Download or read book The Cerebral Circulation written by Marilyn J. Cipolla and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death.

Download or read book Atlas of Muscle Innervation Zones written by Marco Barbero and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-04 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invasive electromyography is a well-established diagnostic tool that has been used for decades by neurologists. Recently, new and alternative devices have increasingly become available that permit diagnosis without the use of needles. This developing area of science and the new tools have not, however, been sufficiently investigated in academic training. Consequently a gap exists between what science is making possible and the competence acquired during graduate studies. This handy volume has the aim of filling this gap by providing the information required by medical practitioners in rehabilitation, sports, and occupational health as well as by rehabilitation therapists, ergonomists, and sport coaches. The techniques that are presented and explained will help in monitoring and recording changes, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments and training, evaluating work stations, and preventing and documenting the evolution of occupational disorders of the neuromuscular system.

Download or read book The Physiology of the Lower Urinary Tract written by Michael Torrens and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 857 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book we attempt a synthesis of knowledge from two investigative extremes. On the one hand, neurophysiology and neuropharmacology are progressing via the single neuron to a subcellular level; on the other, clinicians are studying the function ofthe human urinary system in vivo as a whole. A special effort must be made over the next decade to bridge this gap. We hope that the information summarized here will catalyse the process. In 1968, de Groat and Ryall published a group of papers in the Journal of Physiology in which modern quantitative electrophysiological techniques were applied to the study ofthe reflexes that regulate bladder Junction. These papers represent alandmark in the history of bladder neurophysiology, forming a dividing li ne between old and new. The earlier techniques of lesioning and stimulation of nervous structures yielded mainly qualitative information which was open to criticism because of lack of precise control over what was actually being destroyed or stimulated. Much of this earlier work was reviewed in an authoritative volume by Bors and Comarr in 1971, entitled Neurolqgical Urology. The 16 years have seen great advances in our understanding ofthe control oflower subsequent urinary tract function.

Download or read book Motor Function of the Pharynx Esophagus and Its Sphincters written by Ravinder Mittal and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deglutition or a swallow begins as a voluntary act in the oral cavity but proceeds autonomously in the pharynx and esophagus. Bilateral sequenced activation and inhibition of more than 25 pairs of muscles of mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus is required during a swallow. A single swallow elicits peristalsis in the pharynx and esophagus along with relaxation of upper and lower esophageal sphincters. Multiple swallows, at closely spaced time intervals, demonstrate deglutitive inhibition; sphincters remain relaxed during the entire period, but only the last swallow elicits peristalsis. Laryngeal inlet closure or airway protection is very important during swallow. Upper part of the esophagus that includes upper esophageal sphincter is composed of skeletal muscles, middle esophagus is composed of a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscles, and lower esophagus, including lower esophageal sphincter, is composed of smooth muscles. Peristalsis progresses in seamless fashion, despite separate control mechanism, from the skeletal to smooth muscle esophagus. The esophagus's circular and longitudinal muscle layers contract synchronously during peristalsis. Sphincters maintain continuous tone; neuromuscular mechanisms for tonic closure in the upper and lower esophageal sphincters are different. Lower esophageal sphincter transient relaxation, belching mechanism, regurgitation, vomiting, and reflux are mediated via the brain stem. Table of Contents: Introduction / Central Program Generator and Brain Stem / Pharynx-Anatomy, Neural Innervation, and Motor Pattern / Upper Esophageal Sphincter / Neuromuscular Anatomy of Esophagus and Lower Esophageal Sphincter / Extrinsic Innervation: Parasympathetic and Sympathetic / Interstitial Cells of Cajal / Recording Techniques / Motor Patterns of the Esophagus-Aboral and Oral Transport / Deglutitive Inhibition and Muscle Refractoriness / Peristalsis in the Circular and Longitudinal Muscles of the Esophagus / Neural and Myogenic Mechanism of Peristalsis / Central Mechanism of Peristalsis-Cortical and Brain Stem Control / Peripheral Mechanisms of Peristalsis / Central Versus Peripheral Mechanism of Deglutitive Inhibition / Neural Control of Longitudinal Muscle Contraction / Modulation of Primary and Secondary Peristalsis / Neural Control of Lower Esophageal Sphincter and Crural Diaphragm / Lower Esophageal Sphincter / Swallow-Induced LES Relaxation / Crural Diaphragm Contribution to EGJ and Neural Control / Transient LES Relaxation and Pharmacological Inhibition / Compliance of the EGJ / References

Download or read book Innervation of the Gut written by Yvette Tache and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1993-12-02 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innervation of the Gut provides a stimulating discussion of gut innervations based on exciting developments generated by advanced neuroanatomical and electrophysiological approaches. All components of the nervous system are covered, including central, spinal, autonomic, and enteric systems. This information is relative to secretory, motor, and immune regulatory functions of the gut, as well as visceral sensation. Brain transmitters involved in mediating stress-induced alterations of gastrointestinal motor function and the central regulation of vagal outflow to the gut are discussed in detail. The book will stimulate basic scientists and gastroenterologists to expand research efforts that may enable them to unravel the mechanisms of brain-gut interactions under physiological and pathological conditions. Students, psychologists, and psychiatrists will find Innervation of the Gut an essential reference for their studies.

