Download or read book Insulin Receptor Substrate Signaling in the Central Nervous System written by Susanna Freude and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advance in molecular biology revealed new insights into the function of insulin receptor signalling and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein mediated signals in the central nervous system (CNS) in vivo. The IRS proteins mediate mainly intracellular effects of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and the insulin receptor (IR). The functions of IRS proteins in peripheral tissues like muscle, liver, pancreas and fat have been characterised in detail. This book examines why IRS signalling is not only critical during brain development, but also for reproduction, energy homeostasis, ageing and possibly for neurodegenerative diseases in humans.
Download or read book Insulin Insulin like Growth Factors and Their Receptors in the Central Nervous System written by Mohan Raizada and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditionally, intercellular communication and the regulation of biological functions of the body have been considered the role of two major and distinct systems: the nervous system and the endocrine system. The classic nervous system transmitted its signal rapidly by using electrical currents, whereas the signals used by the endocrine system were hormones produced by endocrine glands which reached the target tissues via the blood stream. During the past few decades, it has become apparent that these systems of intercellular com munication are not distinct and the signal messenger molecules are not unique to one or the other system. Many classic endocrine hormones are found in and act on nervous tissues and evidence exists for their de novo synthesis by neural related tissues. An exciting development in this area is the possibility that insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are not only produced by neural tissues but also exert profound physiological and biochemical effects on these tissues. The area of investigation of CNS insulin and IGF has been expanding rapidly and the availability of this book complete with up-to-date reviews on the subject by leaders in the field allows other scientists to utilize the knowledge in planning and adapting the latest ideas for future experiments. In addition, the book provides a collection of up-to-date articles for teachers to be used for the latest instructional material. The first section of the book covers general aspects of insulin receptors and insulin action.
Download or read book Bedeutung von Insulinrezeptor Insulinrezeptorsubstrat 2 vermittelten Signalen im zentralten Nervensystem written by Markus Schubert and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mechanisms of Insulin Action written by Alan R. Saltiel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-05 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 18 million people in the United States have diabetes mellitus, and about 90% of these have the type 2 form of the disease. This book attempts to dissect the complexity of the molecular mechanisms of insulin action with a special emphasis on those features of the system that are subject to alteration in type 2 diabetes and other insulin resistant states. It explores insulin action at the most basic levels, through complex systems.
Download or read book The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium III written by John Vincent and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-10-13 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chromium nutritional supplements are the second best selling mineral supplements after calcium as chromium is found in pills, sports drinks, chewing gums, smoothies, and numerous other products. Chromium has been promoted to promote weight loss and muscle development and most recently to be available to treat the symptoms of type 2 diabetes and related conditions. The aim of The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium(III) is to examine the four most controversial areas of chromium nutrition and biochemistry: - is chromium an essential element for humans and are chromium nutritional supplements of value? - what biochemical role, if any, does chromium play in the body - can large doses of chromium(III) be used to treat symptoms of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and related medical conditions - is the use of chromium(III) supplements a health concern. Scientific experts, who are recognized leaders in the field, weigh in with their opinions on both sides of these issues in this book.A background review of the field from 1955-1995 by Vincent opens the book and concludes with a summary by Dr. Forrest Nielsen, Center Director of the USDA's Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center concludes the book. * Point-counterpoint format, providing both sides of major issues* Complete coverage of current issues, including nutrition, health, biochemical role and toxicology* Authors are recognised experts and leaders in this field
Download or read book Analysis of Insulin Receptor Function in the Central Nervous System by Conditional Inactivation of Its Gene in Mice written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of GLT 1 Loss on Central Nervous System Insulin Signaling and Implications for Alzheimer s Disease Pathogenesis written by Kole D. Meeker and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS) by glutamate transporters allows for the fine balance between tightly regulated signaling and prevention of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. In forebrain regions, glutamate is essential for cognition along with regulation of metabolism. The glutamate transporter GLT-1 (also known as EAAT2) is responsible for the majority of glutamate uptake in the forebrain and in keeping with its dominant role in maintaining glutamate homeostasis, loss or dysfunction of GLT-1 has been implicated in multiple CNS disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, GLT-1 levels begin falling early and are reduced by as much as 50% in later stages of the disease. These findings, along with others, suggest a role of glutamate dyshomeostasis in AD pathogenesis. In conjunction with glutamatergic disturbances in AD, there has been a wealth of recent evidence identifying insulin signaling disturbances in the brains of individuals with AD. The insulin signaling changes identified are believed to be indicative of a state of insulin resistance in the brain, which have been