreased effects (protective or antagonistic effects). The multiple stressor challenge is an international, multi-disciplinary problem requiring an international, multi-disciplinary approach. The c- rent approach to multiple stressors is to examine one stressor at a time and assume additivity. Little work has been done on combinations of stressors such that potential interactions can be determined. The problem is very complex. Multiple stressors pose a whole spectrum of challenges that range from basic science to regulation, policy and gove- ance. The challenges raise fundamental questions about our understanding of the basic biological response to stressors, as well as the implications of those uncertainties in environmental risk assessment and management. In addition to the great breadth, there is also great depth in the research ch- lenges, largely due to the complexity of the issues. From a basic science point of view, many of the mechanisms and processes under investigation are at the cutting edge of science — involving new paradigms such as genomic ins- bility and bystander effects.
Download or read book Reactive Oxygen Species written by Harald H. H. W. Schmidt and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-23 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in almost every human disease phenotype, without much, if any, therapeutic consequence foremost exemplified by the failure of the so-called anti-oxidants. This book is a game changer for the field and many clinical areas such as cardiology and neurology. The term ‘oxidative stress’ is abandoned and replaced with a systems medicine and network pharmacology-based mechanistic approach to disease. The ROS-related drugs discussed here target either ROS- forming or ROS -modifying enzymes for which there is strong clinical evidence. In addition, ROS targets are included as they jointly participate in causal mechanisms of disease. This approach is transforming the ROS field and represents a breakthrough in redox medicine indicating a path to patient benefit. In the coming years more targets and drugs may be discovered, but the approach will remain the same and this book will thus become, and for many years remain, the leading reference for ROSopathies and their treatment by network pharmacology. Chapter "Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulators and Activators" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Download or read book Biology of C Reactive Protein in Health and Disease written by Waliza Ansar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-23 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive study of C-reactive protein (CRP) belonging to the pentraxin family, including a brief history of CRP, its structure, synthesis and evolution. Focusing on the emerging role of CRP and its clinical application in the field of disease biology, it details the pathophysiological role of CRP in a host of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers, rheumatoid arthritis and infectious diseases and others. It also discusses the role of innate immunity and acute phase response (APR) and their key mediators in the host body in response to tissue injury, infection, trauma or surgery, immunological disorders or neoplastic growth. CRP’s significance in inflammation is highlighted, and its importance as a clinical marker in cardiovascular disease, its functional significance in Leishmania and Plasmodium infections, its association with the development of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and its role in cancer are discussed in detail. The book also includes clinical data studies and presents the latest research advances to further readers’ understanding of CRP.
Download or read book Benefits of Resveratrol Supplementation written by María P. Portillo and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-07-23 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, great attention has been paid to polyphenols due to their positive effects on health. One of the most widely-studied phenolic compounds is resveratrol. This molecule, which is naturally present in some foods, shows beneficial effects on various physiological and biochemical processes, thus representing a potential tool for the prevention or the treatment of diseases highly prevalent in our society. Several of these beneficial effects have been observed in human beings, but others only in pre-clinical studies so far, and therefore, it is mandatory to continue with the scientific research in this field. Indeed, new knowledge concerning these issues could enable the development of novel functional foods or nutraceuticals, incorporating resveratrol, suitable for preventing or treating diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, dislipemia, insulin resistance and diabetes, liver diseases, etc.
Download or read book Cell Volume and Signaling written by Peter Lauf and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-11-30 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In front of you is the finished product of your work, the text of your contributions to the 2003 Dayton International Symposium on Cell Volume and Signal Transduction. As we all recall, this symposium brought together the Doyens of Cellular and Molecular Physiology as well as aspiring young investigators and students in this field. It became a memorable event in an illustrious series of International Symposia on Cell Volume and Signaling. This series, started by Professors Vladimir Strbák, Florian Lang and Monte Greer in Smolenice, Slovakia in 1997 and continued by Professors Rolf Kinne, Florian Lang and Frank Wehner in Berlin in 2000, is projected for 2005 in Copenhagen to be hosted by our colleague, Professor Else Hoffmann and her team. We dearly miss Monte Greer to whom this symposium was dedicated and addressed so eloquently by Vladimir Strbák in his Dedication to Monte. Monte and I became friends in Smolenice and had begun to discuss the 2003 meeting only a few days before his tragic accident in 2002. There are others who were not with us, and we missed them, too. We would not have been able to succeed in this event without the unflagging support of our higher administration at Wright State University, the NIDDKD of the National Institute of Health, and the Fuji Medical System (see Acknowledgments).
