Download or read book Interface Engineering and Morphology Study of Thin Film Organic Inorganic Halide Perovskite Optoelectronic Devices written by Lei Meng and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar energy harvesting through photovoltaic conversion has gained great attention as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution to meet the rapidly increasing global energy demand. Currently, the high cost of solar-cell technology limits its widespread use. This situation has generated considerable interest in developing alternative solar-cell technologies that reduce cost through the use of less expensive materials and processes. Perovskite solar cells provide a promising low-cost technology for harnessing this energy source. In Chapter two, a moisture-assist method is introduced and studied to facilitate grain growth of solution processed perovskite films. As an approach to achieve high-quality perovskite films, I anneal the precursor film in a humid environment (ambient air) to dramatically increase grain size, carrier mobility, and charge carrier lifetime, thus improving electrical and optical properties and enhancing photovoltaic performance. It is revealed that mild moisture has a positive effect on perovskite film formation, demonstrating perovskite solar cells with 17.1% power conversion efficiency. Later on, in Chapter four, an ultrathin flexible device delivering a PCE of 14.0% is introduced. The device is based on silver-mesh substrates exhibiting superior durability against mechanical bending. Due to their low energy of formation, organic lead iodide perovskites are also susceptible to degradation in moisture and air. The charge transport layer therefore plays a key role in protecting the perovskite photoactive layer from exposure to such environments, thus achieving highly stable perovskite-based photovoltaic cells. Although incorporating organic charge transport layers can provide high efficiencies and reduced hysteresis, concerns remain regarding device stability and the cost of fabrication. In this work, perovskite solar cells that have all solution-processed metal oxide charge transport layers were demonstrated. Stability has been significantly improved compared with cells made with organic layers. Degradation mechanisms were investigated and important guidelines were derived for future device design with a view to achieving both highly efficient and stable solar devices. Organometal halide based perovskite material has great optoelectronic proprieties, for example, shallow traps, benign grain boundaries and high diffusion length. The perovskite LEDs show pure electroluminescence (EL) with narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM), which is an advantage for display, lighting or lasing applications. In chapter five, perovskite LEDs are demonstrated employing solution processed charge injection layers with a quantum efficiency of 1.16% with a very low driving voltage.

Download or read book Perovskite Optoelectronic Devices written by Basudev Pradhan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Perovskite Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics written by Tsutomu Miyasaka and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-03-21 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perovskite Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics Discover a one-of-a-kind treatment of perovskite photovoltaics In less than a decade, the photovoltaics of organic-inorganic halide perovskite materials has surpassed the efficiency of semiconductor compounds like CdTe and CIGS in solar cells. In Perovskite Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications, distinguished engineer Dr. Tsutomu Miyasaka delivers a comprehensive exploration of foundational and advanced topics regarding halide perovskites. It summarizes the latest information and discussion in the field, from fundamental theory and materials to critical device applications. With contributions by top scientists working in the perovskite community, the accomplished editor has compiled a resource of central importance for researchers working on perovskite related materials and devices. This edited volume includes coverage of new materials and their commercial and market potential in areas like perovskite solar cells, perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and perovskite-based photodetectors. It also includes: A thorough introduction to halide perovskite materials, their synthesis, and dimension control Comprehensive explorations of the photovoltaics of halide perovskites and their historical background Practical discussions of solid-state photophysics and carrier transfer mechanisms in halide perovskite semiconductors In-depth examinations of multi-cation anion-based high efficiency perovskite solar cells Perfect for materials scientists, crystallization physicists, surface chemists, and solid-state physicists, Perovskite Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications is also an indispensable resource for solid state chemists and device/electronics engineers.

