Download or read book Integrated Silicon Light Modulator for Fiber optic Interconnects at 1 3 Micron Wavelength written by Brewster Roe Hemenway and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Integrated Silicon based Optical Modulators written by Kensuke Ogawa and published by SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering. This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book discusses the principles and the latest progress of silicon optical modulators as cutting-edge integrated photonic devices on silicon-photonic platforms, which play key roles in modern optical communications with low power consumption, small footprints, and low manufacturing costs. Silicon Mach-Zehnder optical modulators are emphasized as the principal small-footprint optical modulator because of its superior performance in high-speed optical modulation at operational temperatures beyond 100 degrees Celsius without power-consuming thermo-electric cooling in spectral bands over 100 nm"--
Download or read book Advanced Interconnects for ULSI Technology written by Mikhail Baklanov and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-02-17 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Finding new materials for copper/low-k interconnects is critical to the continuing development of computer chips. While copper/low-k interconnects have served well, allowing for the creation of Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) devices which combine over a billion transistors onto a single chip, the increased resistance and RC-delay at the smaller scale has become a significant factor affecting chip performance. Advanced Interconnects for ULSI Technology is dedicated to the materials and methods which might be suitable replacements. It covers a broad range of topics, from physical principles to design, fabrication, characterization, and application of new materials for nano-interconnects, and discusses: Interconnect functions, characterisations, electrical properties and wiring requirements Low-k materials: fundamentals, advances and mechanical properties Conductive layers and barriers Integration and reliability including mechanical reliability, electromigration and electrical breakdown New approaches including 3D, optical, wireless interchip, and carbon-based interconnects Intended for postgraduate students and researchers, in academia and industry, this book provides a critical overview of the enabling technology at the heart of the future development of computer chips.
Download or read book Novel On chip Optical Modulator Designs written by Mohamed Mahmoud Ibrahim Ibrahim Elsayed and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The huge increments in data traffic and communication over the past few decades have pushed the conventional electronic communication systems to their physical limits in terms of data rate, bandwidth and capacity. The continuous shrinking of feature sizes, the increase in the microelectronic integrated circuits complexity, and the increasing demand for higher speeds and data rates have all stimulated seeking new technology to replace the currently present microelectronics industry rather than improving it. Photonics is one of the most likely candidates to answer this pursuit for its compatibility with the fiber optic industry, which has shown a great success in large-scale communication since around 50 years ago. Silicon photonics, in particular, is very interesting for the scientific community for its compatibility with the foundries which are the bases for microelectronic industries around the globe. Advancements in silicon photonic would rather enable the integration of both electronic and optical system components on the same chip, which is a very important step in the transition towards all-optical on-chip systems. The huge interest in silicon photonics over the past two decades has brought forth a number of applications in various fields, such as biosensing, displays, on- and off-chip interconnection, artificial intelligence, internet of things, big data centres, and telecommunications. In practice, there are many ways of realizing and fabricating on-chip silicon waveguides. Ion exchange process is one of the most commonly used techniques in fabricating glass waveguides as it offers ease of application, low cost, and low equipment requirements. Unfortunately, numerical constraints render the modelling of this process challenging due to the presence of computational instabilities at certain conditions. In the first part of this thesis, this issue is worked out by introducing a novel numerical model based on finite element method formulation. In the second part of the thesis, we concentrate on one of the promising applications of silicon photonics, which is the telecommunications. Optical communication systems include many components such as, light sources, photodetectors, multiplexers, filters, resonators, optical interconnects, switches, couplers, splitters, and modulators. The optical modulator is considered the most essential component in an optical communication system as it converts the incoming electric digital data into an optical data stream. Its acts as a binding link between both the optical and electronic domains on the chip. Therefore, electro-optical modulators have gained enormous attention during the past few years. Weak electro-optical effects in intrinsic silicon have stimulated the search for novel materials to be responsible for the modulation of the light beam. Surface plasmon polaritons, which propagate at a metal-dielectric interface, allow the confinement of light in subwavelength dimensions. However, they introduce large losses to the system. Transparent conducting oxides, especially indium tin oxide (ITO), provide metal-like response when exposed to a gating voltage while maintaining lower losses than noble metals. In the second part of the thesis, we propose two novel electro-optical on-chip integrated modulators based on the utilization of ITO as the active material.
