Download or read book Inhibitory Receptors and Pathways of Lymphocytes written by Alexandre M. Carmo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-09-08 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
Download or read book Janeway s Immunobiology written by Kenneth Murphy and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.
Download or read book Signal Transduction Pathways in Autoimmunity written by Amnon Altman and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2002 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chapters included in this volume represent but a few examples of the close link between aberrant signaling pathways and autoimmune diseases. They cover a variety of cells (T, B and myeloid/monocytic cells), receptors (for antigen, Fc and cytokines) and intracellular signaling molecules (kinases, phosphatases, adapters and transcription factors) in the immune system. This book brings together clinical and experimental aspects of autoimmune disease and the fundamental science of intracellular signaling pathways. Therefore, it should be of interest to clinical investigators of autoimmune diseases as wll as to basic immunologists and cell biologists interested in the molecular basis of signal transduction in the immune system.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book How the Immune System Recognizes Self and Nonself written by Daisuke Kitamura and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-04-08 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do you discriminate yourself from other people? This question must sound odd to you since you easily recognize others at a glance and, without any effort, would not mistake them for yourself. However, it is not always easy for some people to discriminate themselves from others. For example, patients with schi- phrenia often talk with “others” living inside themselves. Thus it is likely that n- mally your brain actively recognizes and remembers the information belonging to yourself and discriminates it from the information provided by others, although you are not conscious of it. This brain function must have been particularly important for most animals to protect their lives from enemies and for species to survive through evolution. Similarly, higher organisms have also acquired their immune system through evolution that discriminates nonself pathogens and self-body to protect their lives from pathogens such as bacteria or viruses. The brain system may distinguish integrated images of self and nonself created from many inputs, such as vision, sound, smell, and others. The immune system recognizes and distinguishes a variety of structural features of self and nonself components. The latter actually include almost everything but self: for example, bacteria, viruses, toxins, pollens, chemicals, transplanted organs, and even tumor cells derived from self-tissue. To this end the immune system recruits different kinds of immune cells, such as B and T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
Download or read book Role of IL 27 and TCR Stimulation in Inhibitory Receptor Expression written by Jonathan Howard DeLong and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The adaptive immune response is necessary for control of pathogen burden in a wide range of infections. However, in the absence of active regulatory mechanisms, this protective response can lead to immune pathology. The cytokine interleukin (IL)-27 is required for control of exaggerated immune responses during toxoplasmosis and other infections and autoimmune settings. Multiple regulatory pathways have been found to be controlled by IL-27. However, there are gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms by which IL-27 limits T cell responses. The present work focuses on the ability of IL-27 to promote expression of inhibitory receptors on T cells. The studies presented here establish that TCR and cytokines have distinct and complementary roles in promoting inhibitory receptor expression. In vitro, IL-27, type I IFN, and IFN-g induced expression of PD-L1 and Sca-1 on naïve murine CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the absence of TCR stimulation. TCR stimulation induced expression of multiple inhibitory receptors and IL- 27 combined synergistically with TCR stimulation to further upregulate Ly6C, LAG-3, CTLA-4, TIGIT and TIM-3. This IL-27-mediated inhibitory expression was STAT1- dependent. The response to TCR stimulation was graded and thus a stronger TCR stimulus resulted in greater inhibitory receptor expression. In vivo, during infection with Toxoplasma gondii, IL-27 was required for full expression of Ly6C, PD-L1, LAG-3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT by parasite-specific T cells in the lung, a local site of infection, but not in the spleen. STAT1 was also required for full expression of LAG-3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT at local sites of infection. Taken together, these studies suggest a model in which inhibitory receptor expression on T cells is a graded regulatory pathway that is upregulated by exposure to increasing levels of TCR stimulation and cytokines present at sites of inflammation.
Download or read book Protein Kinase mediated Decisions Between Life and Death written by Ayse Basak Engin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-04 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protein phosphorylation via protein kinases is an inevitable process that alters physiological and pathological functions of the cells. Thus, protein kinases play key roles in the regulation of cell life or death decisions. Protein kinases are frequently a driving factor in a variety of human diseases including aging and cellular senescence, immune system and endothelial dysfunctions, cancers, insulin resistance, cholestasis and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as bacterial resistance in persistent infections. Recent developments in quantitative proteomics provide important opinions on kinase inhibitor selectivity and their modes of action in the biological context. Protein Kinase-mediated Decisions Between Life and Death aims to have the reader catch insights about up-to-date opinions on “Protein Kinases” related pathways that threaten human health and life. As “Protein Kinases” are related to many health problems, clinicians, basic science researchers and students need this information. Chapter “Signal Transduction in Immune Cells and Protein Kinases” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Download or read book Encyclopedic Reference of Immunotoxicology written by Hans-Werner Vohr and published by Springer. This book was released on 2005-06-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work provides rapid access to focused information on topics of Immunotoxicology not only for scientists and those dealing with laboratory aspects but also for lecturers and advanced students. Over 200 contributing authors – including many of the world’s top specialists – have contributed full essays on all relevant topics, supplemented by keyword definitions of related terms. Full essays are structured uniformly to provide reader-friendly information on all aspects of Immunotoxicology, including methods of testing and analysis, characteristics of substances, the regulatory environment and the relevance of these to humans. The single A–Z format of both types of entry makes this reference book very easy to use. The Encyclopedic Reference of Immunotoxicology is intended to be a comprehensive work of reference which will provide easy access to relevant information in the fast-growing field of Immunotoxicology.