found primarily in forebrain regions such as the cortex and hippocampus. Along with regulating metabolic changes in both the CNS and periphery, there is evidence that insulin action in the brain is critical for modulating cognitive processes. Similar to GLT-1 loss in AD, insulin signaling changes have been identified early in the course of the disease. Interestingly, GLT-1 expression levels have also been found to be regulated by insulin signaling. Taken collectively, these findings suggest that glutamatergic and insulin signaling share several similarities in the brain, particularly that both are important for metabolic and cognitive processes, which when disturbed may each play a role in AD pathogenesis. The goal of this thesis was to examine the relationship between GLT-1 loss and insulin signaling disturbances in the context of AD. Previous work from the Cook laboratory has shown that partial GLT-1 loss (to levels consistent with those identified in AD cases) causes deficits in cognitive function in a mouse model of AD (Mookherjee et al., 2011). However, partial loss of GLT-1 resulted in only modest changes to amyloid processing in these mice suggesting that increased amyloid pathology was not responsible for the accelerated onset of cognitive deficits. Given the interactions between glutamatergic and insulin signaling and their similar functions in the brain, we examined if partial GLT-1 loss resulted in disturbances to CNS insulin signaling in these same animals. We found alterations to several components of the pathway, including decreased insulin receptor and IRS-1 activation along with increased Akt activation, indicative of an overall reduction in insulin signaling in the brain. These changes mirrored the onset of cognitive deficits previously identified in these mice and were similar to insulin signaling disturbances identified in AD brains. As insulin signaling changes in AD have been identified predominantly in neurons and neuronal GLT-1 is responsible for a significant portion of glutamate uptake even though its expression levels are low, we utilized primary cortical neurons to determine the mechanistic relationship between GLT-1 loss and insulin signaling alterations. Loss of neuronal GLT-1 function in vitro resulted in a significant decrease in insulin-evoked phosphorylation of the insulin receptor along with significant reductions in both the insulin-evoked and basal phosphorylation states of other insulin signaling proteins including Akt, GSK-3[beta], and mTOR. Total IRS-1 levels were also found to be significantly reduced by loss of GLT-1 function. Insulin signaling changes induced by GLT-1 inhibition were reversed by scavenging of extracellular glutamate and inhibition of NMDA-type glutamate receptors. Collectively, these results suggest that loss of GLT-1 led to dyshomeostasis of glutamatergic signaling thereby disturbing insulin signaling in the brain, which was accompanied by deficits in cognitive function. Furthermore, these changes occurred early, similar to their appearance in AD. Thus, this study links two previously distinct components of AD, which may together play a role in AD pathogenesis.
Download or read book Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Family and Subfamilies written by Deric L. Wheeler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-31 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book devotes a chapter to each RTK family and the multiple receptors within each family, thoroughly covering all of the RTKs. The chapters all follow the same structure, presenting this essential information in an accessible and user-friendly format. Each chapter covers one specific family of receptors and begins with a general introduction to that family and a comprehensive discussion of that receptor’s family in development and human disease. Following are in-depth analyses of each family’s receptors with discussions on the gene, protein, ligands, activation, and signaling pathways along with discussion of receptor processing and signal attenuation. Further, cross talk with other receptors systems, post-translational modification and specific unique characteristics to each RTK are discussed. Because it isolates and explains each family, this book is an essential companion volume to Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Structure, Functions and Role in Human Disease, by the same authors, which talks about RTKs more generally and without the family-by-family detail.
Download or read book Biology of the NMDA Receptor written by Antonius M. VanDongen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-10-29 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NMDA receptor plays a critical role in the development of the central nervous system and in adult neuroplasticity, learning, and memory. Therefore, it is not surprising that this receptor has been widely studied. However, despite the importance of rhythms for the sustenance of life, this aspect of NMDAR function remains poorly studied. Written
Download or read book Behavioral Genetics of the Fly Drosophila Melanogaster written by Josh Dubnau and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-06-26 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive portrayal of the behaviour genetics of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the methods used in these studies.
Download or read book Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Structure Functions and Role in Human Disease written by Deric L. Wheeler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: Structure, Functions and Role in Human Disease, for the first time, systematically covers the shared structural and functional features of the RTK family. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) play critical roles in embryogenesis, normal physiology and several diseases. And over the last decade they have become the Number 1 targets of cancer drugs. To be able to conduct fundamental research or to attempt to develop pharmacological agents able to enhance or intercept them, it is essential first to understand the evolutionary origin of the 58 RTKs and their roles in invertebrates and in humans, as well as downstream signaling pathways. The assembly of chapters is written by experts and underscores commonalities between and among the RTKs. It is an ideal companion volume to The Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: Families and Subfamilies, which proceeds, family by family through all of the specific subfamilies of RTKs, along with their unique landmarks.