Download or read book Harnessing Light written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-09-25 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optical science and engineering affect almost every aspect of our lives. Millions of miles of optical fiber carry voice and data signals around the world. Lasers are used in surgery of the retina, kidneys, and heart. New high-efficiency light sources promise dramatic reductions in electricity consumption. Night-vision equipment and satellite surveillance are changing how wars are fought. Industry uses optical methods in everything from the production of computer chips to the construction of tunnels. Harnessing Light surveys this multitude of applications, as well as the status of the optics industry and of research and education in optics, and identifies actions that could enhance the field's contributions to society and facilitate its continued technical development.
Download or read book Semiconductor Silicon 1994 written by Howard R. Huff and published by The Electrochemical Society. This book was released on 1994 with total page 1284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development of an All Silicon Integrated Optical Modulator for High Speed Data Communications and Sensor Applications written by O. Solgaard and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first generation silicon light intensity modulator had a modulation depth of up to 30% in a bandwidth up to 200 MHz in accordance with the intents of the project, th modulator occupied a small surface area and is fabricated using standard silicon technology, making the modulator suitable for integration with silicon integrated circuits. The second generation of the modulator had several refinements, among which the push-pull design proved to be the most worth while, giving a doubling of the modulation depth. In the design of the modulator special emphasis was put on easy interfacing with fiber optics, and it was demonstrated that the modulator could not only simply and inexpensively be directly coupled to single mode optical fibers (pigtailing), but that the direct coupling of the modulators was more effective and led to a higher modulation index (24%) and lower insertion loss (5dB) even without a anti reflection coating. During the course of the project related areas of interest in device research has been discovered. Among these, electro-optic polymers for high speed modulators and integrated circuit probes have received the most attention so far. A new guest/host system of purely commercially available chemicals had been developed and basic material characteristics in the 1 to 100 GHz are being measured. A more recent research effort that has come out of this project is the investigation of the use of the plasma effect in semiconductors for mode locking of solid state lasers. (aw).
Download or read book Chemical Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 2682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Silicon Photonic Interferometric Modulators written by David Patel and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In recent years, the amount of traffic within data centers has increased to a point where electrical interconnects are being replaced by optical interconnects and pluggable modules. Silicon photonics, which uses the existing CMOS fabrication capabilities to develop integrated photonics, offers the ability to make compact devices in high volume with relatively better yield. This makes it a highly desired platform to develop optical transceivers and components for modern data centers. As such, it has recently reached the production phase of the technology development cycle. This thesis studies several devices that are applicablein leading data centers. A detailed analysis and characterization of a silicon Michelson modulator with short 500 um phase shifters and a low VpiLpi of 0.72 V-cm under reverse bias is presented. The optical modulation of reverse biased p-n and forward biased p-i-n junctions is investigated. For reverse bias operation, it is demonstrated that bandwidth can be increased with lower impedance drivers and the driver impedance limits the bitrate achievable. Furthermore, forward bias operation with pre-emphasized signals is shown to have clean eye diagrams up to 40 Gbps. Energy consumption is estimated for all cases of studies and their trade-offs are explained.The work on modulators is further developed by studying series push-pull traveling wave Mach-Zehnder modulators. Measurements of electrodes is compared with simulation validating the methods of increasing impedance and microwave effective index with T-shaped electrodes. Moreover, designs with two and three level implants are compared and it is concluded with measurements that a two level doping design is as good as the design with three level implants, thus reducing the number of masks and processing steps required. Another variation of modulators is the dual-drive modulators. Here, the spacing between electrodes can lead to coupling, which results in different responses depending on whether the modulator is driven single-endedly or differentially. The electro-optic frequency response of a four-port traveling-wave dual-drive modulator with relatively weak coupling amongst the electrodes is measured. It is shown that the electro-optic frequency response of the Mach-Zehnder modulator can be predicted with a 2x2 cascaded matrix model if the Mach-Zehnder modulator is symmetric and differentially driven. In recent years, the increase in data transfers has demanded that more bits be transmitted and received in a given bandwidth. The design and characterization of a silicon-on-insulator traveling-wave multi-electrode Mach-Zehnder modulator is reported in this thesis. This 2-bit electro-optic digital-to-analog converter is formed by dividing a series push-pull Mach-Zehnder modulator into two segments, one for each bit, thus allowing for PAM-4 modulation without using a digital-to-analog converter. The