Download or read book Integrated Multi Spectral Fluorescence Confocal Microendoscope and Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging System for Tissue Screening written by Houssine Makhlouf and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multi-modality imaging system intended for clinical utilization has been developed. It is constructed around an existing fiber-bundle-based fluorescence confocal microendoscope. Additional imaging modalities have been implemented to expand the capabilities of the system and improve the accuracy of disease diagnosis. A multi-spectral mode of operation is one such modality. It acquires fluorescence images of a biological sample across a spectral range of sensitivity and explores the collected image data at any specified wavelength within that spectral range. Cellular structures can be differentiated according to their spectral properties. The relative distribution and concentration of the different cellular structures can potentially provide useful pathologic information about the imaged tissue. A spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) modality is another imaging technique integrated into the system. It provides a cross-sectional imaging perspective that is comparable to microscopic images obtained from histology slides and complementary to the en face view obtained from the confocal imaging modality. The imaging system uses a parallelized architecture (fiber-optic bundle, line of illumination) to increase the data acquisition speed. A one-dimensional scan is needed to capture 2D images in the confocal modality or a 3D data cube (two spatial dimensions and one spectral dimension) in the multi-spectral mode of operation. No scanning is required to capture a 2D OCT image. The fiber-bundle design is particularly critical for the SDOCT modality as it paves the way to novel fast endoscopic OCT imaging that has a high potential for translation into the clinic. The integrated multi-modality imaging system can readily switch between different imaging modalities, which will make it a powerful diagnostic tool in a clinical environment. It can provide valuable information about the morphology, the spectral and biochemical features, and the macroscopic architecture of tissue. It is believed that fast and accurate disease diagnosis can potentially be made based on all these characteristics.
Download or read book Biomedical Optical Imaging Technologies written by Rongguang Liang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-21 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an introduction to design of biomedical optical imaging technologies and their applications. The main topics include: fluorescence imaging, confocal imaging, micro-endoscope, polarization imaging, hyperspectral imaging, OCT imaging, multimodal imaging and spectroscopic systems. Each chapter is written by the world leaders of the respective fields, and will cover: principles and limitations of optical imaging technology, system design and practical implementation for one or two specific applications, including design guidelines, system configuration, optical design, component requirements and selection, system optimization and design examples, recent advances and applications in biomedical researches and clinical imaging. This book serves as a reference for students and researchers in optics and biomedical engineering.
Download or read book Multi spectral Confocal Microendoscope for In vivo Imaging PHD written by Andrew Robert Rouse and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Full Field Optical Coherence Microscopy written by Arnaud Dubois and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 790 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Full-field optical coherence microscopy (FF-OCM) is an imaging technique that provides cross-sectional views of the subsurface microstructure of semitransparent objects. The technology is based on low-coherence interference microscopy, which uses an area camera for en face imaging of the full-field illuminated object. FF-OCM benefits from the lateral imaging resolution of optical microscopy along with the capacity of optical axial sectioning at micrometer-scale resolution. The technique can be employed in diverse applications, in particular for non-invasive examination of biological tissues. This handbook is the first to be entirely devoted to FF-OCM. It is organized into four parts with a total of 21 chapters written by recognized experts and major contributors to the field. After a general introduction to FF-OCM, the fundamental characteristics of the technology are analyzed and discussed theoretically. The main technological developments of FF-OCM for improving the image acquisition speed and for endoscopic imaging are presented in part II. Extensions of FF-OCM for image contrast enhancement or functional imaging are reported in part III. The last part of the book provides an overview of possible applications of FF-OCM in medicine, biology, and materials science. A comprehensive compilation of self-contained chapters written by leading experts, this handbook is a definitive guide to the theoretical analyses, technological developments, and applications of FF-OCM. Using the rich information the book is replete with, a wide range of readers, from scientists and physicists to engineers as well as clinicians and biomedical researchers, can get a handle on the latest major advances in FF-OCM.
Download or read book Biomedical Optical Imaging written by James G. Fujimoto and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-04-22 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomedical optical imaging is a rapidly emerging research area with widespread fundamental research and clinical applications. This book gives an overview of biomedical optical imaging with contributions from leading international research groups who have pioneered many of these techniques and applications. A unique research field spanning the microscopic to the macroscopic, biomedical optical imaging allows both structural and functional imaging. Techniques such as confocal and multiphoton microscopy provide cellular level resolution imaging in biological systems. The integration of this technology with exogenous chromophores can selectively enhance contrast for molecular targets as well as supply functional information on processes such as nerve transduction. Novel techniques integrate microscopy with state-of-the-art optics technology, and these include spectral imaging, two photon fluorescence correlation, nonlinear nanoscopy; optical coherence tomography techniques allow functional, dynamic, nanoscale, and cross-sectional visualization. Moving to the macroscopic scale, spectroscopic assessment and imaging methods such as fluorescence and light scattering can provide diagnostics of tissue pathology including neoplastic changes. Techniques using light diffusion and photon migration are a means to explore processes which occur deep inside biological tissues and organs. The integration of these techniques with exogenous probes enables molecular specific sensitivity.
