Download or read book Investigation of Corneal Biomechanical and Optical Behaviors by Developing Individualized Finite Element Model written by Mengchen Xu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The biomechanics of the cornea has a significant impact on its optical behavior. Alterations in corneal biomechanics lead to abnormalities in the surface topography and affect ocular aberrations that degrade retinal image quality. The goal of this thesis work is aimed towards investigating the interaction of corneal biomechanical and optical behaviors through development of an individualized corneal model based on the finite element method that accounts for the large variations in corneal geometry and material properties. The goal of the thesis can be divided into four specific aims. First, we investigated the biomechanical and optical behaviors of a healthy normal cornea at various IOPs through numerical simulations based on a widely accepted anisotropic hyperelastic FE model. We conducted a sensitivity analysis based on a powerful experimental/statistical technique, the DOE method. The biomechanical and optical responses of the cornea to IOP elevation as well as the relative contribution of multiple geometrical and material parameters to corneal biomechanical and optical behaviors were evaluated. We found that the radius of curvature of the cornea was the most important geometric parameter that contributes to both biomechanical and optical behaviors of the cornea. For material parameters, corneal apical displacement was influenced nearly evenly by matrix stiffness, fiber stiffness and nonlinearity. However, the corneal optical aberrations were primarily affected by the matrix stiffness and the distribution of collagen fibril dispersion. These findings have important implications for future theoretical and experimental studies of the cornea, especially for the development of an individualized cornea model. Second, we proposed new methods for material characterization of individual corneas. We aimed to characterize a complete set of material parameters for developing an individualized 3-D anisotropic hyperelastic corneal model, which provides accurate prediction of the interrelation between corneal biomechanics and optics of a specific cornea. We proposed novel methods mainly focusing on the individual quantification of three challenging material parameters, including collagen fiber stiffness, collagen fiber nonlinearity and collagen fibril dispersion using optical information of the cornea to overcome the traditional challenges in corneal material characterization. The new material characterization method could also be beneficial for future development of an in vivo individualized biomechanical model of the cornea and the investigation of the impact of corneal biomechanics on patient's visual performance for clinical applications. Third, we evaluated the clinical significance of corneal biomechanical modeling in one of the important clinical applications, laser refractive surgery. An accurate prediction of the biomechanical response of the cornea to tissue ablation would help to predict postoperative surgical outcomes, which can be taken into account in developing new surgical paradigms for obtaining optimal surgical outcomes. The predictive ability of our biomechanical model was evaluated by simulating myopic corrections in PRK surgery. Our findings suggest that both of the spatial variation in collagen fibril dispersion and the depth-dependent extrafibrillar matrix stiffness play a significant role in the postoperative biomechanical and optical outcomes. Characterization of these two material features helps to predict more accurate trend of the HOAs induced by the surgical process. Lastly, we explored a novel method to induce in vivo IOP elevation for potential future development of an in vivo corneal model. Our new material characterization methods require a measurement of corneal optical behavior at varied IOP levels. Therefore, we investigated the potential of developing an in vivo individualized corneal model for clinical applications by developing an efficient and non-contract method to control IOP elevation in vivo. For the first time, we showed that in vivo IOP can be temporarily elevated and controlled in an innovative, safe, non-contact way using an inversion table. The research presented in this thesis helps to gain understandings of the biomechanical and optical responses of individual corneas to various intraocular pressures and to corneal surgery, such as laser vision correction. Furthermore, the capabilities and techniques described in the thesis may be applied to investigate underlying mechanisms, diagnosis and treatments of other clinically important ophthalmic pathologies such as keratoconus, post-refractive ectasia and glaucoma."--Pages ix-xi.

