Download or read book Integration of Cultural Practices and Herbicide resistant Crop Technologies for the Management of Glyphosate resistant Waterhemp in Soybean written by John Lawrence Schultz and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer) is the most prominent and troublesome weed in agronomic crops in Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois. As of 2014 in the U.S., herbicide resistance was present in waterhemp to one or more of the following herbicide modes of action: growth regulators, EPSPS-, acetolactate synthase (ALS)-, protoporphyrinogen (PPO)-, photosystem II (PSII)-, and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides. The objectives of this research were 1) determine the effect of cultural and herbicidal control methods on resistant waterhemp in glufosinate-resistant soybean, 2) evaluate weed management programs and response of HPPD-resistant soybean to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides, and 3) investigate the distribution of herbicide resistances and molecular mechanisms conferring resistance in Missouri waterhemp populations. Results from this research indicate that preemergence followed by postemergence with residual (PRE fb POST w/RES) herbicide programs with 19- or 38-cm rows will provide the greatest glyphosate-resistant (GR) waterhemp control in glufosinate resistant soybean. PRE fb POST programs improved GR waterhemp control and biomass reduction over all one- and two-pass POST programs in HPPD-resistant soybean. The addition of isoxaflutole to PRE treatments in HPPD- resistant soybean was not always necessary to provide high levels of weed control, but incorporating isoxaflutole or mesotrione in PRE fb POST programs allows for a greater diversity of effective herbicide modes of action. Resistance to five major herbicide modes of action was confirmed with at least 52% of 187 waterhemp populations being resistant to two modes of action. Results indicate PRE fb POST programs with multiple, effective modes of action will be necessary to control Missouri waterhemp populations in the future.

Download or read book Integrated Weed Management for Sustainable Agriculture written by Robert Zimdahl and published by Burleigh Dodds Series in Agric. This book was released on 2017-12-14 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Weeds remain a major obstacle to improved yields in agriculture. At the same time, established methods of control are being undermined by problems such as herbicide resistance. This major collection reviews key developments in integrated weed management (IWM) to manage weeds more sustainably.

Download or read book Management of Glyphosate resistant Waterhemp in Corn and Soybean written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Integrating Cover Crops in No till Corn and Soybean to Diversify Herbicide Resistant Weed Management in the Mid Atlantic written by Jess Marie Bunchek and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Widespread adoption of genetically-engineered, herbicide-resistant (HR) crops have simplified crop rotation diversity and the use of single-tactic, herbicide-based weed management programs. These practices have resulted in an HR weed epidemic, where glyphosate-resistant weeds are especially problematic. Glyphosate-resistant weeds like horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.)] and pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) threaten grower productivity and long-term efficacy of common agronomic herbicides. Thus, integrated weed management (IWM) programs that implement both ecological- and herbicide-based tactics are needed in no-till annual grain systems to (1) manage current HR weeds, (2) reduce HR selection pressure for evolution of resistance to other herbicides, (3) preserve effective herbicide technology, (4) enhance environmental stewardship, (5) safeguard soil conservation gains, and (6) maintain farm profits and productivity. To address these goals, we established three field studies at two sites in the Mid-Atlantic and identified combinations of cover crop and herbicide tactics that achieve effective season-long annual weed management, minimize HR selection pressure, and increase sustainability by reducing herbicide inputs. The first two studies assessed the complementarity of cover crops treatments and herbicide programs in corn and soybean, where integrating a cover crop treatment combined with applying a spring, pre-plant burndown herbicide application as well as a POST-emergent application provided the most effective season-long annual weed control. The third study assessed cover crop treatments and varied management practices, such as planting and termination dates, on HR selection pressure reduction at the time of herbicide applications. While cover crops intercepted a portion of the burndown herbicide application from reaching the soil surface, weeds were effectively controlled by the cover crops before the application, thus reducing the HR selection pressure.

Download or read book Herbicide Resistance and World Grains written by Stephen B. Powles and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-03-13 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by experts from across the globe, Herbicide Resistance and World Grains evaluates the weed and herbicide management systems in major world grain crops such as soybean, maize, rice, and canola. The book examines the impact of transgenic crops and new technology on resistance management. It provides background information and offers practical