Download or read book Development of Dual Modality Optical Imaging Systems Consisting of Optical Coherence Tomography and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy written by Sebina Shrestha and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both morphological and biochemical changes occur in a diseased tissue. As a result, tissue optical response changes with the progression of disease. A single optical imaging modality can assess either morphological or biochemical changes. In order to investigate the development of a disease in detail, both of these characteristics need to be probed simultaneously. Therefore, researchers have been interested in combining different imaging modalities that can provide complementary, morphological and biochemical images. This dissertation focuses on the development of dual-modality systems that incorporate Optical coherence Tomography (OCT) and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) for simultaneous characterization of tissue morphology and its biochemistry. In the first phase of the research, we combined spectral-domain OCT with FLIM that is designed for endogenous emission acquisition. The operating wavelength for OCT and FLIM were 830nm and 355nm, respectively. The maximum field of view (FOV) was 4mmx4mm. The combined system was used to image hamster cheek pouch model for oral cancer in vivo and postmortem human coronary arteries with atherosclerotic plaques ex vivo. Their morphological and endogenous emission images correlation was studied. The evaluation was equivalent to their histopathological analysis. In the second phase of this research, we built a bench-top prototype that comprised of swept source OCT (SSOCT) and a FLIM system with the capability to characterize endogenous and exogenous emissions simultaneously. The swept laser had a sweep rate of 50 kHz and the center wavelength was at 1310nm. FLIM utilized lasers with wavelengths 355nm and 532nm to excite endogenous and exogenous fluorophores, respectively. The maximum FOV was 16mmx16mm. With this system, OCT-FLIM images of a Watanabe rabbit aorta, which was non-specifically tagged with Alexa Fluor 532, were acquired ex-vivo. The results appraised the ability of the system to simultaneously probe the sample's structure, its endogenous emission and the exogenous fluorescence of the dye tagged to it. We hypothesize that the OCT-FLIM imaging tool adds a potential to study the activities of important non-fluorescing molecules in an artery while relating the analysis to its morphology and biochemistry. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/155617
Download or read book Confocal Microscopy for Biologists written by Alan R. Hibbs and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-04-30 with total page 627 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been a great upsurge in interest in light microscopy in recent years due to the advent of a number of significant advances in microscopy, one of the most important of which is confocal microscopy. Confocal microscopy has now become an important research tool, with a large number of new fluorescent dyes becoming available in the past few years, for probing your pet structure or molecule within fixed or living cell or tissue sampies. Many of the people interested in using confocal microscopy to further their research do not have a background in microscopy or even cell biology and so not only do they find considerable difficulty in obtaining satisfactory results with a confocal microscope, but they may be mislead by how data is being presented. This book is intended to teach you the basic concepts ofmicroscopy, fluorescence, digital imaging and the principles of confocal microscopy so that you may take full advantage ofthe excellent confocal microscopes now available. This book is also an excellent reference source for information related to confocal microscopy for both beginners and the more advanced users. For example, do you need to know the optimal pinhole size for a 63x 1. 4 NA lens? Do you need to know the fluorescence emission spectrum of Alexa 568? Access to the wealth of practical information in this book is made easier by using both the detailed index and the extensive glossary.
