Download or read book Injection locked Ring Oscillator Frequency Dividers written by Rafael J. Betancourt-Zamora and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Characterization and Implementation of an Injection Locked Frequency Divider Based on Relaxation Oscillator written by Kai Zhu and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been a dramatic increase in wireless awareness among the user community in the past few years. As the wireless communication devices require more integration in terms of both hardware and software, the low-power integrated circuit (IC) solution has gained higher dedication and will dominate in the future radio-frequency IC (RFIC) design. Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process is extremely attractive for such applications because of its low cost and the possibility to integrate baseband and high frequency circuits on the same chip. The transceiver is often the most power-hungry block in a wireless communication system. The frequency divider (prescaler) and the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) which are essential building blocks of in the frequency synthesizer of the transmitter are among the major sources of power consumption. This work focuses on prescalers. The injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFD) were introduced in the recent past for low-power frequency division. ILFDs can consume an order of magnitude lower power when compared to conventional flip-flop based dividers. However their range of operating frequency, also known as the locking range, is limited. ILFDs can be classified as LC tank, ring or relaxation oscillator based. There have been a lot of published works on the LC tank and ring oscillator based ILFDs. However, the one on relaxation oscillator based ILFD has been rarely reported, especially for RF applications. Besides, it is usually employed to implement a single division ratio such as 2, 3, 4 with an ILFD, while dual- or multi-moduli prescaler is more attractive to an RF synthesizer and are also rarely studied among published ILFDs. The goal of this work is to initially characterize the relaxation ILFD for RF applications. The locking range is optimized by the proposed topology. Besides, mathematical derivation is developed to verify the optimization. ILFD is also designed for different moduli with an easily controlled manner. Finally, the dual-modulus ILFD is also implemented based on the proposed structure. A prototype is fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS process and successfully tested.

Download or read book Injection Locking in Mixed Mode Signal Processing written by Fei Yuan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-17 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with a comprehensive treatment of the principles, circuit design techniques, and applications of injection-locking in mixed-mode signal processing, with an emphasis on CMOS implementation. Major topics include: An overview of injection-locking, the principle of injection-locking in harmonic and non-harmonic oscillators, lock range enhancement techniques for harmonic oscillators, lock range enhancement techniques for non-harmonic oscillators, and the emerging applications of injection-locking in mixed-mode signal processing. Provides a single-source reference to the principles, circuit design techniques, and applications of injection-locking in mixed-mode signal processing; Includes a rich collection of design techniques for increasing the lock range of oscillators under injection, along with in-depth examination of the pros and cons of these methods; Enables a broad range of applications, such as passive wireless microsystems, forwarded-clock parallel data links, frequency synthesizers for wireless and wireline communications, and low phase noise phase-locked loops.

Download or read book Analytical Method to Predict Locking Range in LC Injection locked Frequency Dividers written by Saeid Daneshgar Asl and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RF phase locked loops (PLLs) are widely used in CMOS RF front-end systems as frequency synthesizers or clock sources to generate local oscillating signals. One of the main issues in the design of the high frequency PLLs is the high power consumption of the divider block. One power reduction strategy is to use an analog frequency divider instead of a conventional digital divider. Among analog dividers, injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFDs) are attractive in frequency synthesizers because of their lower power consumptions compared to conventional digital dividers. The narrow locked regions of ILFDs has become a key issue for designers of ILFDs who need to know a priori the range of frequencies (locking range) over which they will operate. This has motivated extensive work in the literature towards modeling and predicting the behavior of these circuits in order to maximize their locking range. A variety of ILFD architectures with different locking ranges, operating frequencies and power consumptions has been implemented in the literature. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive qualitative analysis and a corresponding robust design methodology for ILFD circuits in order to determine the locking range and the center frequency of the locked regions with respect to the ILFD{u2019}s design parameters for both small and large amplitudes of input injected signals. Current theories uses linear approximations that limit their accuracy and are suitable for small amplitudes of injected input signal. Therefore, as the first aim of this thesis, we consider this problem and analyze an ILFD circuit using nonlinear dynamical systems theory to extract a qualitative analysis as well as a design methodology that can be attractive for people from both the academic and industrial communities. Generally, injection-locked frequency divider circuits can be classified into two major families: Ring Oscillator based ILFDs and LC Oscillator based ILFDs. A circuit designer always has trade-offs in selecting an architecture from these two categories. The trade-offs are: for a given power budget, Ring Oscillator based ILFDs are compact and have wider locked regions but are noisy, whereas LC oscillators consume considerably more chip area and have narrower locked regions but have lower inherent noise. In this thesis, we consider a complementary differential LC ILFD which is a specific LC ILFD architecture that has excellent noise performance.

