Download or read book Investigating Host Response to Viral Infection Through Proteomics written by Linnzi Marie Furman and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Norovirus causes roughly 23 million cases of foodborne illnesses in the United States each year. While this virus was characterized over 30 years ago, it remains non-cultivatable in human cells, resulting in an incomplete understanding of the host cell's response to infection. However, in 2004 murine norovirus (MNV) was found to be cultivatable in mice and has since been successfully cultured in RAW 264.7 cells. MNV has become an important model system for studying norovirus, as it is structurally and genetically similar to human norovirus. A global proteomics approach using fluorescently tagged, activity-based probes and 2D differential gel electrophoresis analysis was used to study MNV infection. Specifically, the process of cell death was investigated to determine if apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurred in response to infection. Through the 2D differential gel analysis, 27 differentially regulated proteins were identified at 4 hours post infection, and 22 differentially regulated proteins were identified at 12 hours post infection; a strong majority of these proteins have been related to apoptosis in the literature. Using fluorescently-labeled activity-based probes and fluorimetric assays, we have monitored the activation of several caspases induced by viral infection. Infected samples show a significant increase in caspase activity over control samples within the first few hours post infection, indicating a virally induced activation of caspases. Cells were also infected in the presence of a pan-caspase inhibitor, Boc-D(OMe)-fmk, which led to caspase-independent cell death. Using propidium iodide and Hoechst staining, it was concluded that infected cells undergo necrosis in the presence of the caspase-inhibitor, while those infected in the absence of the inhibitor undergo apoptosis. From these studies it can be concluded that cells infected with MNV undergo a caspase-mediated, apoptotic cell death, while the caspase-independent cell death can be classified as necrosis. This study provides significant insight to norovirus-induced cell death.
Download or read book Global host proteomic responses to virus infection written by Kevin Coombs and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of virology has seen explosive growth in the past few decades. A large amount of effort has gone into successfully delineating virus evolution, genetic diversity, immunology, pathogenesis, structure, vaccine development, viral gene expression and genomic replication strategies. In addition, considerable recent work has been focusing on cellular responses to infection as well as how viruses may induce transformation and oncogenesis. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and thus absolutely dependent upon host cells. Not surprisingly, they often cause profound changes in cells, including apoptosis, death and signalling, to name a few perturbations. Thus, the molecular signals for how viruses induce pathophysiological alterations in their hosts have been of growing recent interest. Cellular and organismal responses, such as those induced by virus infection, are invariably mediated by changes in gene and protein expression and modification. Thus, there has been keen interest in understanding how gene and protein expressions and modifications are quantitatively and qualitatively affected by such challenges. From a historical perspective, most early work that examined host protein responses to virus infection employed “biased” approaches, in which investigators targeted a limited number, or only one cellular molecule of interest. Completion of many organisms’ genome sequences has allowed the global “non-biased” simultaneous analysis of the entire repertoire of cellular mRNA species, the transcriptome, by gene micro-arrays. This has provided significant information about how cellular gene expressions are altered by virus-induced perturbations, but has not provided as much information about the encoded proteins. This results for several reasons, including, but not limited to the fact that gene expression levels cannot accurately predict protein expression levels, nor the types and extent of post-translational modifications, many genes encode multiple proteins through splice variants, and protein activity may be affected by a large number of conditions, including phosphorylation. Recent technological and bioinformatic approaches make it now possible to begin to extend similar global analyses to probe the cellular proteome, the repertoire of the actual effector molecules. One general strategy has been to take advantage of improved separations technologies, as well as greatly improved mass spectrometry resolution, to quantitatively or comparatively measure hundreds or thousands of proteins. Proteins from multiple conditions (i.e., mock-infected and infected) may be differentially labelled by various techniques, such as 2D-DIGE, ICAT, iTRAQ, SILAC, with 18O during peptide preparation, and/or by various other methods, and then compared to measure comparative alterations in the levels of proteins induced by the virus infection. Such analyses have also been extended by using “label-free” methods for more efficient multiplexing applications, and/or by examining specific protein modifications. In addition, concerted efforts to raise antibodies against all cellular proteins have resulted in the development of “antibody arrays,” which are also generally used for quantitative or comparative assays. Finally, while assays, such as the above, are generally limited to delineating the absolute amount of specific proteins, newer technologies have been developed that allow the simultaneous probing of hundreds of proteins’ functions. Assays, such as “Activity Based Protein Profiling”, are designed to probe enzymatic activity, with current focus on broad-spectrum proteases and other enzymatic classes. This Research Topic will provide an overview of many of these methods, as well as numerous specific examples of each approach, and how they are used to better delineate the ways viruses affect cellular responses during infection.