Download or read book Corneal Biomechanics written by C.J. Roberts and published by Kugler Publications. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While lecturing in recent months at a number of prominent institutions, I asked some of the residents and fellows whether and how they might benefit from a book on corneal biomechanics. The typical response was the look of a deer caught in the headlights as they tried to intuit the “appropriate” answer, but had little understanding or insight as to why this would be an important and useful knowledge base for them now, or in the future. I then posed the question differently. “Would a book that explained corneal biomechanical principles and testing devices and their application in detecting eyes at risk for developing keratoconus and post-LASIK ectasia, understanding the biomechanical impact of specific types of keratorefractive surgery and riboflavin UV-A corneal collagen cross-linking, and the impact of corneal biomechanics on the fidelity of intraocular pressure measurement and risk for glaucoma progression be of interest?” Framed in this context, the answer I got was a resounding, “Yes!” Therein lies a fundamental disconnect that highlights both the opportunity and need to educate all ophthalmologists about this nascent field. This comprehensive book is strengthened by the breadth of contributions from leading experts around the world and provides an important resource for ophthalmologists at all levels of training and experience. It gives a panoramic snapshot of our understanding of corneal biomechanics today, bridging the gap between theoretical principles, testing devices that are commercially available and in development as well as current and potential future clinical applications. While there has been a long-held appreciation that all types of keratorefractive surgery have an impact and interdependence on corneal biomechanics and wound healing, the initial finite element analyses that were applied to understand radial keratotomy were limited by incorrect assumptions that the cornea was a linear, elastic, homogenous, isotropic material.1 With the advent of excimer laser vision correction, critical observations indicated that Munnerlyn’s theoretic ablation profiles did not account for either lower or higher order (e.g. spherical aberration) refractive outcomes,2 suggesting that there were important components missing from the equation—e.g., corneal biomechanics and wound healing. In a seminal editorial, Roberts3 pointed out that the cornea is not a piece of plastic, but rather a material with viscoelastic qualities. Since that time, much has been learned about spatial and depth- related patterns of collagen orientation and interweaving, as well as the biomechanical response to different keratorefractive surgeries that sever tension-bearing lamellae, as the cornea responds to and redistributes stress induced by IOP, hydration, eye rubbing, blinking and extraocular muscle forces.3-6 The first reports of post-LASIK ectasia7 highlighted the need to identify a biomechanical signature of early keratoconus as well as corneas at high risk of developing ectasia irrespective of their current topography or tomography. The introduction of two instruments into clinical use—the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) and the Corneal Visualization Scheimpflug Technology (Corvis ST)—that allow measurement of various biomechanical metrics further catapulted the field. The availability of these instruments in routine clinical settings allowed the systematic study of the effect of age, collagen disorders, collagen cross-linking, corneal rings, flaps of various depths, contour, sidecut angulation, pockets, and flockets, just to name of few. Future application of biomechanics to the sclera may improve our understanding of the development and prevention of myopia, as well as scleral surgeries and treatments under development for presbyopia. It was appreciated by Goldmann and Schmidt that corneal thickness and curvature would influence the measurement of applanation tonometry. The recent ability to measure some corneal biomechanical metrics have led to IOP measurement that may be more immune both to their influence and the impact of central corneal thickness (CCT). Certain chapters in this book explain how a thin cornea could be stiffer than a thick one and that stiffness is also impacted by IOP, thereby precluding simplistic attempts to adjust IOP measurements using nomograms based upon CCT alone. Also highlighted is how corneal hysteresis, the ability of the cornea to absorb and dissipate energy during the bidirectional applanation response to a linear Gaussian air puff, appears to be an independent risk factor for glaucoma progression and rate of progression.9,10 This comprehensive book starts out with a section devoted to outlining basic biomechanical principles and theories, teaching us the language of what Dupps11 has referred to as “mechanospeak”, thus providing a context and common vocabulary to better comprehend the following chapters. By first defining basic concepts such as stress-strain relationships and creep, this theoretical basis is later applied to explain the pathogenesis of corneal diseases, e.g., explaining how a focal abnormality in corneal biomechanical properties precipitates a cycle of decompensation and localized thinning and steepening, clinically expressed as ectasia progression. These early chapters further detail biomechanical differences between in-vivo and ex-vivo testing, between human and animal corneas and sclera, and between methods of testing. The second section provides a thorough description of two FDA-approved devices to measure corneal biomechanics in the clinic (i.e., the ORA and the Corvis ST), as well as an overview of potential future technologies, including OCT with air puff stimulus, ocular pulse elastography, and Brilloiun microscopy. The third and final section of the book is a thorough treatise on how to interpret the metrics derived from the waveform provided by available clinical devices; their adjunct use in ectasia risk screening; the comparative biomechanical impact of various keratorefractive surgeries and corneal procedures such as PRK, LASIK, SMILE, and corneal collagen cross-linking; the impact of corneal biomechanics on IOP measurement; and potential biomechanical markers of enhanced susceptibility to glaucoma progression. This compendium of our current knowledge of corneal biomechanics, its measurement and application, provides a strong foundation to more fully understand advances in keratorefractive and corneal surgery, diseases, and treatments, all of which are interdependent on and influence inherent corneal biomechanical properties and behavior. Both the robust aspects and limitations of our current understanding are presented, including the challenge of creating accurate and predictive finite element models that incorporate the impact of IOP, corneal thickness, geometry, and scleral properties on corneal biomechanics. This book provides a key allowing clinical ophthalmologists and researchers to grasp the basics and nuances of this exciting field and to shape it as it evolves in the future.