Download or read book Fast Hopping Frequency Generation in Digital CMOS written by Mohammad Farazian and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overcoming the agility limitations of conventional frequency synthesizers in multi-band OFDM ultra wideband is a key research goal in digital technology. This volume outlines a frequency plan that can generate all the required frequencies from a single fixed frequency, able to implement center frequencies with no more than two levels of SSB mixing. It recognizes the need for future synthesizers to bypass on-chip inductors and operate at low voltages to enable the increased integration and efficiency of networked appliances. The author examines in depth the architecture of the dividers that generate the necessary frequencies from a single base frequency and are capable of establishing a fractional division ratio. Presenting the first CMOS inductorless single PLL 14-band frequency synthesizer for MB-OFDMUWB makes this volume a key addition to the literature, and with the synthesizer capable of arbitrary band-hopping in less than two nanoseconds, it operates well within the desired range on a 1.2-volt power supply. The author’s close analysis of the operation, stability, and phase noise of injection-locked regenerative frequency dividers will provide researchers and technicians with much food for developmental thought.

Download or read book Analysis and Design of Injection locked Frequency Dividers and Phase locked Loops in Millimeter wave Bands written by 林柏宇 and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Design of CMOS Phase Locked Loops written by Behzad Razavi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-30 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using a modern, pedagogical approach, this textbook gives students and engineers a comprehensive and rigorous knowledge of CMOS phase-locked loop (PLL) design for a wide range of applications. It features intuitive presentation of theoretical concepts, built up gradually from their simplest form to more practical systems; broad coverage of key topics, including oscillators, phase noise, analog PLLs, digital PLLs, RF synthesizers, delay-locked loops, clock and data recovery circuits, and frequency dividers; tutorial chapters on high-performance oscillator design, covering fundamentals to advanced topologies; and extensive use of circuit simulations to teach design mentality, highlight design flaws, and connect theory with practice. Including over 200 thought-provoking examples highlighting best practices and common pitfalls, 250 end-of-chapter homework problems to test and enhance the readers' understanding, and solutions and lecture slides for instructors, this is the perfect text for senior undergraduate and graduate-level students and professional engineers who want an in-depth understanding of PLL design.

Download or read book Introduction to Terahertz Electronics written by Jae-Sung Rieh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-01 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a practical guide to terahertz electronics, especially for readers with an electronics background. The author guides readers through the all the key concepts of terahertz electronics, including terahertz sources, detectors, and waveguides, together with reviews on key terahertz applications on spectroscopy, imaging, communication, and radar. This book will serve as a handy reference for graduate students and engineers in the field of terahertz with a viewpoint from electronics. Presents the topic of terahertz from electronics viewpoint; Designed to be particularly helpful for the readers familiar with semiconductor devices and circuits; Enables optics-based terahertz researchers to understand terahertz electronics; Based on the author’s extensive experience from both industry and academia.

Download or read book Analysis and Design of High speed CMOS Frequency Dividers written by Fatemehe Molainezhad and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A frequency divider is one of the most fundamental and challenging blocks used in high-speed communication systems. Three high-speed dividers with different topologies, LC-tank frequency divider, CML ring frequency divider, and CML DFF frequency divider with negative feedback, are analyzed based on the locking phenomena. The locking to the injected signal happens as long as the frequency and the amplitude of the injected signal are in the desired operation region of the divider's sensitivity curve. A phase shift (which is a function of both frequency and the amplitude of the injected signal) occurs in the circuit and the divider will be locked to the injected frequency. Locking to an external signal may not necessarily occur just by considering the frequency of the injection signal being in the locking range, even if the frequency of the injection signal is very close to the self-oscillation frequency in a wide locking range scenario without the proper injected signal amplitude. To measure the phase shift when the oscillator is locked to the injected frequency, a novel procedure is developed. This procedure gives us a very precise tool to measure the locking phase, instantaneous phase, or the phase between any two signals inside the topology loop and provides a good ability for better understanding of the injection locking concept and the behavior of the divider in the presence of an injected signal. The simulations are using transistor models from TSMC 65nm CMOS process.