Download or read book A Comprehensive Collection of Systems Biology Data Characterizing the Host Response to Viral Infection written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Systems Biology for Infectious Diseases Research program was established by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to investigate host-pathogen interactions at a systems level. This program generated 47 transcriptomic and proteomic datasets from 30 studies that investigate in vivo and in vitro host responses to viral infections. Human pathogens in the Orthomyxoviridae and Coronaviridae families, especially pandemic H1N1 and avian H5N1 influenza A viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), were investigated. Study validation was demonstrated via experimental quality control measures and meta-analysis of independent experiments performed under similar conditions. Primary assay results are archived at the GEO and PeptideAtlas public repositories, while processed statistical results together with standardized metadata are publically available at the Influenza Research Database (www.fludb.org) and the Virus Pathogen Resource (www.viprbrc.org). By comparing data from mutant versus wild-type virus and host strains, RNA versus protein differential expression, and infection with genetically similar strains, these data can be used to further investigate genetic and physiological determinants of host responses to viral infection.
Download or read book Proteomics Approaches to Unravel Virus Vertebrate Host Interactions written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-04-30 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proteomics Approaches to Unravel Virus - Vertebrate Host Interactions, Volume 109 in the Advances in Virus Research series, highlights state-of-the art mass spectrometry techniques to elucidate the tight interplay of vertebrate viruses and their host cells. The volume includes chapters on Spatio-temporal resolution of host protein complexes during virus entry, Proteomic approaches to investigate gammaherpesvirus biology and associated tumorigenesis, Applications of Mass Spectrometry Imaging in Virus Research, Mapping surfaceome dynamics during viral infection, Characterization of proteolytic events in virus-host interactions, Dynamic protein network modulation upon viral infection, and much more. - Discusses the latest methodological breakthroughs in mass spectrometry-based proteomics - Reviews how technology has advanced our knowledge on virus-host interactions - Provides future perspectives on proteomics research in virology
Download or read book Virus Host Interactions written by Marilena Aquino de Muro and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-12-19 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This detailed volume spotlights methods to investigate a variety of virus-host interactions in humans, other mammals, fish, or insects. It explores viruses such as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), honeybee viruses, Nipah virus, EBV, SVCV, HSV-1, HIV-1, A H1N1, and SARS-CoV-2, as well as applications of techniques such as qPCR, serum antibody responses, 4C analysis, cell membrane fusion, biosensors, computational modelling, quantitative proteomics, and other genetic tools to decipher those viral infections and interactions. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Virus-Host Interactions: Methods and Protocols serves as a valuable resource for researchers both in academia and in the biosciences industry who are engaged in the search for a better understanding of threatening virus-hosts interactions, virus detection, their characterization, and ultimately their taming and control.
Download or read book The Baculoviruses written by Lois K. Miller and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1997-07-31 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The past decade has witnessed an explosion of information on the molecular biology of insect viruses and a frenzy of activity in applying this information to medicine and agriculture. Genetically engineered baculoviruses are presently being tested for commercial use as pesticides, and the study of such viruses is also revealing remarkable insights into basic cellular processes such as apoptosis. This comprehensive volume provides readers with knowledge of basic and applied baculovirology so that current literature in the field can be appreciated.