Download or read book Vascular Innervation and Receptor Mechanisms written by Rolf Uddman and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vascular Innervation and Receptor Mechanisms: New Perspectives reviews the areas of structure, function, and pathophysiology of the circulatory system. The text focuses on the role of neuropeptides and structural function of endothelium. The book begins with a brief discussion on the background of autonomic and sensory nerves in the circulatory system, which is provided in Chapter 1. Having established the basic studies in the circulatory system, the book moves to the discussion on the analysis of peptidergic innervations and peptides in vascular control in various disorders. The last part of the book features the clinical applications of neuropeptides, perivascular peptides, and vasoactive peptides in different diseases and regulation, such as cardiovascular regulation, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and migraine and cluster headache. The text will be a good reference to both students and professionals in the fields of biology, chemistry, and medicine.

Download or read book Photographic and Descriptive Musculoskeletal Atlas of Gorilla written by Rui Diogo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-11-03 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even though the gorilla is our closest living relative, information about its anatomy, and particularly its musculature, is scarce. This book is the first photographic and descriptive musculoskeletal atlas of the gorilla. It includes high-quality photographs of musculoskeletal structures from most anatomical regions of the body, along with textual

Download or read book Liver Innervation and the Neural Control of Hepatic Function written by Takashi Shimazu and published by John Libbey Eurotext. This book was released on 1996 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the liver, nutrients taken up from food are utilized for the synthesis of different components of the body, and the waste matter and harmful substances produced are disposed or detoxicated. These functions of the liver must be regulated in accordance with the state of the body. The nervous system plays this regulatory role, one which is reminiscent of the production management system in a factory.

Download or read book Atlas of Cardiac Innervation written by Vasken Dilsizian and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-26 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This atlas elucidates the role of the neuronal component in normal cardiovascular function and cardiac disorders and discusses the currently available imaging targets and probes. It provides a foundation in cardiac neuronal imaging and image processing and serves as a guide in the effective utilization of these techniques in clinical and research settings. The atlas discusses the principles of autonomic control in the regulation of cardiac function and disease; chemistry and biology of radiotracers designed to target changes in the myocardial sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation as a function of disease or treatment; neuronal imaging in heart failure and reverse remodeling and the use of PET imaging in quantification of cardiac innervation; cardiac sympathetic innervation in ventricular arrhythmias and device therapy; conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system; and the role of myocardial blood flow and cardiac neuronal imaging in denervation and reinnervation in cardiac transplant recipients. Featuring full-color illustrations, schematic diagrams, and diagnostic algorithms, Atlas of Cardiac Innervation is a valuable resource for cardiologists, radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and electrophysiologists.

Download or read book Neuroendocrine Cells and Peptidergic Innervation in Human and Rat Prostrate written by Luis Santamaria and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-06 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prostate hosts neuroendocrine cells whose origin and functional roles warrant better understanding. These cells synthesize and deliver a number of neurosecretory substances having regulative activities over growth, cell differentiation, and secretion, and might influence the development of proliferative disorders such as hyperplasia or cancer. This study demonstrates that the neuroendocrine cell population from the transition zone of the human prostate was greater than in both central and peripheral regions.

Download or read book The Catecholaminergic Innervation of the Rat Amygdala written by Esther Asan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental evidence indicates that catecholamines are able to modulate information processing in the amygdaloid complex. The dense catecholaminergic innervation of the amygdala may thus exert significant influence upon its well-documented functions in emotion, attention, learning and memory. Dysfunctions of the systems have been suggested to be involved in the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders including senile dementia, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. To further insight into neural mechanisms of the innervation, the present study provides a detailed documentation of ultrastructural and neurochemical characteristics of dopanminergic, noradrinergic and adrenergic afferent fibers and of their target structures in central, basal and intercalated amygdaloid nuclei. A high degree of heterogeneitiy is observed between the nuclei concerning the different catecholaminergic innervation patterns and the peptide content of individual catecholaminergic fibers, as well as concerning the neurotransmitter/-modulator and receptor expression of possible amygdaloid target neurons. The results are discussed with regard to previously documented properties of the nuclei.

Download or read book Nonadrenergic Innervation of Blood Vessels written by Geoffrey Burnstock and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-06-04 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 1988, this book offers a full, comprehensive guide into the workings and treatment of the Blood Vessels. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for Students of Medicine, and other practitioners in their respective fields.