Download or read book Development of High Performance Organic inorganic Halide Perovskite Optoelectronic Devices Via Morphological and Interfacial Manipulation written by Ting Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organic-inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) have emerged as excellent solution processable semiconductors for a new generation of potentially printable and efficient optoelectronic devices in recent years, including photodetection, energy harvesting, and light-emitting devices. The rise to prominence for this class of materials is fueled by their superior properties, such as tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility, outstanding optoelectronic merits, and low-cost solution processability. Given all exciting properties, solution-processed perovskite thin film also shows very challenging characteristics including difficult morphology control and substantial defects at film surface and grain boundaries (GBs). In this dissertation, integrated morphological and interfacial approaches have been utilized to overcome the above-mentioned challenges and further enhance performance of OIHP optoelectronic devices. Chapter 1 briefly overviews basics of perovskite material, current status of various perovskite optoelectronic devices, and remaining challenges for obtaining high quality solution processed perovskite thin film. Chapter 2 introduces common experimental details involved in this work including material preparation, material property characterization, device fabrication and performance test. Chapter 3 demonstrates a fast (

Download or read book Multifunctional Organic Inorganic Halide Perovskite written by Nam-Gyu Park and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-03-10 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perovskite is a well-known structure with the chemical formula ABX3, where A and B are cations coordinated with 12 and 6 anions, respectively, and X is an anion. When a halogen anion is used, the monovalent A and divalent B cations can be stabilized with respect to a tolerance factor ranging from ~0.8 to 1. Since the first report on ~10% efficiency and long-term stability of solid-state perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in 2012 and two subsequent seed reports on perovskite-sensitized solar cells in 2009 and 2011, PSCs have received increasing attention. The power conversion efficiency of PSCs was certified to be more than 25% in 2020, surpassing thin-film solar cell technologies. Methylammonium or formamidinium organic ion–based lead iodide perovskite has been used for high-efficiency PSCs. The first report on solid-state PSCs triggered perovskite photovoltaics, leading to more than 23,000 publications as of October 2021. In addition, halide perovskite has shown excellent performance when applied to light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors, and resistive memory, indicating that halide perovskite is multifunctional. This book explains the electro-optical and ferroelectric properties of perovskite and details the recent progress in scalable and tandem PSCs as well as perovskite LEDs and resistive memory. It is a useful textbook and self-help study guide for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of materials science and engineering, chemistry, chemical engineering, and nanotechnology; for researchers in photovoltaics, LEDs, resistive memory, and perovskite-related opto-electronics; and for general readers who wish to gain knowledge about halide perovskite.

Download or read book Halide Perovskites written by Tze-Chien Sum and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-27 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Real insight from leading experts in the field into the causes of the unique photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells, describing the fundamentals of perovskite materials and device architectures. The authors cover materials research and development, device fabrication and engineering methodologies, as well as current knowledge extending beyond perovskite photovoltaics, such as the novel spin physics and multiferroic properties of this family of materials. Aimed at a better and clearer understanding of the latest developments in the hybrid perovskite field, this is a must-have for material scientists, chemists, physicists and engineers entering or already working in this booming field.

Download or read book Hybrid Organic Inorganic Perovskites Physical Properties And Applications In 4 Volumes written by and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-01-07 with total page 867 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This four-volume handbook gives a state-of-the-art overview of hybrid organic inorganic perovskites, both two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D), from synthesis and characterization and simulation to optoelectronic devices (such as solar cells and light emitting diodes), spintronics devices and catalysis application. The editors, coming from academia and national laboratory, are known for their didactic skills as well as their technical expertise. Coordinating the efforts of 30 expert authors in 21 chapters, they construct the story of hybrid perovskite structural and optical properties, electronic and spintronic response, laser action, and catalysis from varied viewpoints: materials science, chemical engineering, and energy engineering. The four volumes are arranged according to the focus material properties. Volume 1 is focused on the material physical properties including structure, deposition characteristic and the structure of the electronic bands and excitons of these compounds. Volume 2 covers the hybrid perovskite optical properties including the ultrafast optical response, photoluminescence and laser action. Volume 3 contains the spin response of these compounds including application such as spin valves, photogalvanic effect, and magnetic response of light emitting diodes and solar cell devices. Finally, and highly relevant to tomorrow's energy challenges, volume 4 is focused on the physics and device properties of the most relevant applications of the hybrid perovskites, namely photovoltaic solar cells. The text contains many high-quality colorful illustrations and examples, as well as thousands of up-to-date references to peer-reviewed articles, reports and websites for further reading. This comprehensive and well-written handbook is a must-have reference for universities, research groups and companies working with the hybrid organic inorganic perovskites.

