Download or read book Investigation of Electrodeless Conductivity as a Technique for Monitoring Sulfate Levels During Production of Wet process Phosphoric Acid written by Verrill M. Norwood and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 1742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Crystallization of Calcium Sulphate During Phosphoric Acid Production written by You Peng (Ph. D.) and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The production of phosphoric acid from phosphate mineral rock involves the addition of phosphate rock to a concentrated sulfuric acid solution. The induced reactive crystallization process produces a side product of calcium sulfate hydrates, which become the filter media in the subsequent acid separation process. For most industrial processes, the dihydrate form of calcium sulfate crystals (gypsum) precipitates and its shape and size distribution are key factors in determining the downstream filtration efficiency. Particularly, the metal ion impurities coming from raw phosphate rock play an important role as shape modifiers. The presence of impurities in the acid mixture has an impact both thermodynamically and kinetically, although most of the available literature focuses on their sole role as growth inhibitors and has neglected their potential impact on altering solution speciation. Past studies on gypsum crystallization in phosphoric acid solutions usually involve the study of crystal growth and nucleation kinetics. However, most of these works did not use the correct definition of supersaturation when quantifying kinetic parameters. The high concentrations in this multicomponent electrolyte system implies that supersaturation, which be written in terms of the solubility product ratio, as governed by nonideal thermodynamics, requires the computation of activity coefficients as well as free ion concentrations. For this purpose, the mixed solvent electrolyte (MSE) model is utilized to capture the solution speciation in order to properly quantify supersaturation at any given condition. The MSE model is a first-principles model that determines solid-liquid equilibrium by calculating excess Gibbs energy from additive pairwise interactions. When impurities are present, additional binary interactions need to be included in the databank, which is carried out by regression analysis using solubility measurements. Continuous reactive crystallization experiments are carried out with and without additives using a mixed-suspension, mixed-product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer. The crystal size distribution and supersaturation are measured once the process reaches steady state. Different conditions are imposed to acquire both the temperature and supersaturation dependency of the crystallization kinetics. A two-dimensional growth model with dispersion is developed in order to capture the needle-like crystal morphology and the temperature dependence of the crystal aspect ratio, which is made possible by performing multi-scale image segmentation and edge detection using the Canny method. Experimental and numerical results are obtained for the base system and in the presence of single and combined impurity ions. Different growth inhibition models are verified and compared for numerical quantification of step advancement retardation in the presence of impurities. This study goes beyond past studies by providing a full two-dimensional kinetic model for a highly concentrated ionic system that includes crystallization kinetics and a thermodynamically correct driving force accounting for non-ideality as well as the effects of impurities.
Download or read book Automated Continuous Flow Enthalpimetric Analysis of Sulphate in Wet Process Phosphoric Acid and Iron in Iron Ore written by D. L. James and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Laboratory Investigation of Enhancing the Electrical Conductivity of Brine for Water flooding Front Tracking written by Lei Liu (M.S. in Engineering) and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prevention of early water breakthrough requires accurate tracking of fluid-front location in reservoirs. Various methods have been explored to provide time-space images of fluid movement. Among these methods, cross-well resistivity and in situ permanent monitoring are used to map the spatial distribution of electrical conductivity, which helps to monitor fluid location between wells during production at the reservoir scale. However, both approaches have limitations in their detectability and sensitivity of fluid fronts. To improve the accuracy and sensitivity of resistivity monitoring systems, a viable option is to increase the contrast in resistivity between in situ formation and injected fluids by enhancing the electrical conductivity of the injected fluid. This report presents laboratory experimental work carried out to explore options to enhance the electrical conductivity of the injected water-based fluid with respect to that of a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. A series of case studies with nanofluids, conductive hydrogels, and highly conductive electrolytes, were conducted to quantify how temperature, additive types, and concentration affect the conductivity of NaCl solutions. An experimental system was built for conductivity measurements of fluids via the conductometric method. The electrical conductivity tests performed using conductometric and conductivity meter methods indicate that the conductivity of brine can be increased substantially by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Results confirm that the conductivity of NaCl-NaOH solutions can reach 10.6 S/m for 2 wt.% NaOH and 1 wt.% NaCl, as compared to 1.7 S/m for 1 wt.% NaCl solution without NaOH. Measurements performed with the conductometric method agree with those performed with the conductivity meter method when the concentration is less than 10 wt.%
Download or read book Handbook of Methods for Acid Deposition Studies written by Louis John Blume and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists written by and published by . This book was released on 1972-10 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.
Download or read book Extrusion written by Harold F. Giles Jr and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2013-09-21 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Extrusion is designed to aid operators, engineers, and managers in extrusion processing in quickly answering practical day-to-day questions. The first part of the book provides the fundamental principles, for operators and engineers, of polymeric materials extrusion processing in single and twin screw extruders. The next section covers advanced topics including troubleshooting, auxiliary equipment, and coextrusion for operators, engineers, and managers. The final part provides applications case studies in key areas for engineers such as compounding, blown film, extrusion blow molding, coating, foam, and reprocessing. This practical guide to extrusion brings together both equipment and materials processing aspects. It covers basic and advanced topics, for reference and training, in thermoplastics processing in the extruder. Detailed reference data are provided on such important operating conditions as temperatures, start-up procedures, shear rates, pressure drops, and safety. - A practical guide to the selection, design and optimization of extrusion processes and equipment - Designed to improve production efficiency and product quality - Focuses on practical fault analysis and troubleshooting techniques
Download or read book Methods of Seawater Analysis written by Klaus Grasshoff and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-07-30 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the book first appeared in 1976, Methods of Seawater Analysis has found widespread acceptance as a reliable and detailed source of information. Its second extended and revised edition published in 1983 reflected the rapid pace of instrumental and methodological evolution in the preceding years. The development has lost nothing of its momentum, and many methods and procedures still suffering their teething troubles then have now matured into dependable tools for the analyst. This is especially evident for trace and ultra-trace analyses of organic and inorganic seawater constituents which have diversified considerably and now require more space for their description than before. Methods to determine volatile halocarbons, dimethyl sulphide, photosynthetic pigments and natural radioactive tracers have been added as well as applications of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and various electrochemical methods for trace metal analysis. Another method not previously described deals with the determination of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide as part of standardised procedures to describe the marine CO2 system.
