Download or read book Intercellular Ultrafast Calcium Wave in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells written by Jairo Camilo Quijano Perez and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Vascular Smooth Muscle Calcium Waves in Isolated Arterioles written by Srikanth R. Ella and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The arteriolar myogenic response, described as the ability of arterioles to regulate their diameter to changes in intra-luminal pressure, is prominent in the control of vascular resistance, autoregulation of blood flow and control of capillary hydrostatic pressure. Despite the myogenic response being first reported by Sir William Bayliss in 1902, the exact signaling mechanisms underlying this mechano-transduction process remain uncertain. Ca2+ is clearly an important second messenger involved in initiating and regulating myogenic contraction. The signaling mechanisms responsible for Ca2+ homeostasis, occurring from both the plasmalemmal ion channels and the intracellular stores, and their subsequent effect on arteriolar myogenic response are poorly understood. Changes in intraluminal pressure in pressurized arterioles apply mechanical force (including stretch) to the smooth muscle cell membrane, which activates unknown mechano- transducers that cause membrane depolarization. Subsequent to this the L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) open, leading to Ca2+ entry and activation of a series of signaling pathways that ultimately cause contraction. Apart from the global static elevation in intracellular Ca2+, several other transient Ca2+ events such as sparks, waves, spikes, flashes, sparklets exist in most smooth muscle cells. The relevance of these transient events that may themselves be activated and regulated by intraluminal pressure or by agonist stimulation is still poorly understood. The overall aim of the studies described in this dissertation was to investigate the relationships amongst intraluminal pressure, arteriolar myogenic tone, and transient intracellular Ca2+ regulation with particular emphasis on the mechanisms underlying the generation and propagation of Ca2+ waves. First order arterioles (passive diameter 100 - 200 [mu]m) were dissected from the cremaster muscle tissue of male Sprague Dawley rats. Arterioles were cannulated, pressurized and superperfused with a modified Krebs buffer solution at 34o C and allowed to develop spontaneous myogenic tone. Arterioles were incubated with the Ca2+ sensitive fluorescence indicator, Fluo 4-AM (10 [mu]M) (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen) at room temperature for 1 hour. Arterioles were washed for 30 min with Krebs buffer and allowed to equilibrate and de-esterify the intracellular dye. Some vessels were subjected to removal of the endothelium by passing 0.3% CHAPS through the lumen for 3 minutes followed by a stream of air bubbles to prevent the influence of endothelium dependent factors influencing the smooth muscle. The experiments were conducted in the presence of various pharmacological agents that influence the arteriolar myogenic tone and Ca2+ influx into the cytosol from the plasmalemmal and sarcoplasmic reticulum sources. In initial studies, the effects of intraluminal pressure on Ca2+ waves were examined in the presence and absence of myogenic tone. Increases in intraluminal pressure significantly xvi increased the propagating and regenerative aspects of Ca2+ wave activity, characterized by the number of cells exhibiting waves and the wave frequency, particularly at low pressures. Pharmacological inhibition of myogenic tone by nifedipine (1 [mu]M), adenosine (10 [mu]M) and the MLCK inhibitor ML-7 (10 [mu]M) significantly increased the number of cells exhibiting Ca2+ waves, suggesting that Ca2+ waves are stretch or tension-dependent and exist independently of myogenic tone. Temporal patterns of the waves, assessed by amplitude, rise time, decay time and wave duration were significantly different in the presence and absence of myogenic tone. As Ca2+ influx from the nifedipine sensitive L-type VGCC did not inhibit the Ca2+ wave activity, further studies were conducted to investigate the role of plasmalemmal Ca2+ influx on waves. Pharmacological blockade of the non-selective cation channel family (NSCC) using gadolinium (Gd3+) (10 [mu]M) or SKF-96365 (100 [mu]M) completely abolished the Ca2+ wave activity. This suggests that the Ca2+ influx via the stretch activated channels (SACs)/NSCCs is required for the Ca2+ wave activity. Further, Ca2+ waves were inhibited in the presence of Ca2+-free Krebs containing 2 mM EGTA, and occurred at maximal levels at near physiological extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. Changes in membrane stretch may also be sensed by activation of plasma membrane G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as [alpha]-adrenoceptors. As GPCRs activate phospholipase C (PLC), we observed that U-73122 (5 [mu]M), a potent inhibitor of PLC, abolished the Ca2+ wave activity. Collectively, these data suggest that Ca2+ influx from the SAC/NSCC activated by direct mechanical stretch or by PLC contributes to intracellular Ca2+ wave activity. As Ca2+ waves have been reported to result from cyclical Ca2+ release from the ER/SR, we investigated the exact molecular players involved in the initiation and propagation of Ca2+ waves. Inhibition of the SR Ca2+ ATPase by CPA (30 [mu]M) inhibited the Ca2+ wave activity and increased arteriolar tone. As IP3 produced by the PLC signaling pathway is considered to activate the IP3R, we blocked the IP3R using 2-APB (30 [mu]M) or xestospongin C (10 [mu]M) and inhibited the Ca2+ wave activity. Further, exogenous addition of Bt-IP3 (10 [mu]M) significantly enhanced the Ca2+ wave activity and arteriolar tone. Activation of RyRs using ryanodine (10 [mu]M) increased the global [Ca2+]i and inhibited the Ca2+ waves. However, desensitizing the RyRs by lowering the cytoplasmic Ca2+ content and subsequent activation using ryanodine did not inhibit Ca2+ waves. These data suggest that Ca2+ waves are induced by IP3R activated by the cytosolic IP3 and do not have an absolute requirement for RyR for wave propagation. In addition to studying Ca2+ waves at a mechanistic level, the physiological significance of the Ca2+ waves in the context of arteriolar myogenic reactivity was investigated by assessing temporal aspects of myogenic contraction. Inhibition of Ca2+ waves by ryanodine or xestospongin C decreased the rate of myogenic constriction, while increasing the Ca2+ waves by Bt-IP3 increased the rate of constriction. These data suggest that the presence of Ca2+ waves in arteriolar SMCs provides a basal level of vascular activation, which can be modulated to alter the temporal course of myogenic response. In conclusion, the results of these studies support the pressure-dependency of Ca2+ waves in cremaster muscle arterioles that occur due to Ca2+ entry from the SAC/NSCCs. Ca2+ waves are induced by the IP3R alone and do not require RyR for their propagation. The presence of Ca2+ waves enhances the myogenic reactivity of arterioles. Data presented here improves our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying Ca2+ waves and their possible physiological role. Furthermore, the data also enhances our knowledge of the temporal characteristics of the myogenic response in skeletal muscle arterioles.