Download or read book Phase Locked Loops written by Woogeun Rhee and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-01-11 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the essential materials for phase-locked loop circuit design, from fundamentals to practical design aspects A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a type of circuit with a range of important applications in telecommunications and computing. It generates an output signal with a controlled relationship to an input signal, such as an oscillator which matches the phases of input and output signals. This is a critical function in coherent communication systems, with the result that the theory and design of these circuits are essential to electronic communications of all kinds. Phase-Locked Loops: System Perspectives and Circuit Design Aspects provides a concise, accessible introduction to PLL design. It introduces readers to the role of PLLs in modern communication systems, the fundamental techniques of phase-lock circuitry, and the possible applications of PLLs in a wide variety of electronic communications contexts. The first book of its kind to incorporate modern architectures and to balance theoretical fundamentals with detailed design insights, this promises to be a must-own text for students and industry professionals. The book also features: Coverage of PLL basics with insightful analysis and examples tailored for circuit designers Applications of PLLs for both wireless and wireline systems Practical circuit design aspects for modern frequency generation, frequency modulation, and clock recovery systems Phase-Locked Loops is essential for graduate students and advanced undergraduates in integrated circuit design, as well researchers and engineers in electrical and computing subjects.

Download or read book Advances in Broadband Communication and Networks written by Johnson I. Agbinya and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Broadband communications has become the major focus for industry for offering rich multimedia IP services in next generation networks. This book deals with the state-of-the-art and the underlying principles of key technologies which facilitate broadband telecommunications including millimetre wave gigabit Ethernet, terahertz communication, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology, orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM), ultra wideband (UWB) and the fourth generation (4G) network technologies. The book illustrates the use of these technologies, including high resolution three-dimensional millimetre wave radar imaging and terahertz imaging techniques. Within the next few years advances in graphic rendering and the application of millimetre wave radar technology will enable high resolution radar surveillance and operators of industrial processes to control their machines and to navigate remotely even in poor visibility environments. The principles and performance of terahertz imaging are also demonstrated in this important book. The performance and success of emerging all-IP networks depend largely on the efficiency of broadband technologies and this book provides the basis for 4G networks and explores key performance measures such as quality of service and handover between distributed networks (mobile and fixed). The book also demonstrates the medical and biomedical applications of broadband wireless communications.

Download or read book CMOS PLL Synthesizers Analysis and Design written by Keliu Shu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-20 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thanks to the advance of semiconductor and communication technology, the wireless communication market has been booming in the last two decades. It evolved from simple pagers to emerging third-generation (3G) cellular phones. In the meanwhile, broadband communication market has also gained a rapid growth. As the market always demands hi- performance and low-cost products, circuit designers are seeking hi- integration communication devices in cheap CMOS technology. The phase-locked loop frequency synthesizer is a critical component in communication devices. It works as a local oscillator for frequency translation and channel selection in wireless transceivers and broadband cable tuners. It also plays an important role as the clock synthesizer for data converters in the analog-and-digital signal interface. This book covers the design and analysis of PLL synthesizers. It includes both fundamentals and a review of the state-of-the-art techniques. The transient analysis of the third-order charge-pump PLL reveals its locking behavior accurately. The behavioral-level simulation of PLL further clarifies its stability limit. Design examples are given to clearly illustrate the design procedure of PLL synthesizers. A complete derivation of reference spurs in the charge-pump PLL is also presented in this book. The in-depth investigation of the digital CA modulator for fractional-N synthesizers provides insightful design guidelines for this important block.

Download or read book Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications written by Theodore S. Rappaport and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2015 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Definitive, Comprehensive Guide to Cutting-Edge Millimeter Wave Wireless Design “This is a great book on mmWave systems that covers many aspects of the technology targeted for beginners all the way to the advanced users. The authors are some of the most credible scholars I know of who are well respected by the industry. I highly recommend studying this book in detail.” —Ali Sadri, Ph.D., Sr. Director, Intel Corporation, MCG mmWave Standards and Advanced Technologies Millimeter wave (mmWave) is today's breakthrough frontier for emerging wireless mobile cellular networks, wireless local area networks, personal area networks, and vehicular communications. In the near future, mmWave products, systems, theories, and devices will come together to deliver mobile data rates thousands of times faster than today's existing cellular and WiFi networks. In Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications, four of the field's pioneers draw on their immense experience as researchers, entrepreneurs, inventors, and consultants, empowering engineers at all levels to succeed with mmWave. They deliver exceptionally clear and useful guidance for newcomers, as well as the first complete desk reference for design experts. The authors explain mmWave signal propagation, mmWave circuit design, antenna designs, communication theory, and current standards (including IEEE 802.15.3c, Wireless HD, and ECMA/WiMedia). They cover comprehensive mmWave wireless design issues, for 60 GHz and other mmWave bands, from channel to antenna to receiver, introducing emerging design techniques that will be invaluable for research engineers in both industry and academia. Topics include Fundamentals: communication theory, channel propagation, circuits, antennas, architectures, capabilities, and applications Digital communication: baseband signal/channel models, modulation, equalization, error control coding, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) principles, and hardware architectures Radio wave propagation characteristics: indoor and outdoor applications Antennas/antenna arrays, including on-chip and in-package antennas, fabrication, and packaging Analog circuit design: mmWave transistors, fabrication, and transceiver design approaches Baseband circuit design: multi–gigabit-per-second, high-fidelity DAC and ADC converters Physical layer: algorithmic choices, design considerations, and impairment solutions; and how to overcome clipping, quantization, and nonlinearity Higher-layer design: beam adaptation protocols, relaying, multimedia transmission, and multiband considerations 60 GHz standardization: IEEE 802.15.3c for WPAN, Wireless HD, ECMA-387, IEEE 802.11ad, Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig)

