Download or read book Investigating Eco Evolutionary Interactions Between Hosts and Members of Their Gut Microbiota written by Logan A. Sauers and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evolutionary and ecological interactions between hosts and their associated microbial communities, their microbiota, and between members of these communities are vital to understand. Host-associated microbial communities are widespread across diverse host taxa and the hosts of these communities receive a variety of well-documented benefits from them. Despite the importance of an appreciation of eco-evolutionary dynamics for colonization outcomes and the benefits these microbial communities provide to their hosts, our current knowledge in this area remains incomplete. For example, we do not know the full extent of coevolution and specific relationships between hosts and microbes, and between the microbes themselves, across host taxa. Questions remain about how host taxonomy, ecology and physiology, and other microbes present within the microbiota influence microbial community membership and function, host and microbe evolution, and specificity in colonization of hosts. I present several studies that aim to shed further light on these topics from an eco-evolutionary perspective utilizing insect pollinators and their gut microbial communities, with a particular focus on bumble bees and their microbiota.
Download or read book Microbial Evolution and Co Adaptation written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-05-10 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dr. Joshua Lederberg - scientist, Nobel laureate, visionary thinker, and friend of the Forum on Microbial Threats - died on February 2, 2008. It was in his honor that the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop on May 20-21, 2008, to examine Dr. Lederberg's scientific and policy contributions to the marketplace of ideas in the life sciences, medicine, and public policy. The resulting workshop summary, Microbial Evolution and Co-Adaptation, demonstrates the extent to which conceptual and technological developments have, within a few short years, advanced our collective understanding of the microbiome, microbial genetics, microbial communities, and microbe-host-environment interactions.
Download or read book Adaptations to a Microbial World written by Angela Michelle Early and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organisms are in constant contact with both harmful and benign microbes. Evolutionary approaches can enrich our understanding of these interactions and provide insight into their dynamics through time and across space. Here, I present an evolutionary study of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the multiple ways microbes and parasites have shaped the evolution of this model host. Chapter 1 explores D. melanogaster's interactions with its gut bacteria. Using 37 inbred fly lines, I found that fly genotypes differ in their amount of gut bacteria. Gut microbiome size correlated with other phenotypes assayed in these lines, suggesting that commensal bacterial load may influence aspects of fly fitness-from nutrient allocation to mating behavior. While the fly only transiently interacts with these gut microbes, it maintains a lifelong relationship with the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis. In Chapter 2, I present a phylogenetic analysis of 65 globally distributed Wolbachia and mitochondrial genomes. Wolbachia infections showed strong geographic structuring and no evidence of horizontal transmission or recombination. Demonstrating a tight evolutionary relationship between host and bacteria, I determined that all extant Wolbachia infections in D. melanogaster are monophyletic, coalescing to a single infected individual approximately 2200 years ago. Chapter 3 more broadly considers all classes of parasites, pathogens, and commensals. Leveraging our extensive knowledge of D. melanogaster gene function, I infer global variation in pathogen-induced selection pressures, and find that immune processes differ in extent and route of local adaptation. Parasitoid wasps and viruses have most profoundly impacted the recent evolution of D. melanogaster immune genes, but the underlying genetic architectures of these adaptive events differ. Genes also experience intra-cellular selection pressures. In Chapter 4, I investigate how these intra-organismal forces shape immune gene adaptation by calculating metrics of network position and pleiotropy for each D. melanogaster immune gene. I found that protein-protein interactions constrain a gene's adaptive potential, but that this constraint is most apparent in processes that experience strong directional selection. Taken together, these studies provide a more complete picture of the multi-faceted nature of host-microbe interactions, and establish an expanded framework for future research in Drosophila immunity.
Download or read book The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation written by Dolph Schluter and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2000-08-31 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adaptive radiation is the evolution of diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage. It can cause a single ancestral species to differentiate into an impressively vast array of species inhabiting a variety of environments. Much of life's diversity has arisen during adaptive radiations. Some of the most famous recent examples include the East African cichlid fishes, the Hawaiian silverswords, and of course, Darwin's Gal--aacute--;pagos finches,. This book evaluates the causes of adaptive radiation. It focuses on the 'ecological' theory of adaptive radiation, a body of ideas that began with Darwin and was developed through the early part of the 20th Century. This theory proposes that phenotypic divergence and speciation in adaptive radiation are caused ultimately by divergent natural selection arising from differences in environment and competition between species. In The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation the author re-evaluates the ecological theory, along with its most significant extensions and challenges, in the light of all the recent evidence. This important book is the first full exploration of the causes of adaptive radiation to be published for decades, written by one of the world's best young evolutionary biologists.
