Download or read book Interpretation of Imaginaries in Projective Geometry written by Juna Marie Lutz and published by . This book was released on 1923 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Theory of the Imaginary in Geometry written by J. L. S. Hatton and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-01-16 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Preface. THE position of any real point in space may be determined by eans of three real coordinates, and any three real quantities may be regarded as determining the position of such a point. In Geometry as in other branches of Pure Mathematics the question naturally arises, whether the quantities concerned need necessarily be real. What, it may be asked, is the nature of the Geometry in which the coordinates of any point may be complex quantities of the form x + ix', y + iy' , z + iz'? Such a Geometry contains as a particular case the Geometry of real points. From it the Geometry of real points may be deduced (a) by regarding x', y', z' as zero, (b) by regarding x, y, z as zero, or (c) by considering only those points, the coordinates of which are real multiples of the same complex quantity a+ib. The relationship of the more generalised conception of Geometry and of space to the particular case of real Geometry is of importance, as points, whose determining elements are complex quantities, arise both in coordinate and in projective Geometry. In this book an attempt has been made to work out and determine this relationship. Either of two methods might have been adopted. It would have been possible to lay down certain axioms and premises and to have developed a general theory therefrom. This has been done by other authors. The alternative method, which has been employed here, is to add to the axioms of real Geometry certain additional assumptions. From these, by means of the methods and principles of real Geometry, an extension of the existing ideas and conception of Geometry can be obtained. In this way the reader is able to approach the simpler and more concrete theorems in the first instance, and step by step the well-known theorems are extended and generalised. A conception of the imaginary is thus gradually built up and the relationship between the imaginary and the real is exemplified and developed. The theory as here set forth may be regarded from the analytical point of view as an exposition of the oft quoted but seldom explained "Principle of Continuity." The fundamental definition of Imaginary points is that given by Dr Karl v. Staudt in his Beiträge zur Geometrie der Lage; Nuremberg, 1856 and 1860. The idea of (a, beta) figures, independently evolved by the author, is due to J. V. Poncelet, who published it in his Traité des Propriétés Projectives des Figures in 1822. The matter contained in four or five pages of Chapter II is taken from the lectures delivered by the late Professor Esson, F.R.S., Savilian Professor of Geometry in the University of Oxford, and may be partly traced to the writings of v. Staudt. For the remainder of the book the author must take the responsibility. Inaccuracies and inconsistencies may have crept in, but long experience has taught him that these will be found to be due to his own deficiencies and not to fundamental defects in the theory. Those who approach the subject with an open mind will, it is believed, find in these pages a consistent and natural theory of the imaginary. Many problems however still require to be worked out and the subject offers a wide field for further investigations.
Download or read book The Theory of the Imaginary in Geometry written by John Leigh Smeathman Hatton and published by . This book was released on 1920 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Imaginaries in Geometry written by Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky and published by Philosophy. This book was released on 2021 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first complete English translation of Pavel Florensky's original and ambitious attempt to arrive at a geometric representation of imaginary numbers, in a context that had already captured the attention of other mathematicians, including Gauss, Argan, Cauchy and Bellavitis. Florensky did not limit his attempt solely to complex projective geometry, but extended it to encompass Ptolemaic-Dantean cosmology and Einstein's Principle of Relativity, as well as a new epistemological theory. The resulting treatise combines various disciplines and explores the relationship between an immanent realm of knowledge and a transcendent one.