Download or read book The Molecular Mechanism of Host Responses to Viral Infection written by Suruchi Nandu Schock and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All living organisms, including humans, are constantly under attack by various pathogens such as viruses. Activation of appropriate host innate immune pathways like interferon and/or cell death is often critical for efficient viral clearance. Using biochemical and immunological methods, I have studied these two aspects of the antiviral response. I initially examined the role and regulation of the virus-induced host protein Tripartite Motif Containing Protein 21 (TRIM21) and the adaptor molecule Fas-Associated Death Domain (FADD) in the context of RNA virus infection. I found that TRIM21 functions in concert with FADD to negatively regulate ubiquitination of the transcription factor IRF7, thereby functioning in a negative feedback loop for the viral-induced interferon response. I have also identified the presence of a novel complex consisting of FADD, TRIM21 and RIP1 where TRIM21 and RIP1 regulate each other's ubiquitination status. FADD and RIP1 have been recently implicated in an alternative form of programmed cell death: necroptosis, whose physiological function is not completely clear but it has been suggested to serve as a backup host pathway to fight viral infection. To investigate this possibility, I have screened seven viruses for their ability to induce necroptosis. I found two of them, Sendai virus and MHV68, are capable of inducing necroptosis, particularly in conditions when apoptosis is blocked. I found that MHV68 activates the cytoplasmic sensor molecule STING, leading to production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and subsequently causing necroptotic death. In contrast, Sendai virus induced death occurs independently of TNF or the adaptor STING. Instead, Sendai virus-mediated necroptosis requires the RNA sensor RIG-I in conjunction with the deubiquitin protein CYLD and several Sendai virus proteins, leading to de-ubiquitination of RIP1 and formation of RIP1/3 necrosome to promote necroptosis. These data are consistent with the notion that necroptosis may be an additional antiviral mechanism that hosts can employ when apoptosis is blocked. Necrotic cells can then release inflammatory contents which may help alert the immune system. These findings offer insight into the complex host-pathogen relationship, and with continued study may help guide the judicious development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
Download or read book Investigation of Epstein Barr Virus Host Interactions During Latent and Lytic Infection written by Natasha Malik and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epstein-Barr virus is a gammaherpesvirus that latently infects more than 90% of the adult population and persists for the life of the host. The viral life cycle consists of both lytic and latent phases, which are characterized by the expression of specific viral genes. Latency is associated with several types of cancer such as the epithelial cancers nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and 10% of gastric carcinomas. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is the only viral nuclear protein expressed during both the lytic and latent phases of the viral cycle. In this study I used a proteomics approach to profile EBNA1-host protein interactions in nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma cells in the context of latent and lytic EBV infection. I identified several interactions that occur in both modes of infection, including a previously unreported interaction with nucleophosmin (NPM1) and RNA-mediated interactions with several heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) and La protein. Additionally, NPM1 is recruited by EBNA1 to the FR element and is required for EBNA1-mediated transcriptional activation. I also studied the ability of individual lytic and latent EBV proteins to induce DNA damage, which has previously been shown to contribute to EBV infection. I identified 15 lytic proteins that induce damage and conducted proteomic analysis of eight proteins. I identified several interactions between viral proteins and host proteins that may explain the activation of the DNA damage response seen during EBV lytic infection. For example, the viral protein BKRF3 was found to interact with the NuRD complex, cause a decrease in levels of the NuRD protein RBBP4, and lead to a reduction in p53 activation.