Download or read book The Social Biology of Microbial Communities written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning with the germ theory of disease in the 19th century and extending through most of the 20th century, microbes were believed to live their lives as solitary, unicellular, disease-causing organisms . This perception stemmed from the focus of most investigators on organisms that could be grown in the laboratory as cellular monocultures, often dispersed in liquid, and under ambient conditions of temperature, lighting, and humidity. Most such inquiries were designed to identify microbial pathogens by satisfying Koch's postulates.3 This pathogen-centric approach to the study of microorganisms produced a metaphorical "war" against these microbial invaders waged with antibiotic therapies, while simultaneously obscuring the dynamic relationships that exist among and between host organisms and their associated microorganisms-only a tiny fraction of which act as pathogens. Despite their obvious importance, very little is actually known about the processes and factors that influence the assembly, function, and stability of microbial communities. Gaining this knowledge will require a seismic shift away from the study of individual microbes in isolation to inquiries into the nature of diverse and often complex microbial communities, the forces that shape them, and their relationships with other communities and organisms, including their multicellular hosts. On March 6 and 7, 2012, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop to explore the emerging science of the "social biology" of microbial communities. Workshop presentations and discussions embraced a wide spectrum of topics, experimental systems, and theoretical perspectives representative of the current, multifaceted exploration of the microbial frontier. Participants discussed ecological, evolutionary, and genetic factors contributing to the assembly, function, and stability of microbial communities; how microbial communities adapt and respond to environmental stimuli; theoretical and experimental approaches to advance this nascent field; and potential applications of knowledge gained from the study of microbial communities for the improvement of human, animal, plant, and ecosystem health and toward a deeper understanding of microbial diversity and evolution. The Social Biology of Microbial Communities: Workshop Summary further explains the happenings of the workshop.
Download or read book Using In Vitro Approaches to Study Relationships Between Key Members of the Murine Gut Microbiota written by Emma Brownlie and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The gut microbiota comprises a diverse community of organisms that have co-evolved intricate relationships with each other, leading to its involvement in a number of key roles in the host. Investigating the interactions between microbes in this community is integral to understanding these complex microbial ecosystems and their effects on the host. Mice are one of the most commonly used animal models yet their gut microbiota remains relatively uncharacterized, complicating the interpretation of data. My research has leveraged in vitro techniques to explore the mouse gut microbiota. I have shown that, unlike human gut bacteria, diverse communities of mouse gut bacteria cannot be cultured despite testing a range of growth conditions. I have also identified and characterized both antagonistic and synergistic relationships between prevalent members of the mouse gut microbiota. These findings provide valuable insight into the mouse gut microbiota and the bacterial interactions that influence this microbial ecosystem.
Download or read book The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography written by Stephen P. Hubbell and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2011-06-27 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite its supreme importance and the threat of its global crash, biodiversity remains poorly understood both empirically and theoretically. This ambitious book presents a new, general neutral theory to explain the origin, maintenance, and loss of biodiversity in a biogeographic context. Until now biogeography (the study of the geographic distribution of species) and biodiversity (the study of species richness and relative species abundance) have had largely disjunct intellectual histories. In this book, Stephen Hubbell develops a formal mathematical theory that unifies these two fields. When a speciation process is incorporated into Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson's now classical theory of island biogeography, the generalized theory predicts the existence of a universal, dimensionless biodiversity number. In the theory, this fundamental biodiversity number, together with the migration or dispersal rate, completely determines the steady-state distribution of species richness and relative species abundance on local to large geographic spatial scales and short-term to evolutionary time scales. Although neutral, Hubbell's theory is nevertheless able to generate many nonobvious, testable, and remarkably accurate quantitative predictions about biodiversity and biogeography. In many ways Hubbell's theory is the ecological analog to the neutral theory of genetic drift in genetics. The unified neutral theory of biogeography and biodiversity should stimulate research in new theoretical and empirical directions by ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and biogeographers.
Download or read book Stress Induced Mutagenesis written by David Mittelman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discovery of stress-induced mutagenesis has changed ideas about mutation and evolution, and revealed mutagenic programs that differ from standard spontaneous mutagenesis in rapidly proliferating cells. The stress-induced mutations occur during growth-limiting stress, and can include adaptive mutations that allow growth in the otherwise growth-limiting environment. The stress responses increase mutagenesis specifically when cells are maladapted to their environments, i.e. are stressed, potentially accelerating evolution then. The mutation mechanism also includes temporary suspension of post-synthesis mismatch repair, resembling mutagenesis characteristic of some cancers. Stress-induced mutation mechanisms may provide important models for genome instability underlying some cancers and genetic diseases, resistance to chemotherapeutic and antibiotic drugs, pathogenicity of microbes, and many other important evolutionary processes. This book covers pathways of stress-induced mutagenesis in all systems. The principle focus is mammalian systems, but much of what is known of these pathways comes from non-mammalian systems.