Download or read book Chasles and the Projective Geometry written by Paolo Bussotti and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Theory of the Imaginary in Geometry written by J. Hatton and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-07-15 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE word theory in the title is to be understood in a very non-technical sense. Indeed, apart from the idea of the invariant elements of an elliptic involution on a straight line, no theory is found at all. The purpose of the book is rather to furnish a certain graphical representation of imaginaries under a number of conventions more or less well known. Three concepts run through the work: first, an incompletely defined idea of the nature of an imaginary; second, the analogy with the geometry of reals; third, the use of coordinate methods, assuming the algebra of imaginaries. Given a real point O and a real constant k, an imaginary point P is defined by the equation OP2 = -k - 2. The two imaginary points P and P' are the double points of an involution having O for center, and ik for parameter. The algebra of imaginaries is now assumed, and a geometry of imaginary distances on a straight line is built upon it. The reader is repeatedly reminded that in themselves there is no difference between real and imaginary points; that differences exist solely in their relations to other points. In the extension to two dimensions both x and ix are plotted on a horizontal line, while x and xy are plotted on a vertical line. Imaginary lines are dotted, and points having one or both coordinates imaginary are enclosed by parentheses, but otherwise the same figures are used for proofs, either by the methods of elementary geometry, or by coordinate methods.In the algebra of segments it is shown that an imaginary distance O'D' can be expressed in the form iOD, wherein OD is a real segment, or at most by OD times some number. Now follows a long development of the extension of cross ratios, etc., to imaginaries. In fact every word of this is found implicitly in any treatment of the invariance of cross ratios under linear fractional transformation.In Chapter II the conic with a real branch is introduced, beginning with involutions of conjugate points on lines having imaginary points on the conic. If the coefficients in the equation of a circle are real, the usual graph of x2 + y2 = a2 for real x and real y is followed by replacing y by iy, then proceeding as before. The former locus is called the (1, 1) branch, and the latter the (1, i) branch of the circle. Similarly, it has a (i, 1) branch, and another, (i, i) , but the latter has no graph. This idea is applied in all detail to ellipses, hyperbolas, and parabolas; in the case of the central conies it is also followed by replacing rectangular coordinates by a pair of conjugate diameters. The ordinary theorems of poles and polars, and the theorems of Pascal, Brianchon, Desargues, Carnot are shown to apply. Indeed, after having established the applicability of cross ratios in the earlier chapters, all these proofs can be applied in the same manner as to reals, without changing a word....-An excerpt from Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 27 [1921]
Download or read book The Principles of Projective Geometry Applied to the Straight Line and Conic written by John Leigh Smeathman Hatton and published by . This book was released on 1913 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Introduction to Projective Geometry and Its Applications written by Arnold Emch and published by . This book was released on 1905 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of the Imaginary in Projective Geometry written by Charles Lemuel Carroll and published by . This book was released on 1937 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Projective Geometry written by Oswald Veblen and published by . This book was released on 1946 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Lectures on Analytic and Projective Geometry written by Dirk J. Struik and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2014-03-05 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This undergraduate text develops the geometry of plane and space, leading up to conics and quadrics, within the context of metrical, affine, and projective transformations. 1953 edition.
Download or read book Projective Geometry written by Boyd Crumrine Patterson and published by . This book was released on 1948 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Geometry and analysis of projective spaces written by Charles E. Springer and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The American Mathematical Monthly written by and published by . This book was released on 1918 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes section "Recent publications."
Download or read book Projective Geometry for Use in Colleges and Schools written by William Proctor Milne and published by . This book was released on 1911 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Introduction to Projective Geometry written by Louis Napoleon George Filon and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2015-06-15 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from An Introduction to Projective Geometry My object in writing the following pages has been to supply the growing need of mathematical students in this country for a compact text-book giving the theory of Conic Sections on modern lines. During recent years increasing space has been allowed, in University syllabuses and courses of instruction, to the more powerful and general projective methods, as opposed to the more special methods of what is still known as Geometrical Conics. The line of cleavage between the two has, however, been sharply maintained, with the result that the already much overworked mathematical student has to learn his theory of Conic Sections three times over: (1) analytically; (2) according to Euclidean methods; (3) according to Projective methods. The difficulty has been to reconcile the Euclidean and Projective definitions of the curve; in fact to bring in the focal properties into Projective Geometry at a sufficiently early stage. The practice has usually been, in order to pass from the projective to the focal definitions, to introduce the theory of involution. But the latter requires for its fullest and clearest treatment the employment of imaginary elements. It seems undesirable that the more fundamental focal properties of the conics, e.g. the sum or difference of the focal distances and the angles made by these with the tangent and normal, should appear to depend upon properties of imaginary points and lines, even though this might introduce greater rapidity of treatment. The University of London has recognized this, for, while admitting Projective Geometry into its syllabuses for the Final Examination for a Pass Degree, it has excluded involution. Many teachers have felt that this exclusion amounted to a rigorous enforcement of the line of cleavage mentioned above. In the present book the difficulty has been met, it is hoped, successfully. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book Projective Geometry written by Linnaeus Wayland Dowling and published by . This book was released on 1917 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
