Download or read book Introduction to CDMA Wireless Communications written by Mosa Ali Abu-Rgheff and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2007-09-10 with total page 631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book gives an in-depth study of the principles of the spread spectrum techniques and their applications in mobile communications. It starts with solid foundations in the digital communications that are essential to unequivocal understanding of the CDMA technology, and guides the reader through the fundamentals and characteristics of cellular CDMA communications. Features include:* A very clear and thorough description of the principles and applications of spread spectrum techniques in multi-user mobile communications.* Matlab-based worked examples, exercises and practical sessions to clearly explain the theoretical concepts.* An easy-to-read explanation of the air interface standards used in IS-95 A/B, cdma2000, and 3G WCDMA.* Clear presentations of the high speed downlink and uplink packet access (HSDPA/HSUPA) techniques used in 3G WCDMA.The book is a very suitable introduction to the principles of CDMA communications for senior undergraduate and graduate students, as well researchers and engineers in industry who are looking to develop their expertise. - A very clear and thorough description of the principles and applications of spread spectrum techniques in multi-user mobile communications. - Matlab-based worked examples, exercises and practical sessions to clearly explain the theoretical concepts. - An easy-to-read explanation of the air interface standards used in IS-95 A/B, cdma2000, and 3G WCDMA. - Clear presentations of the high speed downlink and uplink packet access (HSDPA/HSUPA) techniques used in 3G WCDMA.

Download or read book Fundamentals of Wireless Communication written by David Tse and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-05-26 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook takes a unified view of the fundamentals of wireless communication and explains cutting-edge concepts in a simple and intuitive way. An abundant supply of exercises make it ideal for graduate courses in electrical and computer engineering and it will also be of great interest to practising engineers.

Download or read book Mobile And Wireless Communications An Introduction written by Gow, Gordon and published by McGraw-Hill Education (UK). This book was released on 2006-06-01 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mobile information society has revolutionised the way we work, communicate and socialise. Mobile phones, wireless free communication and associated technologies such as WANs, LANs, and PANs, cellular networks, SMS, 3G, Bluetooth, Blackberry and WiFi are seen as the driving force of the advanced society. The roots of today's explosion in wireless technology can be traced back to the deregulation of AT&T in the US and the Post Office and British Telecom in the UK, as well as Nokia's groundbreaking approach to the design and marketing of the mobile phone. Providing a succinct introduction to the field of mobile and wireless communications, this book: Begins with the basics of radio technology and offers an overview of key scientific terms and concepts for the student reader Addresses the social and economic implications of mobile and wireless technologies, such as the effects of the deregulation of telephone systems Uses a range of case studies and examples of mobile and wireless communication, legislation and practices from the UK, US, Canada, mainland Europe, the Far East and Australia Contains illustrations and tables to help explain technical concepts and show the growth and change in mobile technologies Features a glossary of technical terms, annotated further reading at the end of each chapter and web links for further study and research Mobile and Wireless Communicationsis a key resource for students on a range of social scientific courses, including media and communications, sociology, public policy, and management studies, as well as a useful introduction to the field for researchers and general readers.

Download or read book Theory of Code Division Multiple Access Communication written by Kamil Sh. Zigangirov and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-04-13 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive introduction to CDMA theory and application Code division multiple access (CDMA) communication is rapidly replacing time- and frequency-division methods as the cornerstone of wireless communication and mobile radio. Theory of Code Division Multiple Access Communication provides a lucid introduction and overview of CDMA concepts and methods for both the professional and the advanced student. Emphasizing the role CDMA has played in the development of wireless communication and cellular mobile radio systems, the author leads you through the basic concepts of mobile radio systems and considers the different principles of multiple access-time division, frequency division, and code division. He then analyzes three major CDMA systems-direct sequence (DS) CDMA systems, frequency hopped (FH) CDMA systems, and pulse position hopped (PPH) CDMA systems. Other topics covered include: * Spread spectrum (SS) technology * Forward error control coding * CDMA communication on fading channels * Pseudorandom signals * Information theory in relation to CDMA communication * CDMA cellular networks Complete with useful appendices providing analyses of the moments of CDMA system decision statistics, Theory of Code Division Multiple Access Communication is a ready reference for every engineer seeking an understanding of the history and concepts of this key communications technology.