Download or read book B Cell Receptor Signaling written by Tomohiro Kurosaki and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-26 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume details our current understanding of the architecture and signaling capabilities of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) in health and disease. The first chapters review new insights into the assembly of BCR components and their organization on the cell surface. Subsequent contributions focus on the molecular interactions that connect the BCR with major intracellular signaling pathways such as Ca2+ mobilization, membrane phospholipid metabolism, nuclear translocation of NF-kB or the activation of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase and MAP kinases. These elements orchestrate cytoplasmic and nuclear responses as well as cytoskeleton dynamics for antigen internalization. Furthermore, a key mechanism of how B cells remember their cognate antigen is discussed in detail. Altogether, the discoveries presented provide a better understanding of B cell biology and help to explain some B cell-mediated pathogenicities, like autoimmune phenomena or the formation of B cell tumors, while also paving the way for eventually combating these diseases.
Download or read book Collective Control of Adaptive Immunity by T Cell Co inhibitory Signaling written by Preston Dennett and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability of T lymphocytes to detect and eliminate cancer and viral infection is restricted by pathological subversion of the co-inhibitory receptor signaling pathways which normally function to restrain the immune response and preserve "self" tolerance. As a result, cancer treatments employing therapeutic antibodies to block the T cell co-inhibitory receptors PD-1 or CTLA4 have seen dramatic clinical success over the past decade. However, despite extensive efforts to improve and predict patient responses to these therapies, additional advances have been slow to materialize and severe autoimmune side effects remain common. To more effectively manipulate the curative potential of adaptive immunity to eliminate cancer and infectious disease, a greater understanding of how T cell co-receptor signaling operates from the level of single cells and molecules to that of the entire system is critical but remains incomplete. To advance understanding of T cell signaling at the molecular and cellular level, an APEX2 peroxidase-based proximity labeling approach is developed and applied to identify novel effectors and substrates of co-inhibitory immune receptors by mass spectrometry. To clarify how CTLA4 coordinates cellular and system level regulation of immune responses, an alternative mechanism is described in which CTLA4 acts in a cell intrinsic manner to regulate availability of the B7 co-stimulatory ligands on the surface of activated T cells. In this model, CTLA4 control of immune homeostasis is achieved in part by directing cis-endocytosis of T cell B7 ligands which are both endogenously expressed and inherently acquired via trogocytosis upon contact with activating APCs. Importantly, these APC-derived innate inflammatory signals targeted by CTLA4 are displayed to other T cells alongside co-acquired peptide antigen during an immune response. A model is presented in which this pathway thereby allows CTLA4 to exert dual cell intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory function to more efficiently operate at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity and between single T cells and the lymphocyte collective.
Download or read book Activated Effector T Cells Co expressing Multiple Inhibitory Receptors are Enriched in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment of HGSOC Expressing High and Uniform WT 1 Antigen written by Massimo Candiani and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background. In HGSOC, the association between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and survival suggests a role for T cell immune surveillance. Despite this, initial attempts with PD1 checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) had limited efficacy. This highlights the need to characterize the phenotype of TILs and to find new potential tumor-specific antigens. WT-1 expression showed a prognostic significance in HGSOC, making it an interesting target. We evaluated the expression of WT-1 in HGSOC samples and characterized the pattern of inhibitory receptors (IRs) in TILs to identify immunosuppressive pathways.Methods. Peripheral blood (PB), tumor and ascites were retrieved from HGSOC patients admitted for primary surgery. WT-1 expression and immune infiltrate were characterized on 34 specimens by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for lineage markers and inhibitory molecules. T cells isolated from tumor, ascites and PB of 14 patients were also characterized by flow cytometry for the expression of lineage and memory markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RA, CD62L, CD95), inhibitory molecules (PD1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIGIT, TIM-3, 2B4, GITR, KLRG1, CD39, CD160) and the activation marker CD137.Results. WT1 was almost uniformly expressed, with 76% of cases showing high WT1 expression in the majority of tumor cells. The extend and composition of immune infiltration was heterogeneous: 6% of cases were immune desert; all other cases displayed a wide range of immune cell density, dominated by T lymphocytes and macrophages. Intratumoral T cells (ITTCs), mainly CD8, were present in 88.2% of samples. PD-1, LAG-3 and TIM-3 were expressed by 61.9%, 61.7% and 61.7% of ITTCs. PD-L1 was expressed by neoplastic cells and immune cells in 40% and 82.3% of samples.Flow cytometry confirmed the co-expression of several IRs by TILs. Compared with corresponding PB and ascites, TILs were enriched in effector memory lymphocytes and in cells co-expressing PD-1, CD39 and CD137.Conclusions. WT-1 is a potential target for ACT in HGSOC, which is infiltrated by antigen-experienced T lymphocytes displaying features of activation and partial exhaustion.