Download or read book Autonomic Innervation of the Heart written by Riemer H.J.A. Slart and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-30 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains in detail the potential value of the hybrid modalities, SPECT-CT and PET-CT, in the imaging of cardiac innervation in a wide range of conditions and diseases, including ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, amyloidosis, heart transplantation, and ventricular arrhythmias. Imaging of the brain-heart axis in neurodegenerative disease and stress and of cardiotoxicity is also discussed. The roles of the various available tracers are fully considered, and individual chapters address radiopharmaceutical development under GMP, imaging physics, and kinetic modeling software. Highly relevant background information is included on the autonomic nervous system of the heart and its pathophysiology, and in addition future perspectives are discussed. Awareness of the importance of autonomic innervation of the heart for the optimal management of cardiac patients is growing, and there is an evident need for objective measurement techniques or imaging modalities. In this context, Autonomic Innervation of the Heart will be of wide interest to clinicians, researchers, and industry.

Download or read book Innervation of the Mammalian Esophagus written by Winfried Neuhuber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-06-10 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the innervation of the esophagus is a prerequisite for successful treatment of a variety of disorders, e.g., dysphagia, achalasia, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and non-cardiac chest pain. Although, at first glance, functions of the esophagus are relatively simple, their neuronal control is considerably complex. Vagal motor neurons of the nucleus ambiguus and preganglionic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus innervate striated and smooth muscle, respectively. Myenteric neurons represent the interface between the dorsal motor nucleus and smooth muscle but are also involved in striated muscle innervation. Intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) represent mechanosensory vagal afferent terminals. They also establish intricate connections with enteric neurons. Afferent information is implemented by the swallowing central pattern generator in the brainstem, which generates and coordinates deglutitive activity in both striated and smooth esophageal muscle and orchestrates esophageal sphincters as well as gastric adaptive relaxation. Disturbed excitation/inhibition balance in the lower esophageal sphincter results in motility disorders, e.g., achalasia and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Loss of mechanosensory afferents disrupts adaptation of deglutitive motor programs to bolus variables, eventually leading to megaesophagus. Both spinal and vagal afferents appear to contribute to painful sensations, e.g., non-cardiac chest pain. Extrinsic and intrinsic neurons may be involved in intramural reflexes using acetylcholine, nitric oxide, substance P, CGRP and glutamate as main transmitters. In addition, other molecules, e.g., ATP, GABA and probably also inflammatory cytokines may modulate these neuronal functions.

Download or read book Muscle Tendon Innervation Unit Degeneration and Aging Pathophysiological and Regeneration Mechanisms written by Luciano Merlini and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-02-24 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aging is characterized by progressive deterioration of walking ability. This function loss has multiple causes including central and peripheral nerve dysfunction, loss of muscle mass and strength, as well as joints and bone alterations. Muscle-tendon unit and its innervation has a pivotal role in motor function performance that can be disrupted by overuse degeneration and aging. Research has shown that overuse degeneration and aging also share some pathophysiological mechanisms including mitochondrial dysfunction, increased apoptosis, abnormal modulation of autophagy, decline in satellite cells, increased generation of reactive oxygen species, and modification of signalling and stress response pathways. This Research Topic is intended to bring together basic researchers and clinicians working in the area of neuroscience, aging, sarcopenia and orthopaedics in human and in animal models. The aim of this cross-fertilization is to accelerate our understanding of the mechanisms involved in aging and degeneration of the muscle-tendon unit and its innervation and to explore the therapeutic potential of pharmacological and physical therapy interventions.

Download or read book Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders E Book written by David C. Preston and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-12-01 with total page 663 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diagnose neuromuscular disorders more quickly and accurately with Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders: Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations, 3rd Edition! State-of-the-art guidance helps you correlate electromyographic and clinical findings and use the latest EMG techniques to their fullest potential. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader with intuitive search tools and adjustable font sizes. Elsevier eBooks provide instant portable access to your entire library, no matter what device you're using or where you're located. Successfully correlate electrodiagnostic findings with key clinical findings for more confident diagnoses. Clearly see how to apply what you’ve learned with abundant case studies throughout the book. Obtain relevant clinical guidance quickly and easily with an accessible, easy-to-read writing style that’s both comprehensive and easy to understand. Ensure correct EMG needle placement and avoid neurovascular injuries by referring to more than 65 detailed, cross-sectional anatomy drawings. Diagnose many newly defined genetic neuromuscular conditions based on their electrodiagnostic presentation. Stay up to date with must-know information on iatrogenic complications of electrodiagnostic studies. Visualize key concepts more easily with a brand-new full-color design, new artwork, and new photographs. Access Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders online, fully searchable, at www.expertconsult.com, along with more than 70 videos that allow you to see and hear the EMG waveforms discussed in the text, as well as a convenient "test yourself" module.

Download or read book Photographic and Descriptive Musculoskeletal Atlas of Chimpanzees written by Rui Diogo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-02-19 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chimpanzees, including common chimpanzees and bonobos, are our closest living relatives. This book, which is the first photographic and descriptive musculoskeletal atlas of the genus Pan, adopts the same format as the photographic atlases of Gorilla and Hylobates previously published by the same authors. These three books are part of a series of mo