Download or read book Theory of Code Division Multiple Access Communication written by Kamil Sh. Zigangirov and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-05-10 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive introduction to CDMA theory and application Code division multiple access (CDMA) communication is rapidly replacing time- and frequency-division methods as the cornerstone of wireless communication and mobile radio. Theory of Code Division Multiple Access Communication provides a lucid introduction and overview of CDMA concepts and methods for both the professional and the advanced student. Emphasizing the role CDMA has played in the development of wireless communication and cellular mobile radio systems, the author leads you through the basic concepts of mobile radio systems and considers the different principles of multiple access-time division, frequency division, and code division. He then analyzes three major CDMA systems-direct sequence (DS) CDMA systems, frequency hopped (FH) CDMA systems, and pulse position hopped (PPH) CDMA systems. Other topics covered include: * Spread spectrum (SS) technology * Forward error control coding * CDMA communication on fading channels * Pseudorandom signals * Information theory in relation to CDMA communication * CDMA cellular networks Complete with useful appendices providing analyses of the moments of CDMA system decision statistics, Theory of Code Division Multiple Access Communication is a ready reference for every engineer seeking an understanding of the history and concepts of this key communications technology.

Download or read book Spread Spectrum CDMA Systems for Wireless Communications written by Savo G. Glisic and published by Artech House Publishers. This book was released on 1997 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spread spectrum CDMA systems are becoming widely accepted and promise to play a key role in the future of wireless communications. This comprehensive new book explains the main issues of spread spectrum CDMA and makes its practical applications available to network engineers and managers. Packed with nearly 1,000 equations, it also provides the mathematical tools necessary to apply the technology to your own wireless system.

Download or read book Wireless Communications written by Savo G. Glisic and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), within a given time frame a particular user is allowed to transmit within a given time slot. This technique is used in most of the second-generation digital mobile communication systems. In Europe the system is known as GSM, in USA as DAMPS and in Japan as MPT. In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) every user is using a distinct code so that it can occupy the same frequency bandwidth at the same time with other users and still can be separated on the basis of low correlation between the codes. These systems like IS-95 in the USA are also developed and standardized within the second generation of the mobile communication systems. CDMA systems within a cellular network can provide higher capacity and for this reason they become more and more attractive. At this moment it seems that both TDMA and CDMA remain viable candidates for application in future systems. Wireless Communications: TDMA versus CDMA provides enough information for correct understanding of the arguments in favour of one or other multiple access technique. The final decision about which of the two techniques should be employed will depend not only on technical arguments but also on the amount of new investments needed and compatibility with previous systems and their infrastructures. Wireless Communications: TDMA versus CDMA comprises a collection of specially written contributions from the most prominent specialists in wireless communications in the world today and presents the major, up to date, issues in this field. The material is grouped into four chapters: Communication theory, covering coding and modulation, Wireless communications, Antenna & Propagation and Advanced Systems & Technology. The book describes clearly the issues and presents the information in such a way that informed decisions about third generation wireless systems can be taken. It is essential reading for all researchers, engineers and managers working in the field of Wireless Communications.

Download or read book Basics of Code Division Multiple Access CDMA written by Raghuveer M. Rao and published by SPIE Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Code division multiple access (CDMA) has proven to be a viable enabling technique for the simultaneous transmission and reception of data over a shared channel. Although associated mostly with wireless cellular communication, CDMA is also being considered for optical channels. This text, aimed at the reader with a basic background in electrical or optical engineering, covers CDMA fundamentals: from the basics of the communication process and digital data transmission, to the concepts of code division multiplexing, direct sequence spreading, diversity techniques, the near-far effect, and the IS-95 CDMA standard form.

Download or read book Introduction to Wireless Systems written by P. M. Shankar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2002 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides necessary training in the field of mobile communications.