Download or read book Corneal Biomechanics and Refractive Surgery written by Fabio A. Guarnieri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-27 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a unique approach not found in any other text for those looking to improve the clinical results of refractive surgery by gaining a better understanding of corneal biomechanics and the instrumentation related to it. Written by leading experts in the field, this book provides authoritative coverage of the interactions of the cornea and the bioinstrumentation, such as corneal topography, pachymetry, aberrometers, tonometry and optical coherence tomography. Organized in an easy-to-read manner, Corneal Biomechanics and Refractive Surgery is designed for refractive surgeons and general ophthalmologists alike and describes the biomechanical role of the corneal tissue and how each part is affected in refractive surgery. Additionally, showing what the bioinstrumentation can measure, how models can improve understanding of the interaction between biomechanics, bioinstrumentation, and refractive surgery, and how these models and bioinstrumentation together can improve the refractive results, are also discussed.

Download or read book Understanding Corneal Biomechanics Through Experimental Assessment and Numerical Simulation written by Ahmed Elsheikh and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ocular Biomechanics Group was established in 2002 with one clear target; to develop a virtual reality model of the human eye that can be used effectively and reliably to predict ocular response to surgery, injury and disease. This ambitious, and seemingly illusive, target helped plan our activities over the last 6 years and will still be focusing our efforts as we strive to create the necessary knowledge using experimental methods, build the predictive tools using programming and analysis means, and validate the findings in both the laboratory and the clinic. This book presents an overview of our biomechanical studies from laboratory material characterisation to finite element numerical simulation. The chapter describes what has been achieved and points at the remaining gaps in our knowledge. It explains that while much remains unknown in ocular behaviour, we are now in a good position to use available knowledge to progress predictive modelling and use it in actual applications such as improving the accuracy of tonometry techniques, planning of refractive surgeries and design of contact lenses. The discussion focuses on the cornea, although scleral biomechanics receive some mention. The chapter also refers to microstructural, biomechanical and topographic studies conducted by other research groups. Coverage of these studies has been necessary to provide a more complete image of current understanding of corneal biomechanics.

Download or read book A Finite Element Model to Predict the Dynamic Behavior of the Human Eye written by Luka Sterle and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomechanical properties of ocular tissues are assumed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of ocular diseases. This is particularly true for glaucoma, where the tissue biomechanics appears to determine which level of intraocular pressure can be tolerated in an individual eye. In the recent years several mathematical models were established and measurements of ocular biomechanical properties were obtained from in vitro and in vivo measurements. In this master thesis we developed finite element modeling of the human eye. New algorithms integrated all available data on ocular biomechanical properties, available at the Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering from interferometric measurements.