device is operated at speeds up to 50 Gbaud and thus generating 100 Gbps on a single wavelength without signal processing at the transmitter or the receiver. The pre-forward error correction bit error rate is estimated to be lower than the hard-decision forward error correction threshold of 3.8e-3 over 1 km of standard single-mode fiber.Another component that is crucial in optical networks is the optical switch. The optical switch has numerous applications in protection and restoration as well as in certain modern data center architectures. A 4x4 fully non-blocking crossbar switch fabric based on interferometric thermal phase shifters is developed and reported in this thesis. Here, heating is achieved using resistive elements around the silicon waveguide. Switching times of 5 us and 36 mW power consumption in an individual switching element is measured. As a proof of concept, the quality in degradation of switching is demonstrated by routing an input signal to some of the outputs of the switch." --
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book International Aerospace Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 974 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Optical Imaging and Metrology written by Wolfgang Osten and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-09-10 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive review of the state of the art and advances in the field, while also outlining the future potential and development trends of optical imaging and optical metrology, an area of fast growth with numerous applications in nanotechnology and nanophysics. Written by the world's leading experts in the field, it fills the gap in the current literature by bridging the fields of optical imaging and metrology, and is the only up-to-date resource in terms of fundamental knowledge, basic concepts, methodologies, applications, and development trends.
Download or read book Liquid Crystal on Silicon Devices written by Andrés Márquez and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-11-19 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) has become one of the most widespread technologies for spatial light modulation in optics and photonics applications. These reflective microdisplays are composed of a high-performance silicon complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) backplane, which controls the light-modulating properties of the liquid crystal layer. State-of-the-art LCoS microdisplays may exhibit a very small pixel pitch (below 4 μm), a very large number of pixels (resolutions larger than 4K), and high fill factors (larger than 90%). They modulate illumination sources covering the UV, visible, and far IR. LCoS are used not only as displays but also as polarization, amplitude, and phase-only spatial light modulators, where they achieve full phase modulation. Due to their excellent modulating properties and high degree of flexibility, they are found in all sorts of spatial light modulation applications, such as in LCOS-based display systems for augmented and virtual reality, true holographic displays, digital holography, diffractive optical elements, superresolution optical systems, beam-steering devices, holographic optical traps, and quantum optical computing. In order to fulfil the requirements in this extensive range of applications, specific models and characterization techniques are proposed. These devices may exhibit a number of degradation effects such as interpixel cross-talk and fringing field, and time flicker, which may also depend on the analog or digital backplane of the corresponding LCoS device. The use of appropriate characterization and compensation techniques is then necessary.
Download or read book Optical Engineering written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 912 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publishes papers reporting on research and development in optical science and engineering and the practical applications of known optical science, engineering, and technology.
Download or read book Federal Register written by and published by . This book was released on 1999-07-23 with total page 908 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fiber Optics Engineering written by Mohammad Azadeh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-08-05 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the past few decades, information technologies have been evolving at a tremendous rate, causing profound changes to our world and our ways of life. In particular, fiber optics has been playing an increasingly crucial role within the telecommunication revolution. Not only most long-distance links are fiber based, but optical fibers are increasingly approaching the individual end users, providing wide bandwidth links to support all kinds of data-intensive applications such as video, voice, and data services. As an engineering discipline, fiber optics is both fascinating and challenging. Fiber optics is an area that incorporates elements from a wide range of techno- gies including optics, microelectronics, quantum electronics, semiconductors, and networking. As a result of rapid changes in almost all of these areas, fiber optics is a fast evolving field. Therefore, the need for up-to-date texts that address this growing field from an interdisciplinary perspective persists. This book presents an overview of fiber optics from a practical, engineering perspective. Therefore, in addition to topics such as lasers, detectors, and optical fibers, several topics related to electronic circuits that generate, detect, and process the optical signals are covered. In other words, this book attempts to present fiber optics not so much in terms of a field of “optics” but more from the perspective of an engineering field within “optoelectronics.
Download or read book Japanese Science and Technology 1983 1984 written by United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 1080 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