Download or read book World Scientific Handbook Of Organic Optoelectronic Devices Volumes 1 2 written by and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2018-06-29 with total page 908 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organic (opto)electronic materials have received considerable attention due to their applications in perovskite and flexible electronics, OPVs and OLEDs and many others. Reflecting the rapid growth in research and development of organic (opto)electronic materials over the last few decades, this book provides a comprehensive coverage of the state of the art in an accessible format. It presents the most widely recognized fundamentals, principles, and mechanisms along with representative examples, key experimental data, and over 200 illustrative figures.

Download or read book Halide Perovskite Semiconductors written by Yuanyuan Zhou and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-12-22 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Halide Perovskite Semiconductors Enables readers to acquire a systematic and in-depth understanding of various fundamental aspects of halide perovskite semiconductors Halide Perovskite Semiconductors: Structures, Characterization, Properties, and Phenomena covers the most fundamental topics with regards to halide perovskites, including but not limited to crystal/defect theory, crystal chemistry, heterogeneity, grain boundaries, single-crystals/thin-films/nanocrystals synthesis, photophysics, solid-state ionics, spin physics, chemical (in)stability, carrier dynamics, hot carriers, surface and interfaces, lower-dimensional structures, and structural/functional characterizations. Included discussions on the fundamentals of halide perovskites aim to expand the basic science fields of physics, chemistry, and materials science. Edited by two highly qualified researchers, Halide Perovskite Semiconductors includes specific information on: Crystal/defect theory of halide perovskites, crystal chemistry of halide perovskites, and processing and microstructures of halide perovskites Single-crystals of halide perovskites, nanocrystals of halide perovskites, low-dimensional perovskite crystals, and nanoscale heterogeneity of halide perovskites Carrier mobilities and dynamics in halide perovskites, light emission of halide perovskites, photophysics and ultrafast spectroscopy of halide perovskites Hot carriers in halide perovskites, correlating photophysics with microstructures in halide perovskites, chemical stability of halide perovskites, and solid-state ionics of halide perovskites Readers can find solutions to technological issues and challenges based on the fundamental knowledge gained from this book. As such, Halide Perovskite Semiconductors is an essential in-depth treatment of the subject, ideal for solid-state chemists, materials scientists, physical chemists, inorganic chemists, physicists, and semiconductor physicists.

Download or read book Perovskite Materials Devices and Integration written by He Tian and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-06-10 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perovskites have attracted great attention in the fields of energy storage, pollutant degradation as well as optoelectronic devices due to their excellent properties. This kind of material can be divided into two categories; inorganic perovskite represented by perovskite oxide and organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite, which have described the recent advancement separately in terms of catalysis and photoelectron applications. This book systematically illustrates the crystal structures, physic-chemical properties, fabrication process, and perovskite-related devices. In a word, perovskite has broad application prospects. However, the current challenges cannot be ignored, such as toxicity and stability.