Download or read book Parasite Diversity and Diversification written by Serge Morand and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-02-26 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By joining phylogenetics and evolutionary ecology, this book explores the patterns of parasite diversity while revealing diversification processes.
Download or read book Host Microbe Interactions written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-08-03 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Host-Microbe Interactions, the latest volume in the Progress in Molecular Biology series, provides a forum for the discussion of new discoveries, approaches, and ideas in molecular biology. It contains contributions from leaders in their respective fields, along with abundant references. This volume is dedicated to the subject of host-microbe interactions. Provides the latest research on host-microbe interactions, including new discoveries, approaches, and ideas Contains contributions from leading authorities on topics relating to molecular biology Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field
Download or read book Adaptive Diversification MPB 48 written by Michael Doebeli and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2011-08-21 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Adaptive biological diversification occurs when frequency-dependent selection generates advantages for rare phenotypes and induces a split of an ancestral lineage into multiple descendant lineages. Using adaptive dynamics theory, individual-based simulations, and partial differential equation models, this book illustrates that adaptive diversification due to frequency-dependent ecological interaction is a theoretically ubiquitous phenomenon"--Provided by publisher.
Download or read book Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation written by Lynn Margulis and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These original contributions by symbiosis biologists and evolutionary theorists address the adequacy of the prevailing neo-Darwinian concept of evolution in the light of growing evidence that hereditary symbiosis, supplemented by the gradual accumulation of heritable mutation, results in the origin of new species and morphological novelty.A departure from mainstream biology, the idea of symbiosis--as in the genetic and metabolic interactions of the bacterial communities that became the earliest eukaryotes and eventually evolved into plants and animals--has attracted the attention of a growing number of scientists.These original contributions by symbiosis biologists and evolutionary theorists address the adequacy of the prevailing neo-Darwinian concept of evolution in the light of growing evidence that hereditary symbiosis, supplemented by the gradual accumulation of heritable mutation, results in the origin of new species and morphological novelty. They include reports of current research on the evolutionary consequences of symbiosis, the protracted physical association between organisms of different species. Among the issues considered are individuality and evolution, microbial symbioses, animal-bacterial symbioses, and the importance of symbiosis in cell evolution, ecology, and morphogenesis. Lynn Margulis, Distinguished Professor of Botany at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, is the modern originator of the symbiotic theory of cell evolution. Once considered heresy, her ideas are now part of the microbiological revolution. ContributorsPeter Atsatt, Richard C. Back, David Bermudes, Paola Bonfante-Fasolo, René Fester, Lynda J. Goff, Anne-Marie Grenier, Ricardo Guerrero, Robert H. Haynes, Rosmarie Honegger, Gregory Hinkle, Kwang W. Jeon, Bryce Kendrick, Richard Law, David Lewis, Lynn Margulis, John Maynard Smith, Margaret J. McFall-Ngai, Paul Nardon, Kenneth H. Nealson, Kris Pirozynski, Peter W. Price, Mary Beth Saffo, Jan Sapp, Silvano Scannerini, Werner Schwemmler, Sorin Sonea, Toomas H. Tiivel, Robert K. Trench, Russell Vetter
Download or read book The Microbial Regulation of Global Biogeochemical Cycles written by Johannes Rousk and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-10-17 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients are increasingly affected by human activities. So far, modeling has been central for our understanding of how this will affect ecosystem functioning and the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients. These models have been forced to adopt a reductive approach built on the flow of carbon and nutrients between pools that are difficult or even impossible to verify with empirical evidence. Furthermore, while some of these models include the response in physiology, ecology and biogeography of primary producers to environmental change, the microbial part of the ecosystem is generally poorly represented or lacking altogether. The principal pool of carbon and nutrients in soil is the organic matter. The turnover of this reservoir is governed by microorganisms that act as catalytic converters of environmental conditions into biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients. The dependency of this conversion activity on individual environmental conditions such as pH, moisture and temperature has been frequently studied. On the contrary, only rarely have the microorganisms involved in carrying out the processes been identified, and one of the biggest challenges for advancing our understanding of biogeochemical processes is to identify the microorganisms carrying out a specific set of metabolic processes and how they partition their carbon and nutrient use. We also need to identify the factors governing these activities and if they result in feedback mechanisms that alter the growth, activity and interaction between primary producers and microorganisms. By determining how different groups of microorganisms respond to individual environmental conditions by allocating carbon and nutrients to production of biomass, CO2 and other products, a mechanistic as well as quantitative understanding of formation and decomposition of organic matter, and the production and consumption of greenhouse gases, can be achieved. In this Research Topic, supported by the Swedish research councils' programme "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in a Changing Landscape" (BECC), we intend to promote this alternative framework to address how cycling of carbon and nutrients will be altered in a changing environment from the first-principle mechanisms that drive them – namely the ecology, physiology and biogeography of microorganisms – and on up to emerging global biogeochemical patterns. This novel and unconventional approach has the potential to generate fresh insights that can open up new horizons and stimulate rapid conceptual development in our basic understanding of the regulating factors for global biogeochemical cycles. The vision for the research topic is to facilitate such progress by bringing together leading scientists as proponents of several disciplines. By bridging Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemistry, connecting microbial activities at the micro-scale to carbon fluxes at the ecosystem-scale, and linking above- and belowground ecosystem functioning, we can leap forward from the current understanding of the global biogeochemical cycles.