Download or read book 60 GHz CMOS Phase Locked Loops written by Hammad M. Cheema and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract This chapter lays the foundation for the work presented in latter chapters. The potential of 60 GHz frequency bands for high data rate wireless transfer is discussed and promising applications are enlisted. Furthermore, the challenges related to 60 GHz IC design are presented and the chapter concludes with an outline of the book. Keywords Wireless communication 60 GHz Millimeter wave integrated circuit design Phase-locked loop CMOS Communication technology has revolutionized our way of living over the last century. Since Marconi’s transatlantic wireless experiment in 1901, there has been tremendous growth in wireless communication evolving from spark-gap telegraphy to today’s mobile phones equipped with Internet access and multimedia capabilities. The omnipresence of wireless communication can be observed in widespread use of cellular telephony, short-range communication through wireless local area networks and personal area networks, wireless sensors and many others. The frequency spectrum from 1 to 6 GHz accommodates the vast majority of current wireless standards and applications. Coupled with the availability of low cost radio frequency (RF) components and mature integrated circuit (IC) techn- ogies, rapid expansion and implementation of these systems is witnessed. The downside of this expansion is the resulting scarcity of available bandwidth and allowable transmit powers. In addition, stringent limitations on spectrum and energy emissions have been enforced by regulatory bodies to avoid interference between different wireless systems.

Download or read book Process and Temperature Compensated Wideband Injection Locked Frequency Dividers and Their Application to Low power 2 4 GHz Frequency Synthesizers written by Rajagopal Vijayaraghavan and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been a dramatic increase in wireless awareness among the user community in the past five years. The 2.4-GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band is being used for a diverse range of applications due to the following reasons. It is the only unlicensed band approved worldwide and it offers more bandwidth and supports higher data rates compared to the 915-MHz ISM band. The power consumption of devices utilizing the 2.4-GHz band is much lower compared to the 5.2-GHz ISM band. Protocols like Bluetooth and Zigbee that utilize the 2.4-GHz ISM band are becoming extremely popular. Bluetooth is an economic wireless solution for short range connectivity between PC, cell phones, PDAs, Laptops etc. The Zigbee protocol is a wireless technology that was developed as an open global standard to address the unique needs of low-cost, low-power, wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks are becoming ubiquitous, especially after the recent terrorist activities. Sensors are employed in strategic locations for real-time environmental monitoring, where they collect and transmit data frequently to a nearby terminal. The devices operating in this band are usually compact and battery powered. To enhance battery life and avoid the cumbersome task of battery replacement, the devices used should consume extremely low power. Also, to meet the growing demands cost and sized has to be kept low which mandates fully monolithic implementation using low cost process. CMOS process is extremely attractive for such applications because of its low cost and the possibility to integrate baseband and high frequency circuits on the same chip. A fully integrated solution is attractive for low power consumption as it avoids the need for power hungry drivers for driving off-chip components. The transceiver is often the most power hungry block in a wireless communication system. The frequency divider (prescaler) and the voltage controlled oscillator in the transmitter's frequency synthesizer are among the major sources of power consumption. There have been a number of publications in the past few decades on low-power high-performance VCOs. Therefore this work focuses on prescalers. A class of analog frequency dividers called as Injection-Locked Frequency Dividers (ILFD) was introduced in the recent past as low power frequency division. ILFDs can consume an order of magnitude lower power when compared to conventional flip-flop based dividers. However the range of operation frequency also knows [sic] as the locking range is limited. ILFDs can be classified as LC based and Ring based. Though LC based are insensitive to process and temperature variation, they cannot be used for the 2.4-GHz ISM band because of the large size of on-chip inductors at these frequencies. This causes a lot of valuable chip area to be wasted. Ring based ILFDs are compact and provide a low power solution but are extremely sensitive to process and temperature variations. Process and temperature variation can cause ring based ILFD to loose lock in the desired operating band. The goal of this work is to make the ring based ILFDs useful for practical applications. Techniques to extend the locking range of the ILFDs are discussed. A novel and simple compensation technique is devised to compensate the ILFD and keep the locking range tight with process and temperature variations. The proposed ILFD is used in a 2.4-GHz frequency synthesizer that is optimized for fractional-N synthesis. Measurement results supporting the theory are provided.