Download or read book Perovskite Photovoltaics written by Aparna Thankappan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-06-29 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perovskite Photovoltaics: Basic to Advanced Concepts and Implementation examines the emergence of perovskite photovoltaics, associated challenges and opportunities, and how to achieve broader development. Consolidating developments in perovskite photovoltaics, including recent progress solar cells, this text also highlights advances and the research necessary for sustaining energy. Addressing different photovoltaics fields with tailored content for what makes perovskite solar cells suitable, and including commercialization examples of large-scale perovskite solar technology. The book also contains a detailed analysis of the implementation and economic viability of perovskite solar cells, highlighting what photovoltaic devices need to be generated by low cost, non-toxic, earth abundant materials using environmentally scalable processes. This book is a valuable resource engineers, scientists and researchers, and all those who wish to broaden their knowledge on flexible perovskite solar cells. Includes contributions by leading solar cell academics, industrialists, researchers and institutions across the globe Addresses different photovoltaics fields with tailored content for what makes perovskite solar cells different Provides commercialization examples of large-scale perovskite solar technology, giving users detailed analysis on the implementation, technical challenges and economic viability of perovskite solar cells

Download or read book Metal Halide Perovskites for Generation Manipulation and Detection of Light written by Juan P. Martínez-Pastor and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-07-20 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal Halide Perovskites for Generation, Manipulation and Detection of Light covers the current state and future prospects of lead halide perovskite photonics and photon sources, both from an academic and industrial point-of-view. Advances in metal halide perovskite photon sources (lasers) based on thin films, microcrystals and nanocrystals are comprehensively reviewed, with leading experts contributing current advances in theory, fundamental concepts, fabrication techniques, experiments and other important research innovations. This book is suitable for graduate students, researchers, scientists and engineers in academia and R&D in industry working in the disciplines of materials science and engineering. Includes comprehensive reviews from academic and industrial perspectives of current trends in the field of metal halide perovskite for photonics Provides an up-to-date look at the most recent and upcoming applications in metal halide perovskite photonics, such as; photodetectors, lighting, lasing, nonlinear photonics and quantum technologies Discusses future prospective trends and envisioned applications of metal halide perovskites, from near-UV to near-IR photonics

Download or read book Interface Design of Halide Perovskite and Metal Oxide Semiconductor for Optoelectronic Devices written by Pengyu Sun and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thin film optoelectronics, including solar cells and thin film transistors, has been investigated extensively in recent years. Thin film solar cells have attracted substantial attention due to their low cost, ease of fabrication, flexible nature and potential to achieve high power conversion efficiency. We witnessed a rapid rise of halide perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiency reaching 22.7% within a few years, exceeding Cu(InxGa1-x)Se2 and CdTe. Perovskite materials have shown unique properties of defect tolerance and strong optical absorption, which makes the material a perfect candidate for photovoltaic applications. On the other hand, thin film transistors (TFT) have evolved at a fast pace with rapid industrialization. InGaZnO (IGZO) material has shown a quick adoption in flat panel display (FPD) backplanes since discovery in 2004. IGZO's high mobility, good stability and uniformity enable the material to compete with traditional amorphous silicon (a-Si) or polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) technologies. This thesis focuses on role of interface and fundamentals of optoelectronics for both perovskite solar cells and IGZO TFTs. In Chapter 2, I will discuss the theoretical background of optoelectronics where photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) plays an important role in perovskite thin film solar cells. I will also review the current progress in the field where people trying to optimize PLQE in perovskite material and future directions. In Chapter 3, I will demonstrate the impact of bottom contact on PLQE of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite and its correlation with open circuit voltage of perovskite solar cells. It has been found that perovskite material shows improved crystal growth on NiOx bottom contact over PEDOT:PSS coated substrates. In Chapter 4, I will demonstrate the growth of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) single crystals with diameter up to 5 mm. The material shows phase transformation at elevated temperatures and a lower band gap compared with MAPbI3, making it more suitable for photovoltaics. FAPbI3 also shows high mobility compared with MAPbI3. In Chapter 5, I will demonstrate admittance spectroscopy for identification of defect states in MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells. Lastly, in Chapter 6, I will demonstrate stability enhancement for solution processed IGZO TFTs with top surface passivation by parylene coating. Solution processed IGZO material shows comparable performance metrics with traditional sputtered IGZO with respect to mobility, on-off ratio, subthreshold swing (SS), and threshold voltage. However, due to the nature of sol-gel process, the thickness of solution processed IGZO is limited and the material is prone to surface environment. I will demonstrate an effective way of passivation on solution processed IGZO with Parylene to minimize surface effect and the passivated TFT shows positive bias stress below 0.5 V drift in turn-on voltage.