Download or read book Biomedical Optical Phase Microscopy and Nanoscopy written by Natan T. Shaked and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by leading optical phase microscopy experts, this book is a comprehensive reference to phase microscopy and nanoscopy techniques for biomedical applications, including differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, digital holographic microscopy, optical coherence tomography, tomographic phase microscopy, spectral-domain phase detection, and nanoparticle usage for phase nanoscopy The Editors show biomedical and optical engineers how to use phase microscopy for visualizing unstained specimens, and support the theoretical coverage with applied content and examples on designing systems and interpreting results in bio- and nanoscience applications. - Provides a comprehensive overview of the principles and techniques of optical phase microscopy and nanoscopy with biomedical applications - Tips/advice on building systems and working with advanced imaging biomedical techniques, including interpretation of phase images, and techniques for quantitative analysis based on phase microscopy - Interdisciplinary approach that combines optical engineering, nanotechnology, biology and medical aspects of this topic. Each chapter includes practical implementations and worked examples
Download or read book Advancing Photoacoustic Imaging Technology with Compact Source Fluorescence Co registration Spectral Encoding Matrix Detection and FRET written by Yu Wang and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photoacoustic tomography, which detects non-radiative decay, is an emerging biomedical imaging modality that can provide 3D ultrasonically scalable images of biological tissue ranging from organelles to organs. Pure optical imaging modalities (e.g., optical coherence tomography and diffuse optical tomography) encounter a fundamental limitation of either penetration or spatial resolution at depths beyond one optical transport mean free path (~1 mm) due to strong light scattering by biological tissue. Photoacoustic imaging, however, provides a high ultrasonic spatial resolution for deep imaging by utilizing ultrasonic detection of the photoacoustic waves generated by absorbed diffuse light. By exploiting the rich optical absorption contrasts of biomolecules, photoacoustic imaging has been used to image both biological structure (e.g., internal organs and sentinel lymph nodes) and function (e.g., tumor hypoxia and brain oxygenation). The ability of photoacoustic imaging (photoacoustic microscopy and photoacoustic computed tomography) systems, to render three-dimensional volumetric images relies on illuminating light-absorbing chromophores using a pulsed laser system and recording the photoacoustic time-of-flight signals on a twodimensional surface facing the photoacoustic source. My doctoral research focuses on hardware advances in both exciting and detecting photoacoustic signals. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging in deep biological tissue using photoacoustic techniques is also explored. This first part of my dissertation presents some novel photoacoustic excitation and detection technologies implemented in photoacoustic imaging. Fiber lasers have been proposed as a fast and compact alternative to current excitation sources for photoacoustic imaging, especially in the clinical environment. Its intrinsic optical-fiberbased amplification and output make the system easy to maintain. We developed a 1064 nm photoacoustic microscope based on a fiber laser system, which features a pulse repetition rate of 50 kHz. We demonstrated detection of circulating melanoma cells in blood. Photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging provide complementary optical absorption and fluorescence contrasts, respectively. We developed a dual modality imaging system that combines photoacoustic and fluorescence microscopy. The two sub-systems are naturally integrated by sharing the same laser source, objective lens and image scanner. We reported in vivo imaging of hemoglobin oxygen saturation and oxygen partial pressure in single blood vessels. Spectral (multi-wavelength) photoacoustic imaging must possess high wavelength-switching speed when applied in dynamic functional imaging. We implemented a digital-mirror-device (DMD)-based spectral-encoding photoacoustic imaging system. As a wavelength multiplexing element, DMD features a fast frame rate and pixelated manipulation flexibility. Compared with internal wavelength tuning of a narrow-band laser, external wavelength tuning based on a digital mirror device improves the data acquisition speed of spectral photoacoustic microscopy. Compared with external wavelength scanning of a wide-band laser with the same pulse energy, spectral encoding improves the signal-to-noise ratio. A twodimensional (2D) array transducer can acquire three-dimensional (3D) photoacoustic imaging without mechanical scanning; therefore, by using a small number of laser firings, higher imaging frame rates can be achieved. We presented an integrated photoacoustic and ultrasonic 3D volumetric imaging system based on a modified commercial ultrasound imaging system (iU22, Philips Healthcare) with a 2D array transducer (X7-2, Philips Healthcare). The imaging system enables rendering of coregistered 3D ultrasound and photoacoustic images. In vivo 3D photoacoustic mapping of the sentinel lymph node using methylene blue dye was demonstrated in a rat model. The second part of my dissertation focuses on photoacoustic Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging. FRET provides fluorescence signals sensitive to intra- and inter-molecular distances in the 1-10 nm range. Widely applied in the optical imaging environment, FRET enables visualization of physicochemical processes in molecular interactions and conformations. We reported photoacoustic imaging of FRET, based on non-radiative decay that produces heat and subsequent acoustic waves. The experimental results show that photoacoustic imaging, through its ability to threedimensionally image tissue with scalable resolution, provides a beneficial biomedical tool to broaden the in vivo application of the FRET technique.
Download or read book Confocal Microscopy and Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy written by Barry R. Masters and published by SPIE Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text guides you through the principles and practical techniques of confocal and multiphoton microscopy. It also describes the historical connections and parallel inventions that resulted in modern techniques of live cell imaging and their use in biology and medicine. You will find comparisons of different types of confocal and multiphoton microscopes, solutions to the problems one would encounter when using various microscopic techniques, tips on selecting equipment, and an extensive annotated bibliography of additional resources.