Download or read book Mechanistic Metabolic Interactions Between Gut Microbiota and Host written by Kali Meredith Pruss and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The trillions of bacteria inhabiting the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, known as the gut microbiota, comprise a diverse community and exert wide-ranging systemic effects on the host. Members of the microbiota harbor diverse metabolic capability, are able to consume substrates unavailable to the host, and produce molecules that are not encoded by the human genome. This biochemical cross-talk between microbes and host constitutes an important avenue for signaling between the microbiota and host and coevolution of the mutualistic relationship. As such, metabolism is a valuable lens through which to explore the host-microbe relationship. This work presents four mechanisms by which metabolic interactions shape the ways in which members of the gut microbiota and the host interact: 1) A new understanding for the ways in which the enteric pathogen Clostridium difficile leverages inflammation to alter its metabolic activity in the gut as well as 2) persist during homeostatic conditions. 3) A prebiotic that shapes the microbiota in ways beneficial to the host, and 4) a previously unidentified mechanism for host detoxification of microbially-produced metabolites.
Download or read book Elucidation of Host Genetics written by Julia Hill Kemis and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The population of microbes that inhabit the mammalian intestine have profound effects on host physiology. The gut microbiome varies substantially among healthy individuals, and its composition is shaped by a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Alterations in its composition are associated with the development of metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, manipulation of the intestinal microbiome ecosystem is a promising target for emerging therapies. However, it remains largely unknown how host genetics interacts with environmental factors (e.g. diet) to shape microbiota profiles, and how these interactions may contribute to metabolic disease susceptibility. The objective of this thesis research was to investigate the effects of host genetic variation on gut microbiota composition, evaluate how these interactions influence host diet-induced metabolic phenotypes, and to identify genetic variants that influence the abundance of gut microbes. In Chapter 2, I evaluate the relative contributions of host genetics and diet on gut microbiota composition and metabolic phenotypes using a panel of eight genetically diverse inbred mouse strains. In a controlled laboratory environment, I found gut microbiota composition and metabolic phenotypes are shaped by both genetics and diet. Guided by the results of this screen, I went on to demonstrate that in a gnotobiotic mouse model transplantation of genotype-associated microbiota can alter pancreatic islet function and confer sustained metabolic phenotypes despite chronic high-fat high-sucrose (HF/HS) feeding. In Chapter 3, I identify host genetic loci that influence gut microbiota and bile acid profiles. I performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping to find genetic variants associated with abundance of gut microbes and bile acid levels using the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse stock, which is derived from the eight strains profiled in Chapter 2. I found novel genetic variants associated with both microbial taxa and bile acids, including an association between the intestinal bile acid transporter, Slc10a2, the abundance of Turicibacter sp. and plasma cholic acid levels. Subsequent investigation revealed direct interactions between Turicibacter sp. and bile acids in vitro, supporting a role of genetics in elucidating host-microbe interactions. Together, this thesis work contributes to our understanding of host-microbe interactions and provides a foundation for future mechanistic studies.
Download or read book Host Microbe Interaction and Coevolution written by Wei Huang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-09-07 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Microbial Endocrinology written by Mark Lyte and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-04-06 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial endocrinology represents a newly emerging interdisciplinary field that is formed by the intersection of the fields of neurobiology and microbiology. This book will introduce a new perspective to the current understanding not only of the factors that mediate the ability of microbes to cause disease, but also to the mechanisms that maintain normal homeostasis. The discovery that microbes can directly respond to neuroendocrine hormones, as evidenced by increased growth and production of virulence-associated factors, provides for a new framework with which to investigate how microorganisms interface not only with vertebrates, but also with invertebrates and even plants. The reader will learn that the neuroendocrine hormones that one most commonly associates with mammals are actually found throughout the plant, insect and microbial communities to an extent that will undoubtedly surprise many, and most importantly, how interactions between microbes and neuroendocrine hormones can influence the pathophysiology of infectious disease.