Download or read book Integrated Weed Management and Herbicide Application Parameters for Herbicide resistant Soybean in Kansas written by Chad Joseph Lammers and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated weed management and herbicide application practices were assessed in field and greenhouse studies to improve weed control in herbicide-resistant soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) grown in Kansas. The field study was conducted to evaluate weed control, soybean yield, and profitability in two herbicide-resistant soybean systems and two row spacings. 2,4-D-, glyphosate-, and glufosinate- resistant (Enlist E3) and isoxaflutole-, glyphosate-, and glufosinate- resistant (LLGT27) soybeans were planted in 38- and 76-cm row spacing for four site-years. Three herbicide treatments were evaluated in each system: pre-emergence herbicide only (PRE), PRE followed by early post-emergence (POST), and POST plus overlapping residual (POR). Weed control was evaluated every 2 weeks after PRE application through R7 soybean. Weed biomass was collected before POST applications and at R7 soybean. Soybean yield was recorded at harvest. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separation. In Ottawa during 2020, POST and POR treatments resulted in ≥ 99% control for all species four WAT, while PRE resulted in ≥ 84% control. Similarly, control at Ashland Bottoms was ≥ 90% for POST and POR treatments, while PRE resulted in 7% for isoxaflutole- 62% for 2,4-D-resistant soybeans. All treatments resulted in ≥ 95% control at Scandia in 2021. Row spacing had a minimal effect on weed control and mixed results for yield. In the greenhouse study, the objective was to determine the effect of herbicide combination, optimize carrier volume, and evaluate weed height on weed control. Co-applications of combinations of 2,4-D choline, glyphosate, and glufosinate were applied in carrier volumes of 93-, 140-, and 187- L ha−1to 5-, 10-, and 20-cm Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.). Visual ratings and above ground biomass were collected four weeks after treatment. Water-sensitive paper was also sprayed with the same herbicide combinations and carrier volumes to evaluate differences in spray coverage. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separation. Carrier volume did not affect Palmer amaranth or large crabgrass control. Control of 5-, 10-, and 20-cm Palmer amaranth was 100%, ≥ 91%, and 6.7 to 79%, respectively, and variation was caused by the herbicide combinations. 2,4-D plus glyphosate provided the greatest Palmer amaranth control. Large crabgrass control pooled for both experiments was ≥ 82% when treatments were applied at 5 cm, but control of 10- or 20-cm large crabgrass was reduced to 51 to 56%. There was a carrier volume by herbicide co-application interaction for the number of droplets deposited and percent area covered on water-sensitive paper. Co-applications containing glufosinate had more droplets than those not containing glufosinate. 2,4-D plus glyphosate had the smallest percent area covered, compared to the other herbicide co-applications. Data from the field study confirms that two-pass herbicide programs are superior to PRE- only programs, regardless of the inclusion of a layered residual herbicide. However, this research did not evaluate the impact of layered residual herbicides on weed seed production, which is crucial for long-term weed management. Results from the greenhouse study suggest that under ideal conditions, carrier volume is less important than herbicide combination and weed size for control of Palmer amaranth and large crabgrass.

Download or read book Management of Glyphosate resistant Palmer Amaranth amaranth Palmeri S Watson in Dicamba glyphosate resistant Soybean written by Shawn Thomas McDonald and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While not a historically problematic weed in Nebraska, Palmer amaranth has become increasingly problematic in many agronomic cropping systems. Throughout the state, several cohorts of Palmer amaranth have been found resistant to several different sites of action. Of major concern is a population found resistant to glyphosate the most common post-emergence herbicide in Nebraska. As chemical control methods are the most common forms of weed control throughout the state methods alternatives or enhancements are highly desired. Two field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 at a grower's field near Carleton, Nebraska with the objectives to evaluate the effects of row spacing and herbicide programs and separately analyze the effect of overlapping residual herbicides on control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth, gross profit margin, and benefit-cost ratios of these herbicide programs. Evaluation of the effect on row spacing found no significant effect of narrowing row spacing on control, density, or biomass reduction of GR Palmer amaranth across all herbicide programs. Herbicide program had a higher impact on GR Palmer amaranth control with all PRE fb EPOST except dicamba + chlorimuron/flumioxazin followed by dicamba and all PRE fb EPOST+RH providing greater than 85% control from 14 d after EPOST (DAEPOST) to 36 DAEPOST. Evaluation of overlapping residual herbicides on management of GR Palmer amaranth found that flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone/metribuzin provided 78% to 82% control from 14 DAEPOST to 70 DAEPOST in 2018 and 94% to 98% in 2019. Addition of dicamba + acetochlor EPOST to flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone/metribuzin provided 83% to 96% from 14 DAEPOST to 70 DAEPOST in 2018 and 99% in 2019. As the adoption of new application technologies, herbicide-resistant crops, and alternative weed control methods change with the times, surveys provide insight into changes in weed dynamics and crop production over time. Conducting multiple surveys over the course of several years provides a vital framework in developing future research and extension outreach. During the winter of 2019-2020, a survey of Nebraska stakeholders was carried to quantify crop production, weed control, and management practices throughout the state. In order of importance, Palmer amaranth, horseweed, common waterhemp, kochia, and giant ragweed were ranked the most problematic weeds statewide. Based on survey responses, 27% of respondents, cited integrated weed management systems as the primary concern for future research and extension outreach for the state of Nebraska.