Download or read book Co signal Molecules in T Cell Activation written by Miyuki Azuma and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book equips young immunologists and health professionals with a clear understanding of the fundamental concepts and roles of co-signal molecules and in addition presents the latest information on co-stimulation. The first part of the book is devoted to co-signal molecules and the regulation of T cells. Following an initial overview, subsequent chapters examine each co-signal molecule in turn and discuss the mechanisms by which co-signal molecules regulate the different types of T cell. The second part covers various clinical applications, including in autoimmune disease, neurological disorders, transplantation, graft-versus-host disease, and cancer immunotherapy. To date, co-stimulation blockade and co-inhibition blockade have shown beneficial effects and many additional clinical trials targeting co-signal molecules are ongoing. The mechanisms underlying these successful treatments are explained and the future therapeutic potential in the aforementioned diseases is evaluated. Co-signal Molecules in T Cell Activation will be a valuable reference guide to co-stimulation for basic and clinical researchers in the fields of both immunology and pharmaceutical science.
Download or read book Handbook on Immunosenescence written by Tamas Fulop and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-02-27 with total page 1693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative handbook covers all aspects of immunosenescence, with contributions from experts in the research and clinical areas. It examines methods and models for studying immunosenescence; genetics; mechanisms including receptors and signal transduction; clinical relevance in disease states including infections, autoimmunity, cancer, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, frailty and osteoporosis; and much more.
Download or read book The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism written by Anne Le and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-26 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic alterations in cancer, in addition to being the fundamental drivers of tumorigenesis, can give rise to a variety of metabolic adaptations that allow cancer cells to survive and proliferate in diverse tumor microenvironments. This metabolic flexibility is different from normal cellular metabolic processes and leads to heterogeneity in cancer metabolism within the same cancer type or even within the same tumor. In this book, we delve into the complexity and diversity of cancer metabolism, and highlight how understanding the heterogeneity of cancer metabolism is fundamental to the development of effective metabolism-based therapeutic strategies. Deciphering how cancer cells utilize various nutrient resources will enable clinicians and researchers to pair specific chemotherapeutic agents with patients who are most likely to respond with positive outcomes, allowing for more cost-effective and personalized cancer therapeutic strategies.
Download or read book The EBMT EHA CAR T Cell Handbook written by Nicolaus Kröger and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-02-07 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first open access European CAR-T Handbook, co-promoted by the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) and the European Hematology Association (EHA), covers several aspects of CAR-T cell treatments, including the underlying biology, indications, management of side-effects, access and manufacturing issues. This book, written by leading experts in the field to enhance readers’ knowledge and practice skills, provides an unparalleled overview of the CAR-T cell technology and its application in clinical care, to enhance readers’ knowledge and practice skills.
Download or read book Toll Like Receptors TLRs and Innate Immunity written by Stefan Bauer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-11 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overall recent research on TLRs has led to tremendous increase in our understanding of early steps in pathogen recognition and will presumably lead to potent TLR targeting therapeutics in the future. This book reviews and highlights our recent understanding on the function and ligands of TLRs as well as their role in autoimmunity, dendritic cell activation and target structures for therapeutic intervention.
Download or read book Persistent Viral Infections written by R. Ahmed and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 1999 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Persistent Viral Infections Edited by Rafi Ahmed Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, USA and Irvin S. Y. Chen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA During the past decade much of our attention has focused on diseases associated with viral persistence. Major breakthroughs in immunology, and the advent of molecular approaches to study pathogenesis have increased our understanding of the complex virus-host interactions that occur during viral persistence. Persistent Viral Infections focuses on: * The pathogenesis and immunology of chronic infections * Animal models that provide, or have the potential to provide, major insights This volume will be essential reading for virologists, immunologists, oncologists and neurologists.
