Download or read book Interactions of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus with Innate Immune Responses written by Sang-Myeong Lee and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: North American field isolates of PRRSV differed in their type I IFN response with respect to induction, sensitivity and suppression. Furthermore, one PRRSV isolate strongly enhanced polyI:C - induced IFN-[alpha] production in PAM cultures and this priming effect was suppressed by other PRRSV isolates. PRRSV activates NF-[kappa]B which is a critical regulator of innate and adaptive immune function. NF-[kappa]B activation was dependent on virus replication and I[kappa]B[alpha] degradation. ROS production was involved in NF-[kappa]B activation by PRRSV. NF-[kappa]B dependent expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 suggested a possible role of the NF-[kappa]B pathway in PRRSV pathogenesis and the immune response. PRRSV infection induced both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways and linked these two pathways via Bid cleavage by caspase-8. While apoptosis was significantly suppressed by caspase inhibitors, the same inhibitors did not affect PRRSV replication. This study also provided evidence of a possible involvement of NF-[kappa]B and ROS in apoptosis induced by PRRSV.
Download or read book Mechanisms of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus PRRSV Control of the Host Innate Immune Response written by Christopher Overend and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pathogenic mechanism of porcine viral disease written by Mengmeng Zhao and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-09-30 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Swine virus diseases pose a significant threat to the pig industry due to their highly contagious nature and ability to cause immense harm. Once a pig is infected, the risk extends to the entire farm or even a larger area. In recent years, there has been an emergence and re-emergence of disease pathogens that have been able to overcome existing immune defense mechanisms through continuous recombination and evolution. As a result, current immune prevention and control measures have become ineffective. Notable examples of these diseases include African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV). These viruses constantly mutate under various selection pressures, including immunity within the host body and vaccine-induced immunity. Furthermore, with the increase in international trade, the spread of these viruses has become more rapid and extensive. Moreover, it is worth noting that similar virus strains originating from different regions have the potential to undergo recombination, resulting in the emergence of recombinant mutant strains. These mutant strains can pose a challenge to existing immune prevention and control measures, thereby adding complexity to the ongoing efforts in disease prevention and control.
Download or read book Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome New Insights for the Healthcare Professional 2012 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-12-10 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional / 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome in a compact format. The editors have built Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional / 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional / 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Download or read book Veterinary Vaccines written by R. Pandey and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vaccines have historically been considered to be the most cost-effective method for preventing communicable diseases. It was a vaccine that enabled global eradication of the dreaded disease smallpox. Mass immunization of children forms the anchor of the strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO) to attain "health for all" status by the year 2000. Vaccinology is undergoing a dimensional change with the advances that have taken place in immunology and genetic engineering. Vaccines that confer short or inadequate immunity or that have side effects are being replaced by better vaccines. New vaccines are being developed for a variety of maladies. Monoclonal antibodies and T cell clones have been employed to delineate the immunodeterminants on microbes, an approach elegantly complemented by computer graphics and molecular imaging techniques. Possibilities have opened for obtaining hitherto scarce antigens of parasites by the DNA recombinant route. Better appreciation of the idiotypic network has aroused research on anti idiotypic vaccines. Solid-phase synthesis of peptides is leading to an array of synthetic vaccines, an approach that is expected to attain its full potential once the sequences activating suppressor cells are discovered and the rules for presentation of antigens to T and B cells are better worked out. A new breed of vaccines is on the horizon that seeks to control fertility. Originally conceived to intercept a step in the reproductive process, they are conceptual models for developing approaches to regulate the body's internal processes.
Download or read book Cell mediated Immunity to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Swine written by Elida Margoth Bautista and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Molecular Basis of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus mediated Innate Immune Suppression written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Veterinary Vaccines written by Samia Metwally and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-01 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a concise and authoritative reference on the use of vaccines against diseases of livestock Compiled by Senior Animal Health Officers at The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and with contributions from international leading experts, Veterinary Vaccines: Principles and Applications is a concise and authoritative reference featuring easily readable reviews of the latest research in vaccinology and vaccine immune response to pathogens of major economic impact to livestock. It covers advice and recommendations for vaccine production, quality control, and effective vaccination schemes including vaccine selection, specifications, vaccination programs, vaccine handling in the field, application, failures, and assessment of herd protection. In addition, the book presents discussions on the current status and potential future developments of vaccines and vaccination against selected transboundary animal diseases. Provides a clear and comprehensive guide on using veterinary vaccines to protect livestock from diseases Teaches the principles of vaccinology and vaccine immune response Highlights the vaccine production schemes and standards for quality control testing Offers easy-to-read reviews of the most current research on the subject Gives readers advice and recommendations on which vaccination schemes are most effective Discusses the today’s state of vaccines and vaccination against selected transboundary animal diseases as well as possible future developments in the field Veterinary Vaccines: Principles and Applications is an important resource for veterinary practitioners, animal health department officials, vaccine scientists, and veterinary students. It will also be of interest to professional associations and NGO active in livestock industry.