Download or read book Wireless Communications written by Andreas F. Molisch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-02-06 with total page 883 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Professor Andreas F. Molisch, renowned researcher and educator, has put together the comprehensive book, Wireless Communications. The second edition, which includes a wealth of new material on important topics, ensures the role of the text as the key resource for every student, researcher, and practitioner in the field." —Professor Moe Win, MIT, USA Wireless communications has grown rapidly over the past decade from a niche market into one of the most important, fast moving industries. Fully updated to incorporate the latest research and developments, Wireless Communications, Second Edition provides an authoritative overview of the principles and applications of mobile communication technology. The author provides an in-depth analysis of current treatment of the area, addressing both the traditional elements, such as Rayleigh fading, BER in flat fading channels, and equalisation, and more recently emerging topics such as multi-user detection in CDMA systems, MIMO systems, and cognitive radio. The dominant wireless standards; including cellular, cordless and wireless LANs; are discussed. Topics featured include: wireless propagation channels, transceivers and signal processing, multiple access and advanced transceiver schemes, and standardised wireless systems. Combines mathematical descriptions with intuitive explanations of the physical facts, enabling readers to acquire a deep understanding of the subject. Includes new chapters on cognitive radio, cooperative communications and relaying, video coding, 3GPP Long Term Evolution, and WiMax; plus significant new sections on multi-user MIMO, 802.11n, and information theory. Companion website featuring: supplementary material on 'DECT', solutions manual and presentation slides for instructors, appendices, list of abbreviations and other useful resources.

Download or read book Mobile Wireless Communications written by Mischa Schwartz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-12-16 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wireless communication has become a ubiquitous part of modern life, from global cellular telephone systems to local and even personal-area networks. This 2004 book provides a tutorial introduction to digital mobile wireless networks, illustrating theoretical underpinnings with a wide range of real-world examples. The book begins with a review of propagation phenomena, and goes on to examine channel allocation, modulation techniques, multiple access schemes, and coding techniques. GSM and IS-95 systems are reviewed and 2.5G and 3G packet-switched systems are discussed in detail. Performance analysis and accessing and scheduling techniques are covered, and the book closes with a chapter on wireless LANs and personal-area networks. Many worked examples and homework exercises are provided and a solutions manual is available for instructors. The book is an ideal text for electrical engineering and computer science students taking courses in wireless communications. It will also be an invaluable reference for practising engineers.

Download or read book Introduction to Mobile Communications written by Tony Wakefield and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-04-19 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The traditionally separate Fixed, Mobile, and Internet sectors have been evolving recently toward a single sector, offering numerous implications for those involved in technology and business. It is therefore essential for telecommunication professionals to get a keen grasp of where the industry is heading. Providing a solid foundation in the industry, Introduction to Mobile Communications: Technology, Services, Markets explores the core requirements of modern mobile telecommunications-from markets to technology. It explains how wireless systems work, how mobility is supported, the underlying infrastructure, and what interactions are needed among the different functional components. The book also examines how mobile communications are evolving in order to meet the changing needs of users. The information provided in the book comes primarily from the four core modules of the Certificate in Mobile Communications Distance Learning program run by the Informa Telecoms Academy in London. Designed by a highly experienced training development team, the program examines the complex and fascinating world of mobile communications. Designed to give a broad picture of mobile communications, the book provides an excellent grounding for those involved in both business and engineering-leaving them much better equipped to fulfill roles within their current or prospective companies

Download or read book Spread Spectrum CDMA written by Steve Lee and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2002-09-02 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past 7 years CDMA (Code Division Multiplexed Access) has grown from a small experiment to the technology that is going to replace all existing wireless methods in North America and around the world, replacing even GSM, which up to now has been deeply entrenched in Europe and elsewhere. Though many books cover it conceptually, there are few that deal in the application of CDMA to the day-to-day functioning of the wireless network. This book is focused on the workplace needs of RF managers and engineers. Mathematically difficult material has been culled from the body of the book and placed in carefully organized appendices, so readers have access to derivations but don’t have to wade through them to find the solutions they’re looking for. And unlike any existing CDMA book, this details the similarities and differences between the 2G IS-95 and 3G IS-2000 standards, focusing on the many issues that changeover is going face.

Download or read book Wireless Communications written by Theodore S. Rappaport and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-02-08 with total page 734 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now reissued by Cambridge University Press, the updated second edition of this definitive textbook provides an unrivaled introduction to the theoretical and practical fundamentals of wireless communications. Key technical concepts are developed from first principles, and demonstrated to students using over 50 carefully curated worked examples. Over 200 end-of-chapter problems, based on real-world industry scenarios, help cement student understanding. The book provides a thorough coverage of foundational wireless technologies, including wireless local area networks (WLAN), 3G systems, and Bluetooth along with refreshed summaries of recent cellular standards leading to 4G and 5G, insights into the new areas of mobile satellite communications and fixed wireless access, and extra homework problems. Supported online by a solutions manual and lecture slides for instructors, this is the ideal foundation for senior undergraduate and graduate courses in wireless communications.

