Download or read book Interactions of Drugs Biologics and Chemicals in U S Military Forces written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-12-13 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Acquisition of Drugs and Biologics for Chemical and Biological Warfare Defense Department of Defense Interactions with the Food and Drug Administration written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical and biological threats confront U.S. military personnel today both overseas and in the continental United States, whether in defensive, peacekeeping, or offensive situations. Defenses against such threats are both medical and nonmedical. Drugs and biologics, mainly vaccines, constitute the primary medical defenses. Consequently, efforts of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) to protect American troops require the acquisition of drugs and biologics for chemical and biological warfare (CBW) defense. The objective of this acquisition, as is the case for other acquisitions, is to obtain the desired supply of a given product at an acceptable price. This study includes both drugs and biologics, but it emphasizes the latter (mainly focusing on vaccines, a subset of biologics). Vaccines provide advanced protection against biological warfare threats via immunization of at-risk troops and prior protection is a high priority within DoD. In contrast, drugs are useful mainly in treating already-exposed troops. Vaccine development is also more complicated than drug development because it typically involves manipulating live organisms, whereas drugs consist of more-stable chemical entities. DoD has two distinct roles during the acquisition of drugs and biologics for CBW defense: purchaser and developer. As purchaser of a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for which a commercial market exists, DoD simply buys what it needs at the market price; DoD acquisition of influenza vaccine is a good example of this.
Download or read book The Acquisition of Drugs and Biologics for Chemical and Biological Warfare Defense written by Richard A. Rettig and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2003 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1990-1991 Gulf War made clear the U.S. Department of Defense's (DoD's) need to effectively acquire drugs and biologics, mainly vaccines, as American troops faced the real threat of chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agents being used in combat. More than a decade after the war, DoD still experiences acute obstacles in obtaining CBW defense supplies. In response, the authors look at the department's relationship with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and suggest ways to improve it through such means as centralizing the department's acquisition authority and further educating DoD personnel.
Download or read book Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U S Forces written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nine years after Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm (the Gulf War) ended in June 1991, uncertainty and questions remain about illnesses reported in a substantial percentage of the 697,000 service members who were deployed. Even though it was a short conflict with very few battle casualties or immediately recognized disease or non-battle injuries, the events of the Gulf War and the experiences of the ensuing years have made clear many potentially instructive aspects of the deployment and its hazards. Since the Gulf War, several other large deployments have also occurred, including deployments to Haiti and Somalia. Major deployments to Bosnia, Southwest Asia, and, most recently, Kosovo are ongoing as this report is written. This report draws on lessons learned from some of these deployments to consider strategies to protect the health of troops in future deployments. In the spring of 1996, Deputy Secretary of Defense John White met with leadership of the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine to explore the prospect of an independent, proactive effort to learn from lessons of the Gulf War and to develop a strategy to better protect the health of troops in future deployments.
Download or read book Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U S Forces written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-03-17 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk management is especially important for military forces deployed in hostile and/or chemically contaminated environments, and on-line or rapid turn-around capabilities for assessing exposures can create viable options for preventing or minimizing incapaciting exposures or latent disease or disability in the years after the deployment. With military support for the development, testing, and validation of state-of-the-art personal and area sensors, telecommunications, and data management resources, the DOD can enhance its capabilities for meeting its novel and challenging tasks and create technologies that will find widespread civilian uses. Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces assesses currently available options and technologies for productive pre-deployment environmental surveillance, exposure surveillance during deployments, and retrospective exposure surveillance post-deployment. This report also considers some opportunities for technological and operational advancements in technology for more effective exposure surveillance and effects management options for force deployments in future years.
Download or read book Toxicologic Assessment of the Army s Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-06-30 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. Army conducted atmospheric dispersion tests in many American cities using fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) to develop and verify meteorological models to estimate the dispersal of aerosols. Upon learning of the tests, many citizens and some public health officials in the affected cities raised concerns about the health consequences of the tests. This book assesses the public health effects of the Army's tests, including the toxicity of ZnCdS, the toxicity of surrogate cadmium compounds, the environmental fate of ZnCdS, the extent of public exposures from the dispersion tests, and the risks of such exposures.
Download or read book Gulf War Illness and the Health of Gulf War Veterans written by United States. Department of Veterans Affairs. Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Questions surrounding Gulf War illness and other health problems resulting from service in the 1990-1991 Gulf War have long plagued veterans and government officials. This 450-page report brings together for the first time the full range of scientific research and government investigations on Gulf War illness. The comprehensive analysis resolves many questions about what caused Gulf War illness and what should be done to address this serious condition, which affects at least one in four Gulf War veterans.--Publisher description.
Download or read book Protecting Our Forces written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-10-25 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases continue to pose a substantial threat to the operational capacity of military forces. Protecting Our Forces reviews the process by which the U.S. military acquires vaccines to protect its warfighters from natural infectious disease threats. The committee found that poorly aligned acquisition processes and an inadequate commitment of financial resources within the Department of Defense vaccine acquisition process â€" rather than uncleared scientific or technological hurdles â€" contribute to the unavailability of some vaccines that could protect military personnel and, implicitly, the welfare and security of the nation. Protecting Our Forces outlines ways in which DoD might strengthen its acquisition process and improve vaccine availability. Recommendations, which include combining all DoD vaccine acquisition responsibilities under a single DoD authority, cover four broad aspects of the acquisition process: (1) organization, authority, and responsibility; (2) program and budget; (3)manufacturing; (4) and the regulatory status of special-use vaccines.