Download or read book Biomechanical Analysis of the Cornea to Improve Post Surgical Outcomes Through Finite Element Analysis written by Salman Nasir Khan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vision deterioration is a major healthcare concern. It is estimated that one in three persons develops some form of vision reducing eye disease by the age of 65 and these numbers are expected to increase. Deterioration in visual acuity is due to ocular diseases that change the shape or clarity of the cornea. Health/shape of the cornea is extremely important as it determines the refractive power of the eye. This work studies ocular surgeries from a mechanical/structural engineering perspective. It begins by discussing laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery and explains the role of lasers in modifying the corneal shape to improve visual acuity. Besides LASIK, this work studies a refractive surgery involving intrastromal corneal ring (ICR) implants by developing a computationally efficient finite element (FE) model for the cornea and the implant. The results of the FE analysis qualitatively agree with published clinical studies and experimental data. The effects of ICR dimensions and surgical conditions on the postoperative visual acuity are studied. The results indicate that smaller diameter and larger thickness ICRs lead to pronounced myopic rectification and that 40-75% deep corneal pockets yield stable results and smaller diameter corneal pockets lead to pronounced myopic rectification. The second part of this research studies the Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) surgery by understanding the limitations of this procedure and the allograft delivering devices currently used to improve surgical outcomes. A FE model was developed to analyze the stress distribution generated on the allograft during popular DSAEK allograft configurations and the results were correlated with endothelial cell (EC) health. The results of the FE analysis reveal high stress region areas for forceps, taco and double coil configurations. The obtained stress distribution results were in qualitative agreement with published experimental EC loss data. The FE modeling procedures were used for the design of a novel new inserter, binocular inserter, that has the potential to improve DSAEK surgical outcomes especially in patients with shallow anterior chambers (ACs). The inserter prototype conceptual design analysis, the allograft tip shape analysis and allograft finite element analysis results indicate that the binocular inserter should improve DSAEK surgery results by: increasing inserter tip space utilization, reducing surgical and mechanical trauma, utilizing AC maintainer, improve recovery time and size of incision, protecting against incision compression pressure issues, and modulating the location and magnitude of stresses on the allograft to facilitate natural allograft unfolding especially in constrained ACs.

Download or read book Imaging Corneal Stiffness with Optical Coherence Elastography written by Mitchell A. Kirby and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optical coherence elastography (OCE) can provide clinically valuable information based on local measurements of corneal stiffness. Corneal stiffness measurements may enable an individualized biomechanical model of the eye, monitor progression of ectatic changes in the cornea, and guide customized treatment plans. In this thesis, the physical structures which contribute to corneal biomechanical properties were described and a method presented to quantify elastic moduli responsible for corneal deformation using propagating elastic waves within the cornea. A fully non-contact system was developed to launch elastic waves using acoustic micro-tapping and track their propagation with phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT). A nearly incompressible transversely isotropic (NITI) model of corneal biomechanics was developed for accurate reconstruction of elastic moduli. The biomechanical reconstruction method was demonstrated in ex vivo porcine cornea and validated with conventional mechanical tests. This work provides a solid foundation which can be built upon to develop a non-contact, non-invasive clinical tool based on OCE to simultaneously map geometric (curvature and thickness) and elastic (Young's modulus and additional shear modulus) properties of the cornea. Future applications of this work include the potential for pre-operative diagnostics and direct evaluation of post-operative outcomes in refractive correction surgeries.