Download or read book Regulation of Intracellular Calcium in Isolated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells written by Isabelle Baro-Puigdemasa and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Calcium Dynamics and Intercellular Communication in Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells written by Mathieu Lamboley and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Calcium Signaling In Airway Smooth Muscle Cells written by Yong-Xiao Wang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the role calcium signaling plays in cellular responses in almost all types of cells including airway smooth muscle cells. This universal signaling may result from extracellular calcium influx and/or intracellular calcium release, which are precisely controlled and regulated by ion channels, exchangers and/or transporters on the plasmalemmal or sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. First, several chapters detail calcium release channels (ryanodine receptors and inositol trisphosphate receptors), voltage-dependent potassium channels, transient receptor potential channels, Orai channels, calcium-activated potassium channels, and calcium-activated chloride channels. Well-characterized sodium-calcium exchangers, voltage-dependent calcium channels, and calcium pumps are described also in depth over many chapters. Ca2+ signaling can be expressed in Ca2+ sparks, waves, oscillations, and global changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Calcium in subcellular compartments (cytosol, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and caveolae) also exhibit dynamic crosstalk. Many molecules including FK506 binding proteins, cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose, reactive oxygen species, RhoA kinases, caveolin and integrins can modify and induce spatial, temporal and compartmental variations of calcium signaling. In addition, calcium signaling can exhibit sex hormone- and age-dependent changes. A number of chapters are dedicated to covering these diverse formats, spatiotemporal characteristics, multifaceted network and mathematical modeling of Ca2+ signaling. Neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and other stimuli may lead to multiple cellular responses by inducing Ca2+ signaling in airway smooth muscle cells. Increasing evidence suggests that Ca2+ pumps and canonical transient receptor potential channels are essential for airway smooth muscle remodeling. Accordingly, several chapters summarize recent advances in the studies of the key role of calcium signaling in physiological cellular responses as well as the development of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory disorders.

Download or read book Calcium Dynamics and Intercellular Communication in Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells in Vitro written by Nadia Halidi and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Calcium Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells as Affected by Factors Imortant in Atherogenesis written by Smadar A. Lapidot and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Excitation Contraction Coupling and Cardiac Contractile Force written by Donald Bers and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How is the heartbeat generated? What controls the strength of contraction of heart muscle? What are the links between cardiac structure and function? How does our understanding of skeletal and smooth muscle and non-muscle cells influence our thinking about force development in the heart? Are there important species differences in how contraction is regulated in the heart? How do the new molecular data fit together in understanding the heart beat? What goes wrong in ischemia, hypertrophy, and heart failure? This book paints a modern `portrait' of how the heart works and in this picture the author shows a close-up of the structural, biochemical, and physiological links between excitation and contraction. The author takes the reader through a series of important, interrelated topics with great clarity and continuity and also includes many useful illustrations and tables. The book starts by considering the cellular structures involved in excitation-contraction coupling and then described the characteristics of the myofilaments as the end effector of excitation-contraction coupling. A general scheme of calcium regulation is described and the possible sources and sinks of calcium are discussed in simple, but quantitative terms. The cardiac action potential and its many underlying currents are reviewed. Then the characteristics of some key calcium transport systems (calcium channels, sodium/calcium exchange and SR calcium uptake and release) are discussed in detail. This is then built into a more integrated picture of calcium regulation in succeeding chapters by detailed discussions of excitation-calcium coupling mechanisms (in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle), the interplay between calcium regulatory processes, and finally mechanisms of cardiac inotropy, calcium overload, and dysfunction (e.g., ischemia, hypertrophy, and heart failure). Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Cardiac Contractile Force – Second Edition is an invaluable source of information for anyone who is interested in how the heart beat is controlled and especially suited for students of the cardiovascular system at all levels from medical/graduate students through senior investigators in related fields.