Download or read book Confocal and Two Photon Microscopy written by Alberto Diaspro and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2001-11-22 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy Foundations, Applications, and Advances Edited by Alberto Diaspro Confocal and two-photon fluorescence microscopy has provided researchers with unique possibilities of three-dimensional imaging of biological cells and tissues and of other structures such as semiconductor integrated circuits. Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications, and Advances provides clear, comprehensive coverage of basic foundations, modern applications, and groundbreaking new research developments made in this important area of microscopy. Opening with a foreword by G. J. Brakenhoff, this reference gathers the work of an international group of renowned experts in chapters that are logically divided into balanced sections covering theory, techniques, applications, and advances, featuring: * In-depth discussion of applications for biology, medicine, physics, engineering, and chemistry, including industrial applications * Guidance on new and emerging imaging technology, developmental trends, and fluorescent molecules * Uniform organization and review-style presentation of chapters, with an introduction, historical overview, methodology, practical tips, applications, future directions, chapter summary, and bibliographical references * Companion FTP site with full-color photographs * The significant experience of pioneers, leaders, and emerging scientists in the field of confocal and two-photon excitation microscopy Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Foundations, Applications, and Advances is invaluable to researchers in the biological sciences, tissue and cellular engineering, biophysics, bioengineering, physics of matter, and medicine, who use these techniques or are involved in developing new commercial instruments.
Download or read book Advances in Hyperspectral and Multispectral Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging of Tissue written by Vladislav Toronov and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2022-07-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this SI is to provide an overview of recent advances made in the methods used for tissue imaging and characterization, which benefit from using a large range of optical wavelengths. Guerouah et al. has contributed a profound study of the responses of the adult human brain to breath-holding challenges based on hyperspectral near-infrared spectroscopy (hNIRS). Lange et al. contributed a timely and comprehensive review of the features and biomedical and clinical applications of supercontinuum laser sources. Blaney et al. reported the development of a calibration-free hNIRS system that can measure the absolute and broadband absorption and scattering spectra of turbid media. Slooter et al. studied the utility of measuring multiple tissue parameters simultaneously using four optical techniques operating at different wavelengths of light-optical coherence tomography (1300 nm), sidestream darkfield microscopy (530 nm), laser speckle contrast imaging (785 nm), and fluorescence angiography ( 800 nm)-in the gastric conduit during esophagectomy. Caredda et al. showed the feasibility of accurately quantifying the oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin and cytochrome-c-oxidase responses to neuronal activation and obtaining spatial maps of these responses using a setup consisting of a white light source and a hyperspectral or standard RGB camera. It is interest for the developers and potential users of clinical brain and tissue optical monitors, and for researchers studying brain physiology and functional brain activity.
Download or read book A Study of Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Photoacoustic Microscopy for Biometric and Biomedical Applications written by Mengyang Liu and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been widely used in biomedical imaging ever since its introduction. However, the application of OCT for biometrics is relatively new. This thesis demonstrates the feasibility of applying a spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system to fingertip biometric information retrieval. The results show that SD-OCT is capable of retrieving Level 3 fingertip information. Combined with traditional Level 1 and 2 fingerprint information, which can also be easily acquired by SD-OCT, the proposed application shows potential for ultra-secure scenarios. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is another imaging modality gaining considerable interest in the past decade. Different than OCT, it employs ultrasound detection for optically induced thermal expansion in tissue. Bovine articulate cartilage samples are imaged with a single wavelength PAM system using India ink as a contrast agent. The same samples were also imaged with SD-OCT. Image analysis shows that PAM produces excellent contrast between intact and fibrillated regions in cartilage while SD-OCT visualizes topological changes with fine spatial resolution. A spectroscopic PAM system is also developed using a tunable source based on supercontinuum generation in a photonic crystal fiber. Imaging experiments of tissue phantoms demonstrate the ability to differentiate various chromophores with unique absorption characteristics. Another spectroscopic PAM system is currently being developed, where the tunable source is based on stimulated Raman scattering. This new system is being studied and some preliminary results are given to demonstrate its advantages over the supercontinuum approach.