Download or read book Clinical and Laboratory Investigation of the Biomechanical Properties of the Cornea written by Tariq Alhamad and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the biomechanical properties of the cornea is important in order to develop and improve new reliable standard procedures which can be used effectively to assess corneal behaviour in any disease condition, or before/after any ocular surgery. We believe that the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) is the only device that can measures the biomechanical properties of the cornea in vivo. However, it has been used for the first time both in vivo and in vitro. This thesis presents a clinical and laboratory investigation of the biomechanical properties of the cornea before/after LASIK and corneal cross-linking to improve our understanding of the knowledge required in both the laboratory and the clinic. Different machines were used in this project, including an ORA, an Oculus Pentacam, a spectrophotometer and a UV-X Illumination system. Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is, at present, one of the most well-known operations used to correct refractive errors; however, ocular problems arising from corneal thinning have been reported in some previous studies. Therefore, I looked at the effects of surgery on the central/peripheral thickness and the anterior/posterior curvature, and determined to what extent they affect the biomechanical properties of the cornea. During the past decade, much research has focused on improving and developing a new operation called corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin and UVA, which is used to stop the progression of keratectasia in the cornea (which occurs in keratoconus and sometimes follows refractive surgery). In the next phase, a range of experiments were conducted on cross-linking to determine to what extent this operation affects the molecular structure and biomechanical properties of the cornea. This thesis has shown for the first time that it is possible to obtain ORA signals in vitro and this opened up the possibility of examining whole eyes as well as excised corneas. It is also confirmed that the values of CH do not represent only a corneal biomechanical property, but rather depend on the presence of the rest of the eye. These in vitro studies have opened up a number of possibilities the future corneal biomechanical studies.

Download or read book Characterization of the Biomechanical Properties of the in Vivo Human Cornea written by Dianne Henry Glass and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The goal of the research is to investigate corneal hysteresis as measured by the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) and to develop new methods for evaluating the biomechanical properties of the human cornea through the analysis of its deformation in response to an air pulse from the ORA. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the viscoelastic behavior of the cornea during an ORA measurement. The model was validated by comparing the strain behavior of the model to that of a corneal phantom using high speed photography. The model was used to investigate the effects of changes to elasticity or viscosity on hysteresis. High speed photography was used to evaluate and compare the size and symmetry of the corneal deformations between normal corneas and those with keratoconus. The model and high speed photography were used to measure the viscosity and elasticity of the in vivo human. The model utilizes the values for the air pressure applied to the cornea by the ORA, the deformation recorded with the high speed photography to calculate viscosity and elasticity. The high speed photography revealed that the deformation area of keratoconic corneas is smaller than normals and the area correlates with features of the ORA signal. The results for the elasticity and viscosity of normal and glaucomatous corneas were compared, and it was found that the elasticity of glaucomatous corneas is higher than normal corneas. The ability to evaluate in vivo biomechanical properties of the human cornea may useful in differentiating disease states and evaluating response to surgical interventions.

Download or read book The Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Continua written by Morton E. Gurtin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-19 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Continua presents a unified treatment of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics that emphasises the universal status of the basic balances and the entropy imbalance. These laws are viewed as fundamental building blocks on which to frame theories of material behaviour. As a valuable reference source, this book presents a detailed and complete treatment of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics for graduates and advanced undergraduates in engineering, physics and mathematics. The chapters on plasticity discuss the standard isotropic theories and, in addition, crystal plasticity and gradient plasticity.

Download or read book Mechanics of Soft Materials written by Konstantin Volokh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-11 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a concise introduction to soft matter modelling, together with an up-to-date review of the continuum mechanical description of soft and biological materials, from the basics to the latest scientific materials. It also includes multi-physics descriptions, such as chemo-, thermo-, and electro-mechanical coupling. The new edition includes a new chapter on fractures as well as numerous corrections, clarifications and new solutions. Based on a graduate course taught for the past few years at Technion, it presents original explanations for a number of standard materials, and features detailed examples to complement all topics discussed.

Download or read book Magnetic Resonance Elastography written by Sudhakar K. Venkatesh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-01 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book to cover the groundbreaking development and clinical applications of Magnetic Resonance Elastography, this book is essential for all practitioners interested in this revolutionary diagnostic modality. The book is divided into three sections. The first covers the history of MRE. The second covers technique and clinical applications of MRE in the liver with respect to fibrosis, liver masses, and other diseases. Case descriptions are presented to give the reader a hands-on approach. The final section presents the techniques, sequence and preliminary results of applications in other areas of the body including muscle, brain, lung, heart, and breast.