Download or read book Metal Oxide Based Thin Film Structures written by Nini Pryds and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-09-07 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal Oxide-Based Thin Film Structures: Formation, Characterization and Application of Interface-Based Phenomena bridges the gap between thin film deposition and device development by exploring the synthesis, properties and applications of thin film interfaces. Part I deals with theoretical and experimental aspects of epitaxial growth, the structure and morphology of oxide-metal interfaces deposited with different deposition techniques and new developments in growth methods. Part II concerns analysis techniques for the electrical, optical, magnetic and structural properties of thin film interfaces. In Part III, the emphasis is on ionic and electronic transport at the interfaces of Metal-oxide thin films. Part IV discusses methods for tailoring metal oxide thin film interfaces for specific applications, including microelectronics, communication, optical electronics, catalysis, and energy generation and conservation. This book is an essential resource for anyone seeking to further their knowledge of metal oxide thin films and interfaces, including scientists and engineers working on electronic devices and energy systems and those engaged in research into electronic materials. Introduces the theoretical and experimental aspects of epitaxial growth for the benefit of readers new to the field Explores state-of-the-art analysis techniques and their application to interface properties in order to give a fuller understanding of the relationship between macroscopic properties and atomic-scale manipulation Discusses techniques for tailoring thin film interfaces for specific applications, including information, electronics and energy technologies, making this book essential reading for materials scientists and engineers alike

Download or read book A Study of Materials Processing and Device Integration of Halide Perovskites written by Wanliang Tan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite optoelectronic materials based on MAPbI3 (MA: methylammonium) have attracted tremendous interest in recent years. For example, in the photovoltaic field, power conversion efficiencies of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have increased from 3% to more than 23% over the past decade due to the remarkable optoelectronic properties and tolerance for disordered microstructures of these hybrid perovskites. However, their poor environmental and thermal stability remains as their Achilles heel from the point of view of perovskites' commercial application. In this work, firstly, I will focus on the stability study of different types of halide perovskites including MAPbI3, Cs0.17FA0.83Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 and Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3. Replacing the MA+ ion with other cations such as FA+ (FA: formamidinium) and Cs+ while replacing a portion of the iodide anions with Br- or Cl- is a widely-used approach to improve the thermal stability in the presence of water vapor and/or oxygen compared to MAPbI3. We studied the thermal degradation behavior of MAPbI3 using in situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) and found the degradation reaction corresponds to a zeroth order reaction with activation energy 0.92 eV. Then, we studied the thermal degradation of double cation and triple cation perovskites. Properties including the morphology, elemental distribution and optical properties before and after annealing were shown. Activation energies for decomposition for both the double and triple cation perovskite compounds were also extracted from in situ XRD data. For double cation perovskites, we observed zeroth order reaction mechanism and the activation energy is 0.66 eV. For triple cation perovskite, we observed two stage degradation reaction at low temperatures and only one stage at high temperatures. These results are consistent with a water vapor-catalyzed reaction for deprotonation of the organic cations and fomation of volatile HI in these perovskites leading to formation of a lead iodide solid reaction product. Secondly, I will discuss the application of low temperature processed atomic layer deposited (ALD) TiO2 and Al2O3 in perovskite solar cells. We demonstrated that the low temperature processed ALD TiO2 works as both an electron transport material and a protection layer for perovskites. We found that there is potential barrier for electron extraction between the ALD TiO2 and Ag, but no barrier between TiO2 and Al. The interfaces between ALD TiO2 and the metal electrodes were studied using in situ XPS and in situ XRD. We found the potential barrier was about 0.5 eV between Ag and ALD TiO2. Phase change was observed for devices with Ag on top after 8h heating. XPS suggests that Ag could diffuse through the ALD TiO2 and react with the underlying perovskite under heating. With Al as the top electrode, on the other hand, we didn't observe any phase change for devices with Al on top after 8h heating. Nonetheless, in excess of 10% loss in performance was seen after storage in air for one week, which could be due to the oxidation of Al or delamination in the worst case. Finally, we deposited low temperature ALD Al2O3 as an encapsulation layer and the final device showed significant improvement of stability compared to devices without ALD Al2O3. The performance dropped by only 10% after more than 2300 hours stability test in the air. Finally, I will describe the behavior of a new kind of inorganic hole transport layer (HTL) synthesized using atomic layer deposition (ALD). By alloying TiO2 with IrOx in a super-cycle ALD process, we showed that the electron transporting material TiO2 becomes an effective HTL for perovskite solar cells. The composition of this alloy could be easily tuned by changing the cycle ratio of TiO2 and IrOx in each super cycle. The thickness of this alloy could be controlled by changing the super cycle number. With the incorporation of Ir, the work function of the whole system increased a lot from the Scanning Kelvin Probe measurement. The properties of these alloys including composition, UV-visible light transmission, work function and their dependence on Ti--to-Ir ratio were studied. To further explore the utility of this approach, we chose TiO2-IrOxalloy with 15.5% Ir and made perovskite solar cells. The thickness of the alloy film was optimized and the final PSC devices containing this alloy HTL outperforms control devices using conventional NiO as the HTL by more than 10%.