Download or read book Theory and Applications of OFDM and CDMA written by Henrik Schulze and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-10-31 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theory and Applications of OFDM and CDMA is an ideal foundation textbook for those seeking a sound knowledge of this fast-developing field of wideband communications. The advanced transmission techniques of OFDM, applied in wireless LANs and in digital and video broadcasting, and CDMA, the foundation of 3G mobile communications, have been part of almost every communication system that has been designed in recent years, with both offering a high degree of flexibility in adjusting the system to the requirements of the application and to the impairments caused by the transmission channel. Starting from the basics of digital transmission theory, the reader gains a comprehensive overview of the underlying ideas of these techniques and their strengths and weaknesses under various conditions. In this context, the specific requirements of the mobile radio channel and their relevance for the design of digital transmission systems are discussed and related to the items of channel coding and modulation. Clear explanation of the basics of digital communications, mobile radio channels, coding and modulation, OFDM as a multicarrier system and CDMA as an application of spread spectrum techniques Discusses the most important mobile radio and digital broadcasting systems that use OFDM and CDMA, and explains in detail the underlying ideas for the choice of system parameters Progresses from the fundamentals of wideband communication through to modern applications Includes a Companion Website featuring a solutions manual, electronic versions of the figures and other useful resources This volume will be an invaluable resource to advanced undergraduate students and first/second year postgraduates of electrical and engineering and telecommunications. It will also appeal to practising engineers, researchers and those in academia who wish to expand their knowledge on modern aspects of digital communications and systems in a mobile radio environment.

Download or read book Mobile and Wireless Communications written by Cambyse Guy Omidyar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-10-31 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mobile and Wireless Communications presents the latest developments in mobile and wireless research and the industry, with a broad range of topics including: -Ad-hoc networking; -Power control; -Personal communications; -Satellite; -QoS; -UMTS and wireless LANs; -Handoffs, security and mobility; -CDMA and physical layer including modulation and coding; -Methods of communication functions including multiple access, error control, flow control and routing. This state-of-the-art volume comprises the edited proceedings of the Working Conference on Personal Wireless Communications (PWC'2002), which was sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP), organized by IFIP Working Group 6.8, and held in Singapore in October 2002.