Download or read book Computational Biomechanics written by Kozaburo Hayashi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The combination of readily available computing power and progress in numerical techniques has made nonlinear systems - the kind that only a few years ago were ignored as too complex - open to analysis for the first time. Now realistic models of living systems incorporating the nonlinear variation and anisotropic nature of physical properties can be solved numerically on modern computers to give realistically usable results. This has opened up new and exciting possibilities for the fusing of ideas from physiology and engineering in the burgeoning new field that is biomechanics. Computational Biomechanics presents pioneering work focusing on the areas of orthopedic and circulatory mechanics, using experimental results to confirm or improve the relevant mathematical models and parameters. Together with two companion volumes, Biomechanics: Functional Adaptation and Remodeling and the Data Book on Mechanical Properties of Living Cells, Tissues, and Organs, this monograph will prove invaluable to those working in fields ranging from medical science and clinical medicine to biomedical engineering and applied mechanics.

Download or read book Computational Modeling in Biomechanics written by Suvranu De and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-10 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Availability of advanced computational technology has fundamentally altered the investigative paradigm in the field of biomechanics. Armed with sophisticated computational tools, researchers are seeking answers to fundamental questions by exploring complex biomechanical phenomena at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organ levels. The computational armamentarium includes such diverse tools as the ab initio quantum mechanical and molecular dynamics methods at the atomistic scales and the finite element, boundary element, meshfree as well as immersed boundary and lattice-Boltzmann methods at the continuum scales. Multiscale methods that link various scales are also being developed. While most applications require forward analysis, e.g., finding deformations and stresses as a result of loading, others involve determination of constitutive parameters based on tissue imaging and inverse analysis. This book provides a glimpse of the diverse and important roles that modern computational technology is playing in various areas of biomechanics including biofluids and mass transfer, cardiovascular mechanics, musculoskeletal mechanics, soft tissue mechanics, and biomolecular mechanics.

Download or read book Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering written by Ignacio Rojas and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 843 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume constitutes the proceedings of the 8th International Work-Conference on IWBBIO 2020, held in Granada, Spain, in May 2020. The total of 73papers presented in the proceedings, was carefully reviewed and selected from 241 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections as follows: Biomarker Identification; Biomedical Engineering; Biomedical Signal Analysis; Bio-Nanotechnology; Computational Approaches for Drug Design and Personalized Medicine; Computational Proteomics and Protein-Protein Interactions; Data Mining from UV/VIS/NIR Imaging and Spectrophotometry; E-Health Technology, Services and Applications; Evolving Towards Digital Twins in Healthcare (EDITH); High Performance in Bioinformatics; High-Throughput Genomics: Bioinformatic Tools and Medical Applications; Machine Learning in Bioinformatics; Medical Image Processing; Simulation and Visualization of Biological Systems.

Download or read book Biomechanics of the Eye written by Cynthia J. Roberts and published by Kugler Publications. This book was released on 2018-04-20 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering all major components of the ocular system, this state-of-the-art text is essential for vision scientists, biomedical engineers, and advanced clinicians with an interest in the role of mechanics in ocular function, disease, therapeutics, and surgery. With every chapter, leading experts strengthen the arguments that biomechanics is an indispensable and rapidly evolving tool for understanding and managing ocular disease.

Download or read book Age Related Changes of the Human Eye written by Carlo Cavallotti and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-05-31 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aging research on the human eyes crosses all areas of ophthalmology and also relies upon biological, morphological, physiological, and biochemical tools for its study. This book reviews all aspects of human eye aging. In addition to descriptions of age-related changes in almost all the structures of the human eyes, the authors also include interesting accounts of personal experiments and data. It provides an extensive panorama of what happens during aging in the eye.