Download or read book Genetically Modified Crops and the New Paradigm for Herbicide Use in Row Crops written by Jerry M. Green and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetically modified glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops quickly revolutionized weed management in row crops in North and South America after their introduction in the mid-1990s. Growers made GR crops the most rapidly adopted technology in the history of agriculture. In the United States, GR soybeans enabled a new use for glyphosate that was effective, easy, economical, and environmentally safe. This use of glyphosate reduced the value of selective herbicides, and in seven years, the number of herbicide actives used on at least 10 % of the soybean acreage in the United States declined from 11 to just 1, glyphosate. Many growers used only glyphosate for weed management, and now GR weeds are widespread and forcing growers to diversify their weed management practices. Weed management experts agree that no single management technology is sustainable when used alone; weeds will eventually adapt. Growers must use more diverse and integrated pest management practices incorporating combinations of the best chemical, crop, and cultural systems. This new paradigm for herbicide use is creating opportunities for new application and formulation technologies.

Download or read book The Economics of Glyphosate Resistance Management in Corn and Soybean Production written by Michael J. Livingston and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glyphosate, known by many trade names, including Roundup, is a highly effective herbicide. Widespread glyphosate use for corn and soybean has led to glyphosate resistance, which is now documented in 14 weed species affecting U.S. cropland, and recent surveys suggest that acreage with glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds is expanding. Data from USDA's Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), along with the Benchmark Study (conducted independently by plant scientists), are used to address several issues raised by the spread of GR weeds. Choices made by growers that could help manage glyphosate resistance include using glyphosate during fewer years, combining it with one or more alternative herbicides, and, most importantly, not applying glyphosate during consecutive growing seasons. As a result, managing glyphosate resistance is more cost effective than ignoring it, and after about 2 years, the cumulative impact of the returns received is higher when managing instead of ignoring resistance.

Download or read book The Distribution and Control of Glyphosate resistant Waterhemp Amaranthus Tuberculatus Var Rudis in Soybean Glycine Max in Ontario written by Mike G. Schryver and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field surveys were conducted in 2014 and 2015 to gain an understanding of the distribution of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp in Ontario. Following the first confirmed case on Walpole Island, Lambton County in 2014, 39 additional glyphosate-resistant populations were discovered in 2015. In addition to glyphosate, waterhemp populations were found to be resistant to group 2 (imazethapyr) and group 5 (atrazine) herbicides in greenhouse experiments at an incidence of 100% and 75%, respectively. Of the 49 collected waterhemp samples, 61% were resistant to all three herbicide groups (2, 5, and 9). In addition, six greenhouse and thirty-six field experiments were conducted over a two-year period (2015 and 2016) at four locations to determine the biologically effective rate of glyphosate, and at two locations to evaluate the efficacy of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides for the control of glyphosate- resistant waterhemp in soybean. Determination of the biologically effective rate of glyphosate revealed a resistance factor in the greenhouse and field of 4.8 and 28, respectively. Among the 14 pre-emergence herbicides available for use in soybean that were tested, pyroxasulfone/flumioxazin, pyroxasulfone/sulfentrazone, and s-metolachlor/metribuzin all provided greater than 90% control. A two- pass weed control strategy was found to be the most efficacious, with a residual pre-emergence herbicide followed by an alternative to glyphosate applied postemergence for waterhemp escapes providing excellent control in all control systems tested.