Download or read book Probing Local Heterogeneity in the Optoelectronic Properties of Organic inorganic Perovskites Using Fluorescence Microscopy written by Dane W. De Quilettes and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Crystal Growth of Organic inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites written by David Todd Moore and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this work I present both a phenomenological and fundamental study of the crystallization of the organic-inorganic halide perovskites; this includes determining the overall structural evolution, extraction of kinetic parameters for the primary crystallization step, and establishing several processing-structure relationships. In addition, I will show examples of the application of the primary results to control crystal growth and enhance the material's performance in working devices. The organic-inorganic halide perovskites have shown great promise as a potential next generation photovoltaic (PV) material with device efficiencies exceeding 17%. For the last 2-3 years most research efforts have been dedicated to understanding the general operating principles of perovskite PV devices and engineering better device architectures. Although these efforts have resulted in an unprecedented increase in efficiencies over a very short period of time, many reports point to film or crystal morphology as a limiting factor. In order to control film and crystal growth a better understanding of this systems fundamental crystallization behavior is needed. Employing in-situ wide angle X-ray scattering allowed for the determination of the general evolution of thin films cast from solution. This initial work revealed an Ostwald Step Rule path in which the final perovskite is preceded by a solid-state precursor structure. Understanding the general evolution allowed for monitoring of the precursor-perovskite transition to establish processing-structure relationships. One such relationship is the temperature profile used in the annealing step, optimization of this profile results in better film coverage and better crystal texture, both of which increase device performance. The second major study was to elucidate the disposition of the constituent salts during crystallization and confirmed that all reagent salts are completely dissociated during film formation. This result led to the realization that the crystallization was insensitive to the lead source allowing for manipulation of the system kinetics by using alternate lead compounds. Finally, a study of the kinetics of the precursor-perovskite transition provided for the extraction of the activation energy. Combined with the previous work, the kinetics study gave the insights needed to determine a general formula for the precursor structure as well as a general pathway for the solid-state transformation. The implication of the work presented here is better control of perovskite thin film growth through manipulation of the processing and chemistry employed. Several recent reports, as well as my own experimental results, are beginning to show the value of this understanding through better films, made at lower temperatures and faster times, and providing improved performance in working PV devices.