Download or read book Genomic Analysis of the Chicken Host Immune Response to Newcastle Disease Virus Infection During Heat Stress written by Perot Saelao and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is devastating worldwide poultry pathogen that has atremendous potential to impact international food securities during outbreaks. Investigations into the host genetics can be utilized to understand the mechanisms by which populations are able maintain resistance to pathogens such as NDV. Two highly inbred and genetically distinct chicken lines, Fayoumis and Leghorns, were exposed to the lentogenic strain of NDV while under the effects of heat stress in order to understand the genetic mechanisms of resistance during high ambient temperatures. Genomic profiling of immune tissues which NDV infects enabled for a global understanding of the host response to NDV infection. Fayoumis, which have historically demonstrated to be relatively more resistant to pathogens than Leghorns, had substantially larger numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the early stages of infection in analysis performed in the Harderian gland and trachea. Subsequently at later timepoints Fayoumis down-regulated their immune response at the latter stages to return to homeostasis. Leghorn had very few DEGs across all observed time points, with the majority of genes involved with metabolic and glucose related functions. Proteomic analysis identified interesting candidate genes missed by expression profiling but appeared to corroborate gene expression response findings made within Leghorns. Poor correlation between changes observed in the proteomic and transcriptomic datasets highlights the potential importance of integrative approaches to understand the mechanisms of disease response. In addition, a genome-wide association analysis was performed on a genetically diverse resource population in order identify genetic variants associated with improved performance while under the effects of disease and heat stress. Candidate regions identified on chromosome 1 and 24 appear to contain genetic variants that are highly correlated with viral titer levels at 2 and 6 days post-infection. Overall investigation into the genetics of the host immune response to NDV during heat stress provides novel insights into global protein and expression profiles and provides potential genetic targets for future development of improved disease resistance.
Download or read book Investigating HSV 1 Host viral Protein Complexes and Expression Patterns Using Quantitative Proteomics written by Minghao Li and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Viral Pathogenesis written by Michael G. Katze and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-12-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viral Pathogenesis: From Basics to Systems Biology, Third Edition, has been thoroughly updated to cover topical advances in the evolving field of viral pathogenesis, while also providing the requisite classic foundational information for which it is recognized. The book provides key coverage of the newfound ability to profile molecular events on a system-wide scale, which has led to a deeper understanding of virus-host interactions, host signaling and molecular-interaction networks, and the role of host genetics in determining disease outcome. In addition, the content has been augmented with short chapters on seminal breakthroughs and profiles of their progenitors, as well as short commentaries on important or controversial issues in the field. Thus, the reader will be given a view of virology research with perspectives on issues such as biomedical ethics, public health policy, and human health. In summary, the third edition will give the student a sense of the exciting new perspectives on viral pathogenesis that have been provided by recent developments in genomics, computation, modeling, and systems biology. - Covers all aspects of viral infection, including viral entry, replication, and release, as well as innate and adaptive immunity and viral pathogenesis - Provides a fresh perspective on the approaches used to understand how viruses cause disease - Features molecular profiling techniques, whole genome sequencing, and innovative computational methods - Highlights the use of contemporary approaches and the insights they provide to the field
Download or read book Experimental Models of Multiple Sclerosis written by Ehud Lavi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-01-03 with total page 892 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an enigmatic immune mediated disease of the central nervous system that affects about 350,000 individuals in the US, and many more around the world. The mechanism of this disease is largely unknown and there is no cure for it. However, there are several well-characterized experimental animal models that help us understand and speculate about potential mechanisms of pathology in this disease. Many of the experimental therapies designed for this disease rely on testing the drugs in animal models before using it in clinical trials. This book combines for the first time the different experimental models for MS (including immune-mediated and viral) under one roof, and highlights aspects that are different or shared among these experimental models. It’s aim is to improve our understanding of this devastating disease and help us think about potential additional therapies for it.