Download or read book Glyphosate with and Without Residual Herbicides in No till Glyphosate Resistant Soybeans written by Karen Ann Corrigan and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The History of Garden Roses written by Ann P. Wylie and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Interactions Between Glyphosate Fusarium Infection of Waterhemp and Soil Microorganisms written by Kristin K. Rosenbaum and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, an increasing number of weed populations have been characterized with resistance to the herbicide glyphosate. In particular, waterhemp has evolved glyphosate resistance (GR) across numerous soybean fields in Missouri. Therefore research is needed to determine best management practices for GR weed biotypes. The objectives of these experiments were to determine the frequency and distribution of GR waterhemp in Missouri and identify any in-field parameters which could serve as indicators of GR in future crop production systems; determine the effects of various pre-emergence (PRE) and post-emergence (POST) herbicide programs on palmer amaranth and waterhemp control, soybean yield, and net income in conventional, glyphosate-resistant, and glufosinate-resistant soybean production systems; determine the effects of soil microbial and phytopathogen populations on GR and susceptible (GS) waterhemp survival and Fusarium infection; and determine the soil microbial abundance and diversity in soils collected from soybean fields with differences in waterhemp biotypes and herbicide and crop rotation histories. Results from these experiments indicate herbicide programs that contain PRE herbicide treatments provide the best opportunity for season-long control of waterhemp and palmer amaranth, highest grain yields, and highest net returns in the soybean systems evaluated. GR was confirmed in 69% of the total waterhemp populations sampled in Missouri. Additionally, the in-field parameters evaluated suggest that soybean fields containing GR waterhemp were more likely to be free of other weed species, occur where soybeans were continuously cropped, occur where glyphosate was the only herbicide applied for several seasons consecutively, and where waterhemp exhibited signs of surviving herbicide treatment compared to fields characterized with GS waterhemp. Results of the soil study indicate plants are more sensitive to glyphosate in soils with microbial populations compared to those without and that glyphosate may predispose plants to soilborne phytopathogens. The results also suggest continuous use of glyphosate does not significantly affect soil microbial abundance or diversity.

Download or read book Weed Control and Tank mix Interactions in Soybean Resistant to Dicamba Glyphosate and Glufosinate written by Adam Louis Constine and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: XtendFlex® soybean is a new trait platform which confers resistance to three herbicide sites of action that include the active ingredients dicamba, glyphosate, and glufosinate. The ability to use these three herbicides in one system has generated new management questions. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2019 and 2020 to: 1) investigate weed control systems in conventional and no-tillage XtendFlex® soybean, and 2) identify any antagonistic or synergistic responses from herbicide-tank mixtures used in this system. Control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) waterhemp was optimized with PRE flumioxazin followed by (fb) POST glufosinate or dicamba alone or in combination with each other or glyphosate. Two-pass POST systems also controlled GR waterhemp as long as dicamba and/or glufosinate was used in each application. GR horseweed control was exceptional with all herbicide programs evaluated, except glyphosate alone EPOS or POST. Annual grass control was reduced with EPOS and POST glufosinate + dicamba tank-mixtures. In contrast, this combination was often additive or synergistic for both broadleaf and grass weed control in the greenhouse. Several glyphosate + glufosinate combinations were antagonistic, especially with broadleaf weeds. Dicamba + glyphosate was often antagonistic in the greenhouse but was additive or synergistic for GR waterhemp and GR horseweed control in the field. Antagonisms were often observed when all three herbicides were applied together; however, not all antagonisms resulted in poor control. This research provides growers insight into management strategies for various agronomically important weeds in XtendFlex® soybean. .

Download or read book Biology Gene Flow and Management of Glyphosate resistant Common Waterhemp Amaranthus Rudis Sauer in Nebraska written by Debalin Sarangi and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Common waterhemp is the most troublesome weed in the midwestern United States. Growers from Nebraska reported failure to control common waterhemp following sequential applications of glyphosate in glyphosate-tolerant corn and soybean, which led to moderate to severe yield loss; justifying the need to confirm resistance and study the biology and management of common waterhemp. The objectives of this research were: 1) to confirm the presence of glyphosate-resistant (GR) common waterhemp biotypes in Nebraska and to evaluate their sensitivity to herbicides belonging to alternative sites-of-action; 2) to evaluate the response of common waterhemp to water stress; 3) to quantify pollen-mediated gene flow from GR common waterhemp under field conditions; and 4) to evaluate different herbicide programs for season-long control of glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp in glyphosate-tolerant soybean. Greenhouse dose-response studies conducted to evaluate the response of suspected GR common waterhemp biotypes collected from seven eastern Nebraska counties (Antelope, Dodge, Fillmore, Lancaster, Pawnee, Seward, and Washington) revealed that the biotypes were 3- to 39-fold resistant to glyphosate. The GR biotypes also showed a reduced sensitivity to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides (chlorimuron-ethyl, imazamox, imazaquin, imazethapyr, and thifensulfuron-methyl). Experiments conducted to evaluate the response of common waterhemp to water stress suggested that degree and duration of water stress can adversely affect the growth and seed production of common waterhemp. Highest plant height (≥ 150 cm), growth index (≥ 3.8 x 105 cm3), and seed production (> 34,000 seeds plant-1) were recorded with 100% pot water content applied at 2-d intervals. Pollen-mediated gene flow studies from GR to GS biotypes were conducted under field conditions using a Nelder wheel design. Frequency of gene flow was found to be highest (up to 0.77) at the closer distances (0 to 0.1 m); whereas gene flow frequency declined by 50% at