Download or read book The Insulin Signaling System with an Emphasis on the Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins written by John M. Norian and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Insulin Action written by Ashok K. Srivastava and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1998-05-31 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1996 the 75th anniversary of the discovery of insulin was celebrated at the University of Toronto, the scene of that discovery in 1921. This volume was stimulated by the scientific program which was staged at that time and brought together much of the world's best talent to discuss and analyze the most recent developments in our understanding of pancreatic function, insulin secretion, the interaction of insulin with its target tissues, the mechanism of insulin action at the cellular level, and the defects which underlie both Type I (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) and Type II (noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) forms of the disease. We have chosen to focus the present volume on work related to insulin action.
Download or read book Principles of Diabetes Mellitus written by Leonid Poretsky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diabetes mellitus is a very common disease which affects approximately 150,000,000 worldwide. With its prevalence rising rapidly, diabetes continues to mystify and fascinate both practitioners and investigators by its elusive causes and multitude of This textbook is written for endocrinologists, specialists in other disciplines who treat diabetic patients, primary care physicians, housestaff and medical students. It covers, in a concise and clear manner, all aspects of the disease, from its pathogenesis on the molecular and cellular levels to its most modern therapy.
Download or read book Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System written by Kewal K. Jain and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2009-12-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Playing an important role in the treatment of neurological disorders, the delivery of drugs to central nervous system (CNS), both administered directly and administered systematically for targeted action, encounters a major challenge in the form of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the access of drugs to the brain substance. In Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System, experts in the field present essential methods used to deliver therapeutics across the BBB, both in experimental animals and in humans. In addition to those methods, several overviews of innovative methods and their applications are presented in order to give a glimpse of the future of this research. As a volume in the successful Neuromethods series, this book presents its protocols with the kind of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System serves as an ideal guide to scientists continuing to pursue knowledge of the delicate interactions between pharmaceuticals and the brain.
Download or read book Atlas of Diabetes written by Jay Skyler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-04-04 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook is an invaluable resource for improving the management of diabetes. Chapters cover the fundamentals, including epidemiology, history and physical examination, and functional evaluations. Diabetes in children, adolescents, adults, and geriatrics are addressed. Differential diagnosis is emphasized, and evidence-based guidelines and patient-specific considerations aid the reader with injury evaluation and care. Notably, the book highlights the importance of understanding diabetic symptoms when determining the source of illnesses. In addition, the text presents the spectrum of treatment options for diabetes. The book is complete with appendices that explain the evidence-based approach used throughout and the science behind therapeutic modalities.
Download or read book Magnesium in the Central Nervous System written by Robert Vink and published by University of Adelaide Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain is the most complex organ in our body. Indeed, it is perhaps the most complex structure we have ever encountered in nature. Both structurally and functionally, there are many peculiarities that differentiate the brain from all other organs. The brain is our connection to the world around us and by governing nervous system and higher function, any disturbance induces severe neurological and psychiatric disorders that can have a devastating effect on quality of life. Our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the brain has improved dramatically in the last two decades. In particular, the critical role of cations, including magnesium, has become evident, even if incompletely understood at a mechanistic level. The exact role and regulation of magnesium, in particular, remains elusive, largely because intracellular levels are so difficult to routinely quantify. Nonetheless, the importance of magnesium to normal central nervous system activity is self-evident given the complicated homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the concentration of this cation within strict limits essential for normal physiology and metabolism. There is also considerable accumulating evidence to suggest alterations to some brain functions in both normal and pathological conditions may be linked to alterations in local magnesium concentration. This book, containing chapters written by some of the foremost experts in the field of magnesium research, brings together the latest in experimental and clinical magnesium research as it relates to the central nervous system. It offers a complete and updated view of magnesiums involvement in central nervous system function and in so doing, brings together two main pillars of contemporary neuroscience research, namely providing an explanation for the molecular mechanisms involved in brain function, and emphasizing the connections between the molecular changes and behavior. It is the untiring efforts of those magnesium researchers who have dedicated their lives to unraveling the mysteries of magnesiums role in biological systems that has inspired the collation of this volume of work.