Download or read book Improving the Presumptive Disability Decision Making Process for Veterans written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-05-15 with total page 813 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States has long recognized and honored the service and sacrifices of its military and veterans. Veterans who have been injured by their service (whether their injury appears during service or afterwards) are owed appropriate health care and disability compensation. For some medical conditions that develop after military service, the scientific information needed to connect the health conditions to the circumstances of service may be incomplete. When information is incomplete, Congress or the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) may need to make a "presumption" of service connection so that a group of veterans can be appropriately compensated. The missing information may be about the specific exposures of the veterans, or there may be incomplete scientific evidence as to whether an exposure during service causes the health condition of concern. For example, when the exposures of military personnel in Vietnam to Agent Orange could not be clearly documented, a presumption was established that all those who set foot on Vietnam soil were exposed to Agent Orange. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee was charged with reviewing and describing how presumptions have been made in the past and, if needed, to make recommendations for an improved scientific framework that could be used in the future for determining if a presumption should be made. The Committee was asked to consider and describe the processes of all participants in the current presumptive disability decision-making process for veterans. The Committee was not asked to offer an opinion about past presumptive decisions or to suggest specific future presumptions. The Committee heard from a range of groups that figure into this decision-making process, including past and present staffers from Congress, the VA, the IOM, veterans service organizations, and individual veterans. The Department of Defense (DoD) briefed the Committee about its current activities and plans to better track the exposures and health conditions of military personnel. The Committee further documented the current process by developing case studies around exposures and health conditions for which presumptions had been made. Improving the Presumptive Disability Decision-Making Process for Veterans explains recommendations made by the committee general methods by which scientists, as well as government and other organizations, evaluate scientific evidence in order to determine if a specific exposure causes a health condition.
Download or read book Department of Defense Appropriations for 1999 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on National Security and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 1230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Department of Defense Appropriations for 1999 Commanders in chief Central Command and European Command written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on National Security and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 1200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Gulf War and Health written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-12-22 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases have been a problem for military personnel throughout history. The consequences in previous conflicts have ranged from frequent illnesses disrupting daily activities and readiness to widespread deaths. Preventive measures, early diagnosis, and treatment greatly limit the exposures and acute illnesses of troops today in comparison with those in armies of the past, but infections and consequent acute illnesses still occur. Thousands of US veterans of the Persian Gulf War have reported an array of unexplained illnesses since the war ended in 1991. Many veterans have believed that the illnesses were associated with their military service in southwest Asia during the war. This volume of Gulf War and Health evaluates the scientific literature on chemical, biologic, and physical agents to which military personnel in the gulf were potentially exposed and possible long-term adverse health outcomes.
Download or read book Toward Environmental Justice written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-03-25 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Driven by community-based organizations and supported by a growing body of literature, the environmental justice movement contends that poor and minority populations are burdened with more than their share of toxic waste, pesticide runoff, and other hazardous byproducts of our modern economic life. Is environmental degradation worse in poor and minority communities? Do these communities suffer more adverse health effects as a result? The committee addresses these questions and explores how current fragmentation in health policy could be replaced with greater coordination among federal, state, and local parties. The book is highlighted with case studies from five locations where the committee traveled to hear citizen and researcher testimony. It offers detailed examinations in these areas: Identifying environmental hazards and assessing risk for populations of varying ethnic, social, and economic backgrounds, and the need for methodologies that uniquely suit the populations at risk. Identifying basic, clinical, and occupational research needs and meeting challenges to research on minorities. Expanding environmental education from an ecological focus to a public health focus for all levels of health professionals. Legal and ethical aspects of environmental health issues. The book makes recommendations to decision-makers in the areas of public health, research, and education of health professionals and outlines health policy considerations.
Download or read book Gulf War and Health written by Committee on Health Effects Associated with Exposures During the Gulf War and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-12-12 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The men and women who served in the Gulf War theater were potentially exposed to a wide range of biological and chemical agents. Gulf War and Health: Volume 1 assesses the scientific literature concerning the association between these agents and the adverse health effects currently experienced by a large number of veterans.
Download or read book Report of the Special Investigation Unit on Gulf War Illnesses written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Special Investigation Unit on Gulf War Illnesses and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Report of the Special Investigation Unit on Gulf War Illnesses Without special title written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Special Investigation Unit on Gulf War Illnesses and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-11-30 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomonitoring—a method for measuring amounts of toxic chemicals in human tissues—is a valuable tool for studying potentially harmful environmental chemicals. Biomonitoring data have been used to confirm exposures to chemicals and validate public health policies. For example, population biomonitoring data showing high blood lead concentrations resulted in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) regulatory reduction of lead in gasoline; biomonitoring data confirmed a resultant drop in blood lead concentrations. Despite recent advances, the science needed to understand the implications of the biomonitoring data for human health is still in its nascent stages. Use of the data also raises communication and ethical challenges. In response to a congressional request, EPA asked the National Research Council to address those challenges in an independent study. Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals provides a framework for improving the use of biomonitoring data including developing and using biomarkers (measures of exposure), research to improve the interpretation of data, ways to communicate findings to the public, and a review of ethical issues.