Download or read book Advances in CMP Polishing Technologies written by Toshiro Doi and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2011-12-06 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CMP and polishing are the most precise processes used to finish the surfaces of mechanical and electronic or semiconductor components. Advances in CMP/Polishing Technologies for Manufacture of Electronic Devices presents the latest developments and technological innovations in the field - making cutting-edge R&D accessible to the wider engineering community. Most of the applications of these processes are kept as confidential as possible (proprietary information), and specific details are not seen in professional or technical journals and magazines. This book makes these processes and applications accessible to a wider industrial and academic audience. Building on the fundamentals of tribology - the science of friction, wear and lubrication - the authors explore the practical applications of CMP and polishing across various market sectors. Due to the high pace of development of the electronics and semiconductors industry, many of the presented processes and applications come from these industries. Demystifies scientific developments and technological innovations, opening them up for new applications and process improvements in the semiconductor industry and other areas of precision engineering Explores stock removal mechanisms in CMP and polishing, and the challenges involved in predicting the outcomes of abrasive processes in high-precision environments The authors bring together the latest innovations and research from the USA and Japan
Download or read book Methods Manual for Forest Soil and Plant Analysis written by Y. P. Kalra and published by Northern Forestry Centre. This book was released on 1991 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compilation of methods used for soil and plant analysis at the Analytical Services Laboratory of the Northern Forestry Centre.
Download or read book Development of Standard Methods for the Collection and Analysis of Precipitation written by Mark E. Peden and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Brewing written by Hans Michael Eßlinger and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-04-22 with total page 778 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive reference combines the technological know-how from five centuries of industrial-scale brewing to meet the needs of a global economy. The editor and authors draw on the expertise gained in the world's most competitive beer market (Germany), where many of the current technologies were first introduced. Following a look at the history of beer brewing, the book goes on to discuss raw materials, fermentation, maturation and storage, filtration and stabilization, special production methods and beermix beverages. Further chapters investigate the properties and quality of beer, flavor stability, analysis and quality control, microbiology and certification, as well as physiology and toxicology. Such modern aspects as automation, energy and environmental protection are also considered. Regional processes and specialties are addressed throughout the entire book, making this a truly global resource on brewing.
Download or read book Canmaking written by Terry A. Turner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal protectin, including both metal treatments and coating systems. affords mutual protection for both can and contents. this book is the first reference to meld the knowledge of chemical companies and canmaking companies, covering materials and processes used in both protective and decorative aspects of metal packaging. Topics include basic substrates (aluminum and steel), demands of the markets served, basic metal-forming processes, and the specific decorative and protctive needs of different packaging types, with emphasis give to the technologies most likely to be used, such as ultraviolet curing. This practical reference gives readers a backround and familiarity with terminology and technology and gives insight into why certain technologies are used over others.
Download or read book Alkoxysilanes and the Consolidation of Stone written by George Wheeler and published by Getty Publications. This book was released on 2005 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stone is one of the oldest building materials, and its conservation ranks as one of the most challenging in the field. The use of alkoxysilanes in the conservation of stone can be traced as far back as 1861, when A. W. von Hoffman suggested their use for the deteriorating limestone on the Houses of Parliament in London. Alkoxysilane-based formulations have since become the material of choice for the consolidation of stone outdoors.^l This volume, the first to cover comprehensively alkoxysilanes in stone consolidation, synthesizes the subject's vast and extensive literature, which ranges from production of alkoxysilanes in the nineteenth century to the extensive contributions from sol-gel science in the 1980s and 90s. Included are a historical overview, an annotated bibliography, and discussions of the following topics: the chemistry and physics of alkoxysilanes and their gels; the influence of stone type; commercial and noncommercial formulations; practice; lab and field evaluation of service life; and recent developments. This book is designed for conservators, scientists, and preservation architects in the field of stone conservation and will also serve as an indispensable introduction to the subject for students of art conservation and historic preservation.
Download or read book Control Techniques for Particulate Emissions from Stationary Sources written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Food Processing written by J. Scott Smith and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-02-28 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renowned international academicians and food industry professionals have collaborated to create Food Processing: Principles and Applications. This practical, fully illustrated resource examines the principles of food processing and demonstrates their application by describing the stages and operations for manufacturing different categories of basic food products. Ideal as an undergraduate text, Food Processing stands apart in three ways: The expertise of the contributing authors is unparalleled among food processing texts today. The text is written mostly by non-engineers for other non-engineers and is therefore user-friendly and easy to read. It is one of the rare texts to use commodity manufacturing to illustrate the principles of food processing. As a hands-on guide to the essential processing principles and their application, this book serves as a relevant primary or supplemental text for students of food science and as a valuable tool for food industry professionals.