Download or read book Swept Source Optical Coherence Microscopy for Pathological Assessment of Cancerous Tissues written by Osman Oguz Ahsen and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) combines optical coherence tomography (OCT) with confocal microscopy and enables depth resolved visualization of biological specimens with cellular resolution. OCM offers a suitable alternative to confocal imaging by providing enhanced contrast due to the additional coherence gate to the inherent confocal gate, increasing the field of view and imaging depth, and eliminating the need of external contrast agents. In the past, development of OCT systems have been focused on time domain and spectral/Fourier domain methods which offer high axial resolution and imaging speeds. However, recent advances in the OCT technology have pushed the development into the direction of swept source OCT technologies, and development of the OCM technology is likely to follow this path. This thesis describes construction, characterization and preliminary imaging results of a swept source OCM (SS-OCM) system utilizing a novel light source, Vertical Cavity Surface-Emission Laser (VCSEL). This swept source laser can reach sweep rates exceeding 1 MHz and provide wide tuning ranges, which will enable both imaging speeds approaching to time domain OCM (TD-OCM) systems, and axial resolution approaching to spectral/Fourier domain OCM (SD-OCM) systems. Several other advantages of SS-OCM compared to TD-OCM and SD-OCM that make this technology a promising alternative to the latter imaging methods are presented. Furthermore, practical concepts in the system development and signal processing, such as compensation for the scan curvatures, methods for calibration of the spectrums, selection of suitable color maps for display, and other related topics are also discussed in the text. In addition to technical description of the OCM system development, an in depth analysis of several clinical applications that will be likely to benefit from this imaging modality is also presented. Real time intraoperative feedback is required in order to reduce the morbidity and the rate of additional operations for the surgical management of several forms of cancer, where a benchtop OCM system residing in the pathology laboratory can be immensely beneficial. Furthermore, with the novel scanning mechanisms that have been developed in the recent years it is possible to translate this imaging modality to an in vivo setting where an OCM probe can be inserted through the working channel of an endoscope and generate cellular resolution images in real time without the need of external contrast agents. Endoscopic management and clinical challenges for a spectrum of lower gastrointestinal (GI) diseases is discussed where an in vivo OCM imaging probe can play an important role in the diagnosis and evaluation of the extend of the particular disease. A review of alternative imaging modalities, such as chromoendoscopy, narrow band imaging (NBI) and confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is also included which outlines the relative strengths and limitations of these imaging modalities for the clinical management of lower GI diseases.
Download or read book Advanced Biophotonics written by Ruikang K. Wang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-07-23 with total page 735 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite a number of books on biophotonics imaging for medical diagnostics and therapy, the field still lacks a comprehensive imaging book that describes state-of-the-art biophotonics imaging approaches intensively developed in recent years. Addressing this shortfall, Advanced Biophotonics: Tissue Optical Sectioning presents contemporary methods and applications of biophotonics imaging. Gathering research otherwise scattered in numerous physical, chemical, biophysical, and biomedical journals, the book helps researchers, bioengineers, and medical doctors understand major recent bioimaging technologies and the underlying biophotonics science. Well-known international experts explore a variety of "hot" biomedical optics and biophotonics problems, including the use of photoacoustic imaging to investigate the molecular and cellular processes in living systems. The book also covers Monte Carlo modeling, tissue optics and tissue optical clearing, nonlinear optical microscopy, various aspects of optical coherence tomography, multimodal tomography, adaptive optics, and signal imaging. With 58 color images, this book represents a valuable contribution to the biomedical and biophotonics literature. Designed for researchers and practitioners in biophotonics, the book is also a useful resource for scientists in laser physics and technology, fiber optics, spectroscopy, materials science, biology, and medicine as well as students studying biomedical physics and engineering, biomedical optics, and biophotonics.
Download or read book Principles Of Three dimensional Imaging In Confocal Microscopes written by Min Gu and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1996-07-29 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the various principles in confocal scanning microscopy which has become a useful tool in many practical fields including biological studies and industrial inspection. The methodology presented in this book is unique and is based on the concept of the three-dimensional transfer functions which have been developed by the author and his colleagues over the last five years. With the 3-D transfer functions, resolving power in 3-D confocal imaging can be defined in a unified way, different optical arrangements can be compared with an insight into their inter-relationship, and images of thick objects can be modeled in terms of the Fourier transform which makes the analysis easy. The aim of this book is to provide a systematic introduction to the concept of the 3-D transfer functions in various confocal microscopes, to describe the methods for the derivation of different 3-D transfer functions, and to explain the principles of 3-D confocal imaging in terms of these functions.
Download or read book Handbook of Biomedical Fluorescence written by Mary-Ann Mycek and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-07-17 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Melding basic and clinical science, this reference provides a comprehensive overview of the roles that biophysics, photochemistry, and computational modeling play in the biomedical applications of fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging. Penned by pioneering researchers, the Handbook of Biomedical Fluorescence discusses fundamental aspects of fluorescence generation in organic molecules within tissue, theoretical and experimental views of how light propagation in tissue can be used to interpret fluorescence signals, endogenous and exogenous fluorescence agents in medical or basic research studies, and radiation transport, diffusion theory, and the Monte Carlo method.