Download or read book Antiviral Strategies written by Hans-Georg Kräusslich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-02 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A crucial issue for antiviral therapy is the fact that all antiviral substances rapidly select for resistance; thus, monitoring and overcoming resistance has become a most important clinical paradigm of antiviral therapy. This calls for cautious use of antiviral drugs and implementation of combination therapies. In parallel, efforts in drug discovery have to be continued to develop compounds with novel mode-of-action and activity against resistant strains. This book reviews the current status of antiviral therapy, from the roads to development of new compounds to their clinical use and cost effectiveness. Individual chapters address in more detail all available drug classes and outline new approaches currently under development.
Download or read book Innate Immune Modulation and Pathogenic Basis for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus written by Hanzhong Ke and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Novel Pathogenic Mechanisms of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus written by Rui Guo and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a tremendous economic loss in swine industry worldwide. The capabilities to evade host immune responses and to establish persistent infection are the two hallmark features of PRRSV infection. In this dissertation, the research was mainly focused on investigating the novel mechanisms underlying PRRSV transmission and persistence. In chapter 2, the research was focused on an alternative pathway of PRRSV intercellular transmission. Our data showed that intercellular nanotube connections can be utilized for cell-to-cell spreading the core infectious viral machinery (viral RNA, certain replicases and structural proteins) of PRRSV. Live-cell movies tracked the intercellular transport of a recombinant PRRSV that expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged nsp2 in a receptor-independent manner. The cytoskeleton proteins F-actin and myosin-IIA were identified as co-precipitates with PRRSV nanotube associated proteins. Drugs inhibiting actin polymerization or myosin-IIA activation prevented nanotube formations and viral clusters in virus-infected cells. These data lead us to propose that PRRSV utilizes the host cell cytoskeletal machinery inside nanotubes for efficient cell-to-cell spread. This form of virus transport represents an alternative pathway for virus spread, which is resistant to the host humoral immune response. In chapter 3, we further showed that PRRSV infection could induce the formation of nanotubes between infected and uninfected cells following a ROS-dependent nanotube formation model. Co-culturing PRRSV-infected cells with uninfected cells rescued PRRSV-induced cell death. Mitochondrion was observed transferring from uninfected to PRRSV-infected cells. Importantly, impaired formation of nanotube or defective mitochondrion was unable to rescue infected cells from apoptosis/necrosis. Certain PRRSV proteins were detected to associate with mitochondria and transport from infected to uninfected cells through TNTs. Our results suggest that TNTs-transfer of functional mitochondria rescued PRRSV-infected cells from apoptosis/necrosis in the early stage of infection. On the other hand, mitochondria could be utilized as a cargo to transport viral materials for spreading the infection. In chapter 4, a novel mechanism s of PRRSV persistent infection has been studied. In this study, a cellular model of persistent infection was established. Strand-specific quantitative RT-PCR and RNase I treatment analysis showed that double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) conformation existed in persistently infected cells. This data has been further confirmed in vivo by performing two independent PRRSV persistence studies. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that viral dsRNAs were detected aggregating inside the germinal centers of tonsils and lymph nodes from PRRSV persistence pigs, but RNA array analysis further showed that dsRNA in lymphoid tissues had limited ability to stimulate host antiviral responses during persistent infection stage. These results suggest that the PRRSV dsRNA functions as a mediator for viral persistence. The viral dsRNA persistence in germinal centers of lymphoid tissues may reveal a novel mechanism for PRRSV to escape antiviral immune responses. In summary, this study investigated two novel pathogenic mechanisms of PRRSV infection, which could provide insights on the development of effective control strategies.