Download or read book Cellular and mobile communication written by Balamurali and published by Balamurali. This book was released on with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contents 1 Introductory Concepts 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 Present Day Mobile Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4 Fundamental Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4.1 Radio Transmission Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 How a Mobile Call is Actually Made? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5.1 Cellular Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5.2 Operational Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5.3 Making a Call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.6 Future Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 Modern Wireless Communication Systems 11 2.1 1G: First Generation Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 2G: Second Generation Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.1 TDMA/FDD Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.2 CDMA/FDD Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.3 2.5G Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3 3G: Third Generation Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3.1 3G Standards and Access Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.2 3G W-CDMA (UMTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.3 3G CDMA2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.4 3G TD-SCDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.4 Wireless Transmission Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4.1 Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4.2 Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4.3 Wireless Local Area Networks (W-LAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4.4 WiMax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4.5 Zigbee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4.6 Wibree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.5 Conclusion: Beyond 3G Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3 The Cellular Engineering Fundamentals 23 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2 What is a Cell? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.3 Frequency Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.4 Channel Assignment Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.4.1 Fixed Channel Assignment (FCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.4.2 Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.5 Hando Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.5.1 Factors In uencing Hando s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.5.2 Hando s In Di erent Generations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.5.3 Hando Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.5.4 A Few Practical Problems in Hando Scenario . . . . . . . . 33 3.6 Interference & System Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.6.1 Co-channel interference (CCI). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.6.2 Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.7 Enhancing Capacity And Cell Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.7.1 The Key Trade-o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.7.2 Cell-Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.7.3 Sectoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.7.4 Microcell Zone Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.8 Trunked Radio System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4 Free Space Radio Wave Propagation 54 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.2 Free Space Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.3 Basic Methods of Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3.1 Re ection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3.2 Di raction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.3.3 Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.4 Two Ray Re ection Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.5 Di raction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.5.1 Knife-Edge Di raction Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.5.2 Fresnel Zones: the Concept of Di raction Loss . . . . . . . . 66 4.5.3 Knife-edge di raction model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.6 Link Budget Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.6.1 Log-distance Path Loss Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.6.2 Log Normal Shadowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.7 Outdoor Propagation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.7.1 Okumura Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.7.2 Hata Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.8 Indoor Propagation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.8.1 Partition Losses Inside a Floor (Intra- oor) . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.8.2 Partition Losses Between Floors (Inter- oor) . . . . . . . . . 73 4.8.3 Log-distance Path Loss Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5 Multipath Wave Propagation and Fading 75 5.1 Multipath Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.2 Multipath & Small-Scale Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.2.1 Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.2.2 Multipath Fading E ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.2.3 Factors In uencing Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.3 Types of Small-Scale Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.3.1 Fading E ects due to Multipath Time Delay Spread . . . . . 77 5.3.2 Fading E ects due to Doppler Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.3.3 Doppler Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.3.4 Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel . . . . . . . 80 5.3.5 Relation Between Bandwidth and Received Power . . . . . . 82 5.3.6 Linear Time Varying Channels (LTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.3.7 Small-Scale Multipath Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.4 Multipath Channel Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.4.1 Time Dispersion Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.4.2 Frequency Dispersion Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.5 Statistical models for multipath propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.5.1 NLoS Propagation: Rayleigh Fading Model . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.5.2 LoS Propagation: Rician Fading Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.5.3 Generalized Model: Nakagami Distribution . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.5.4 Second Order Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.6 Simulation of Rayleigh Fading Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5.6.1 Clarke's Model: without Doppler E ect . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5.6.2 Clarke and Gans' Model: with Doppler E ect . . . . . . . . . 96 5.6.3 Rayleigh Simulator with Wide Range of Channel Conditions 97 5.6.4 Two-Ray Rayleigh Faded Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.6.5 Saleh and Valenzuela Indoor Statistical Model . . . . . . . . 98 5.6.6 SIRCIM/SMRCIM Indoor/Outdoor Statistical Models . . . . 98 5.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6 Transmitter and Receiver Techniques 101 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.2 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.2.1 Choice of Modulation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 6.2.2 Advantages of Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 6.2.3 Linear and Non-linear Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . 103 6.2.4 Amplitude and Angle Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6.2.5 Analog and Digital Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 104 6.3 Signal Space Representation of Digitally Modulated Signals . . . . . 104 6.4 Complex Representation of Linear Modulated Signals and Band Pass Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.5 Linear Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.5.1 Amplitude Modulation (DSBSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.5.2 BPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.5.3 QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.5.4 O set-QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.5.5 =4 DQPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.6 Line Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.7 Pulse Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6.7.1 Nyquist pulse shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 6.7.2 Raised Cosine Roll-O Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.7.3 Realization of Pulse Shaping Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.8 Nonlinear Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6.8.1 Angle Modulation (FM and PM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6.8.2 BFSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 6.9 GMSK Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6.10 GMSK Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 6.11 Two Practical Issues of Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6.11.1 Inter Channel Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6.11.2 Power Ampli er Nonlinearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.12 Receiver performance in multipath channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.12.1 Bit Error Rate and Symbol Error Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6.13 Example of a Multicarrier Modulation: OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6.13.1 Orthogonality of Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.13.2 Mathematical Description of OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.14 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 6.15 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 7 Techniques to Mitigate Fading E ects 129 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 7.2 Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.2.1 A Mathematical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7.2.2 Zero Forcing Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 7.2.3 A Generic Adaptive Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 7.2.4 Choice of Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization . . . . . . . . 134 7.3 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 7.3.1 Di erent Types of Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.4 Channel Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 7.4.1 Shannon's Channel Capacity Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 7.4.2 Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 7.4.3 Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 7.4.4 Concatenated Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 7.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 8 Multiple Access Techniques 157 8.1 Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communication . . . . . . . 157 8.1.1 Narrowband Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 8.1.2 Wideband Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 8.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 8.2.1 FDMA/FDD in AMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 8.2.2 FDMA/TDD in CT2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 8.2.3 FDMA and Near-Far Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 8.3 Time Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 8.3.1 TDMA/FDD in GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 8.3.2 TDMA/TDD in DECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 8.4 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 8.4.1 Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA) . . . . . . . . . 163 8.4.2 Code Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 8.4.3 CDMA and Self-interference Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 8.4.4 CDMA and Near-Far Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 8.4.5 Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 8.5 Space Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 8.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 8.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167