Download or read book Herbicide Resistant Crops written by Stephen O. Duke and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-18 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited by a recognized leader in the field, Herbicide-Resistant Crops is the first book to cover all of the issues related to the controversial topic of herbicide-resistant crops. It provides extensive discussions of the modern biotechnological methods that have been used to develop such crops, and reviews the implications - both positive and negative - of developing crops that are resistant to herbicides. The creation and anticipated applications of specific herbicide-resistant crops are also discussed. In addition, the book covers the potential impact of herbicide-resistant crops on weed management practices and the environment, and presents issues related to the regulation and economics of these crops. The editor has brought together a diverse group of professionals, representing the several distinct areas impacted by the new technology of herbicide-resistant crops. The wide range of viewpoints presented in this book creates a balanced and complete survey, providing a notable contribution to the literature.

Download or read book Dynamics of Early season Weed Management and Soybean Nutrition written by Nick T. Harre and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The popularity of growers using only postemergence (POST) herbicides for weed management in soybean was enabled by the commercialization of glyphosate-resistant soybean. Field experiments were conducted across four sites throughout southern Illinois in 2012 and 2013 to study the influence of early-season weed management strategies on soybean nutrient accumulation, grain yield parameters, and the acquisition of nutrients by broadleaved and grass weeds. Increasing periods of weed competition duration were established by removing weeds at heights of 10, 20, 30 or 45 cm with glyphosate. A weed-free treatment utilizing a comprehensive soil residual and POST herbicide program was included to implement a weed-free comparison. Two standard herbicide management strategies that simulate common grower practices were also evaluated for comparison: flumioxazin PRE followed by glyphosate POST and two sequential POST glyphosate applications. Averaged across all 11 mineral nutrients analyzed in this experiment, broadleaved weeds accumulated 149 and 108% more nutrients than grasses in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Competition from 20-cm weeds reduced the acquisition of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, B, Cu, and Zn by soybean in 2012; these nutrients in addition to K and Mn were reduced by the same level of competition in 2013. N and Fe were the nutrients in soybean most notably impacted by weed interference. Reductions in soybean grain yield were the result of competition with 30-cm weeds in 2012, and 10-cm weeds in 2013; while, both standard herbicide regimens yielded less than the weed-free treatment in 2013 only. Additionally in 2013, average soybean seed weight and grain oil content was reduced when weeds were not removed before a height of 10 and 20 cm, respectively. The rate of decomposition and nutrient release was measured for waterhemp and giant foxtail desiccated by glyphosate at heights of 10, 20, 30, and 45 cm in two southern Illinois soybean fields. Weed biomass was grown under greenhouse conditions to ensure homogeneity and litterbag methodology was utilized to track in situ mass and nutrient losses, expressed as a decay constant (k) regressed over time according to the single exponential decay model. The effect of specie and height both had a strong influence on the intrinsic properties of the weed biomass and the associated rate of decay. Concentrations of the recalcitrant cell wall components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) were generally greatest as weed height (plant age and development) increased and with giant foxtail compared with waterhemp. Ca, Mg, and S concentrations were greater in waterhemp, while N was greater in giant foxtail. N and K concentrations decreased with increasing weed height. After 16 weeks, 10-cm waterhemp and giant foxtail detritus had lost 10 and 12% more mass compared to the 45-cm height. Decomposition rates revealed mass loss was highest for 10-cm waterhemp (kD = 0.022) and lowest for 45-cm giant foxtail (kD = 0.011) and this process was negatively correlated to the overall amount of cell wall constituents (r = -0.73). Nutrient release rates followed a similar trend in that shorter (younger) weeds and waterhemp liberated nutrients more readily. Across all tested plant material, K was the nutrient most rapidly released, whereas, Ca was the most strongly retained nutrient. Although the pressing challenge of managing herbicide-resistant weeds justifies the implementation of early-season weed control tactics, this research suggests there are ancillary benefits that are provided by this strategy. The use of a robust, broad-spectrum soil residual herbicide program in conjunction with timely POST applications provides the foundation for early-season weed management, thereby minimizing non-crop nutrient use and enhancing the nutrient acquisition capacity in soybean. This strategy facilitates more sustainable crop production by requiring fewer supplemental nutritional inputs while also protecting grain yield. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)