Download or read book Polymicrobial Diseases written by Kim A. Brogden and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymicrobial diseases, those involving more than one etiologic agent, are more common than is generally realized and include respiratory diseases, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, hepatitis, periodontal diseases, multiple sclerosis, genital infections, intra -- abdominal infections, and pertussis.
Download or read book Adaptation of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus to Modifications in CD163 written by Naemi Shadipeni and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically important disease of pigs caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a virus endemic to most pork producing countries. CD163, a surface receptor expressed on porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) is required for infection. Genetically modified pigs with a complete CD163 knock out are non-permissive for PRRSV infection. CD163 is also involved in the regulation of the innate immune response and the removal of hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes. Therefore, genetically modified pigs lacking complete CD163 may suffer health consequences. Scavenger receptor cysteine rich domain 5 (SRCR5), one of the nine extracellular domains of CD163, forms the point of interaction between CD163 and PRRSV. Mutations in domain 5 were created by inserting proline-arginine (PR) dipeptides in the SRCR5 genome along the domain 5 polypeptide. Constructs were expressed in HEK cells and infected with PRRSV. Mutations were placed in three groups: 1) infection levels similar to WT-CD163; 2) mutations that produced a severe effect on infection; and 3) mutations that resulted in a moderate reduction of infection. The hypothesis tested in this project is that serially passaging PRRSV on HEK cells expressing modifications on SRCR5 of CD163 will result in adaptation of viruses to the CD163 modifications. Furthermore, adaption will be the result of mutations in PRRSV surface envelope glycoproteins, GP2, GP3 or GP4. To test this hypothesis, PRRSV was repeatedly passaged in cells expressing modifications in CD163. Viral sequences were analyzed for the presence of mutations and viral growth patterns were assessed. After six passages, adaptations to PR-22 and PR-58 mutant CD163 constructs were located in non-surface region of the PRRSV matrix (M) protein. The mutation in PR-22 was a threonine to isoleucine substitution at position 141 (T141I) in the endodomain region. The mutation in PR-58 was a tyrosine to histidine substitution at position 86 (Y86H) in the third transmembrane domain region of M. The results show that mutations in PRRSV occur in response to serial passage on cells expressing modified CD163 proteins; however, mutations were not located in the surface glycoproteins, but in the nonglycosylated M protein.
Download or read book Immune Response of Swine to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Laboratory and Field Studies written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Studies on the Interaction Between Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Its Natural Host Cell written by Wei Yu Chen and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Contribution of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Minor Glycoproteins to the Induction of a Protective Immune Response written by Kathryn A. Kimpston-Burkgren and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major pathogen affecting most swine producing countries. With costs associated with PRRSV losses and the prevention of PRRSV reaching upwards of one billion dollars per year in the United States alone, PRRSV is the most economically significant swine pathogen of the last three decades. The widespread distribution of PRRSV and the diversity of the virus, as well as the lack of a broadly protective vaccine, have made PRRSV difficult to control. The protective epitopes that are targeted by the host immune response remain poorly understood and this is an area of PRRSV research that could have a large impact on the development of a broadly protective vaccine. Proteins that interact with the host cell receptors and determine cell tropisms are of particular interest because such proteins have the potential to have conserved epitopes. In the case of PRRSV, the minor glycoprotein heterotrimer composed of GP2, GP3, and GP4, interacts with the major cellular receptor for PRRSV. The objective of this dissertation was to characterize the role of the minor glycoproteins of PRRSV in the induction of protective immunity. Heterologous prime-boost immunization with GP3 expressed in viral vectors was able to induce the production of specific antibodies and an anamnestic response after challenge, but this translated to minimal protection in vivo. The generation of a PRRSV-1/PRRSV-2 chimeric virus, expressing the minor glycoproteins of a PRRSV-2 strain in a biologically relevant form, was able to induce neutralizing antibodies and GP2, GP3, and GP4 specific T cell responses which provided partial protection against challenge with the PRRSV-2 strain. A subtractive immunization protocol in mice was utilized to further confirm the ability of the minor glycoproteins to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies. The results in this dissertation confirm that the minor glycoproteins are an important target of the protective immune response and can aid in the development of an optimal vaccine against PRRSV.
Download or read book Host virus Interactions in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection written by George Edwin Peter Sorensen and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