Download or read book Recoding Expansion of Decoding Rules Enriches Gene Expression written by John F. Atkins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-10 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The literature on recoding is scattered, so this superb book ?lls a need by prov- ing up-to-date, comprehensive, authoritative reviews of the many kinds of recoding phenomena. Between 1961 and 1966 my colleagues and I deciphered the genetic code in Escherichia coli and showed that the genetic code is the same in E. coli, Xenopus laevis, and guinea pig tissues. These results showed that the code has been c- served during evolution and strongly suggested that the code appeared very early during biological evolution, that all forms of life on earth descended from a c- mon ancestor, and thus that all forms of life on this planet are related to one another. The problem of biological time was solved by encoding information in DNA and retrieving the information for each new generation, for it is easier to make a new organism than it is to repair an aging, malfunctioning one. Subsequently, small modi?cations of the standard genetic code were found in certain organisms and in mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA only encodes about 10–13 proteins, so some modi?cations of the genetic code are tolerated that pr- ably would be lethal if applied to the thousands of kinds of proteins encoded by genomic DNA.
Download or read book Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-12-05 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many years, experiments using chimpanzees have been instrumental in advancing scientific knowledge and have led to new medicines to prevent life-threatening and debilitating diseases. However, recent advances in alternate research tools have rendered chimpanzees largely unnecessary as research subjects. The Institute of Medicine, in collaboration with the National Research Council, conducted an in-depth analysis of the scientific necessity for chimpanzees in NIH-funded biomedical and behavioral research. The committee concludes that while the chimpanzee has been a valuable animal model in the past, most current biomedical research use of chimpanzees is not necessary, though noted that it is impossible to predict whether research on emerging or new diseases may necessitate chimpanzees in the future.
Download or read book Nijkamp and Parnham s Principles of Immunopharmacology written by Michael J. Parnham and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-12-10 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Immunopharmacology provides a unique source of essential knowledge on the immune response, its diagnosis and its modification by drugs and chemicals. The 4th edition of this internationally recognized textbook has been revised to include recent developments, but continues the established format, dealing with four related fields in a single volume, thus obviating the need to refer to several different textbooks. The first section of the book, providing a basic introduction to immunology and its relevance for human disease, has been updated to accommodate new immunological concepts, particularly the role of epigenetics and the latest understanding of cancer immunology. The second section on immunodiagnostics offers a topical description of widely used molecular techniques and a new chapter on imaging techniques. This is followed by a systematic coverage of drugs affecting the immune system, including natural products. This third section contains 15 updated chapters, covering classical immunopharmacological topics such as anti-asthmatic, anti-rheumatic and immunosuppressive drugs, but also deals with antibiotics, plant-derived and dietary agents, with new chapters on monoclonal antibodies, immunotherapy in sepsis and infection, drugs for soft-tissue autoimmunity and cell therapy. The book concludes with a chapter on immunotoxicology and drug safety tests. Aids to the reader include a two-column format, glossaries of technical terms and appendix reference tables. The emphasis on illustrations is maintained from the first three editions. The book is a valuable single reference for undergraduate and graduate medical and biomedical students, postgraduate chemistry and pharmacy students, researchers in chemistry, biochemistry and the pharmaceutical industry and researchers lacking basic immunological knowledge, who want to understand the actions of drugs on the immune system.
Download or read book Human Herpesviruses written by Ann Arvin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-08-16 with total page 1325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.
Download or read book Emerging Viral Diseases written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past half century, deadly disease outbreaks caused by novel viruses of animal origin - Nipah virus in Malaysia, Hendra virus in Australia, Hantavirus in the United States, Ebola virus in Africa, along with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), several influenza subtypes, and the SARS (sudden acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronaviruses - have underscored the urgency of understanding factors influencing viral disease emergence and spread. Emerging Viral Diseases is the summary of a public workshop hosted in March 2014 to examine factors driving the appearance, establishment, and spread of emerging, re-emerging and novel viral diseases; the global health and economic impacts of recently emerging and novel viral diseases in humans; and the scientific and policy approaches to improving domestic and international capacity to detect and respond to global outbreaks of infectious disease. This report is a record of the presentations and discussion of the event.