Download or read book Uncommon Causes of Stroke written by Julien Bogousslavsky and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-05-24 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential resource for diagnosis and treatment of stroke patients outside the usual clinical categories.

Download or read book Basic Sciences for MCEM written by Chetan Trivedy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-05-15 with total page 771 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a dedicated resource for those sitting the Part A of the MCEM (Membership of the College of Emergency Medicine) examination. It forms an essential revision guide for emergency trainees who need to acquire a broad understanding of the basic sciences, which underpin their approach to clinical problems in the emergency department. Common clinical scenarios are used to highlight the essential underlying basic science principles, providing a link between clinical management and a knowledge of the underlying anatomical, physiological, pathological and biochemical processes. Multiple choice questions with reasoned answers are used to confirm the candidates understanding and for self testing. Unlike other recent revision books which provide MCQ questions with extended answers, this book uses clinical cases linked to the most recent basic science aspects of the CEM syllabus to provide a book that not only serves as a useful revision resource for the Part A component of the MCEM examination, but also a unique way of understanding the processes underlying common clinical cases seen every day in the emergency department. This book is essential for trainees sitting the Part A of the MCEM exam and for clinicians and medical students who need to refresh their knowledge of basic sciences relevant to the management of clinical emergencies.

Download or read book Drug Discovery and Evaluation written by Hans G. Vogel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 790 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reference book contains a comprehensive selection of the most frequently used assays for reliably detecting pharmacological effects of potential drugs, including tests for cardiovascular, analgesic, psychotropic, metabolic, endocrine, respiratory, renal, and immunomodulatory activities. Each of the over 700 assays comprises a detailed protocol with the purpose and rationale of the method, a description of the experimental procedure, a critical assessment of the results and their pharmacological and clinical relevance, and pertinent references. Identification of specific tests is facilitated by the enclosed CD-ROM which allows for a quick and full text research. An appendix with guidelines and legal regulations for animal experiments in various countries will help to plan these experiments properly in accordance with the welfare of laboratory animals.

Download or read book The LINC Complex written by Gregg G. Gundersen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cerebral Vasospasm written by R.W. Seiler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cerebral vasospasm remains a major clinical problem in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroprotection with calcium antagonists, hemodynamic therapy and interventional angioplasty have an established role in the management of this disease, but an effective single drug for prevention or treatment of the vasospasm is still lacking. This book contains selected contributions to the 7th International Conference on Cerebral Vasospasm held in Interlaken, Switzerland, in June 2000. Part I of the book concentrates on basic science and experimental vasospasm. The molecular biology of vasospasm, the role of endothelin and nitric oxide as well as the potential of gene therapy are presented. Part II concentrates on the diagnosis and therapy of clinical vasospasm. New diagnostic tools are presented, including diffusion and perfusion-weighted MRI, MR spectroscopy and microdialysis with metabolic monitoring. Leaders in the field discuss the current indications and results of endovascular treatment of cerebral vasospasm. The latter chapters are devoted to the treatment of clinical vasospasm with new drugs and to the prevention and treatment of ischemic deficits with neuroprotective drugs and hemodynamic therapy. The book provides the state-of-the-art in the major subjects of the molecular biology of vasoconstriction and experimental vasospasm as well as the diagnosis and treatment of clinical vasospasm.

Download or read book Cellular Oscillatory Mechanisms written by Miguel Maroto and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-19 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oscillatory dynamics are a central feature of a wide range of biological processes. This text fully explores cellular oscillations, focusing particularly on elucidating the basic mechanisms that underlie these oscillations.

Download or read book Wound Care written by Carrie Sussman and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2007 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed for health care professionals in multiple disciplines and clinical settings, this comprehensive, evidence-based wound care text provides basic and advanced information on wound healing and therapies and emphasizes clinical decision-making. The text integrates the latest scientific findings with principles of good wound care and provides a complete set of current, evidence-based practices. This edition features a new chapter on wound pain management and a chapter showing how to use negative pressure therapy on many types of hard-to-heal wounds. Technological advances covered include ultrasound for wound debridement, laser treatments, and a single-patient-use disposable device for delivering pulsed radio frequency.

Download or read book Cardiovascular Computing Methodologies and Clinical Applications written by Spyretta Golemati and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-12 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive guide to the state-of-the-art in cardiovascular computing and highlights novel directions and challenges in this constantly evolving multidisciplinary field. The topics covered span a wide range of methods and clinical applications of cardiovascular computing, including advanced technologies for the acquisition and analysis of signals and images, cardiovascular informatics, and mathematical and computational modeling.