Download or read book Automotive Radar Sensors in Silicon Technologies written by Vipul Jain and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-27 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the leading causes of automobile accidents is the slow reaction of the driver while responding to a hazardous situation. State-of-the-art wireless electronics can automate several driving functions, leading to significant reduction in human error and improvement in vehicle safety. With continuous transistor scaling, silicon fabrication technology now has the potential to substantially reduce the cost of automotive radar sensors. This book bridges an existing gap between information available on dependable system/architecture design and circuit design. It provides the background of the field and detailed description of recent research and development of silicon-based radar sensors. System-level requirements and circuit topologies for radar transceivers are described in detail. Holistic approaches towards designing radar sensors are validated with several examples of highly-integrated radar ICs in silicon technologies. Circuit techniques to design millimeter-wave circuits in silicon technologies are discussed in depth.

Download or read book Injection Locked Synchronous Oscillators SOs and Reference Injected Phase locked Loops PLL RIs written by Feiran Lei and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synchronization plays an important and fundamental role as the timing basis in digital, analog, and RF integrated circuits (ICs), where Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs) find their versatile applications. The noise sources in a traditional PLL are mainly divided into two groups: noise before the low-pass loop filter such as the noise in the reference signal, Frequency Divider (FD), Phase Frequency Detector/Charge Pump (PFD/CP); and noise after the filter such as the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) noise and the loop filter noise. The output phase noise of the PLL is the combined contribution from these two equally important in-band and out-band noise sources. This research studies the effect of the synchronization in the PLL on the decoupling of the 3dB bandwidths for different noise sources to achieve an optimum phase noise and improved locking behavior with an attenuated reference signal injection (RI) into a ring-type delay-line Voltage Controlled Synchronous Oscillator (VCSO). This dissertation begins with the development of a generalized phase model for both LC-type and ring-type VCSOs. Next, the relationship between the device baseband noise (flicker and thermal noise) and a ring-type oscillator's phase noise is derived. In addition, noise shaping functions are introduced to describe signal injection into the VCSO to achieve suppression of the oscillator in-band phase noise. Then, the transient and steady-state behavior of a Charge-Pump PLL-RI are explained with nonlinear differential equations and the phase-plane method. The nonlinear phase equation is linearized for the small-signal condition and the s-domain noise transfer functions as well as noise bandwidths are derived for different noise sources in the major components of the PLL-RI. The effect of the loop parameters and the injection strength on the output phase noise, loop settling time, and lock in range is analyzed. The analysis is verified by the SPICE simulation and experimental results from a Charge-Pump PLL-RI using a 1GHz VCSO in GlobalFoundries 130nm standard CMOS technology. The designed VCSO occupies a core area of 0.005 mm$^2$, and operates from 0.5GHz to 1.7GHz. The PLL-RI, for first-harmonic locking applications, has a core area of 0.02 mm$^2$ and consumes 2.6mW power. When a 30dB attenuation is applied, phase noise at 1MHz and 10MHz offset are reduced from -118.8dBc/Hz (PLL) to -121.9dBc/Hz (PLL-RI), and -102.3dBc/Hz (PLL) to -128.3dBc/Hz (PLL-RI), respectively, with an integrated RMS jitter from 10KHz to 30MHz of 1.55ps. Finally, another application of the PLL-RI as an integer-N frequency synthesizer is studied and tested. The PLL-RI based frequency synthesizer with the ring-type VCSO achieves comparable noise performance with LC type PLLs, but uses a much smaller chip area and features lower power consumption. To summarize, this dissertation has throughly evaluated an oscillator and a PLL under small signal injection. Compared with the traditional PLL, the all-CMOS PLL-RI offers faster settling time, wider lock in range, and ability to decouple 3dB bandwidths for different noise sources to achieve an optimum noise performance. The applications of PLL-RIs can be extended to analog, digital, and RF systems for different timing schemes.