Download or read book Corrosion and Metal Release for Lead containing Materials written by Gregory V. Korshin and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 1999 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Influence of Natural Organic Matter on Corrosion and Lead Release for Lead containing Materials written by Alice Nancy Lancaster and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Corrosion and Metal Release for Lead containing Plumbing Materials Influence of NOM written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: OBJECTIVES: This project addressed the issue of effects of natural organic matter (NOM) on the corrosion of lead-containing materials in potable water. Specifically, the research focused on the effects of NOM in the corrosion of leaded brass, lead tin solder, and lead pipe. BACKGROUND: Lead is released because of the corrosion of lead-containing materials such as lead pipe, lead tin solder, and lead-containing brasses. Of all water quality parameters affecting the corrosion of metals in potable water, the influence of NOM has been the least studied. NOM is an important, site-specific component of water quality that is responsible for aesthetic properties (color) and for chemical reactions exemplified by the generation of disinfection by-products. NOM also binds pesticides, absorbs at water/solid phase boundaries, and forms strong complexes with many metallic cations, including lead. HIGHLIGHTS: Effects of NOM on corrosion depend on the corroding material. For example, the corrosion of and lead release from brass in potable water has specific features. In this alloy, lead forms a separate micro-phase that is galvanically coupled with the copper zinc matrix, thus promoting preferential oxidation and release of lead. Similar phenomena were observed for other materials. APPROACH: Studies were conducted using synthetic water qualities representing a highly plumbosolvent low-pH water, a low-aggressive high-pH water, and a medium-pH orthophosphate-containing water. NOM used in the study was isolated from Judy Reservoir, near the city of Mt. Vernon, Wash. This NOM was altered by ozonation, chlorination, and coagulation. The comparison of effects observed in the lab studies was made based on the data obtained for coupons exposed at selected sites and was also related to pilot-scale projects in which the efficiency of corrosion-mitigation water treatments was evaluated. RESULTS/FINDINGS: Soluble lead in the absence of NOM was low and close to theoretical predictions. NOM always induced an increase of soluble lead and caused relatively large colloidal particles to break down into smaller fragments. The major increase of soluble lead caused by NOM was found in the dissolved organic carbon range between 0 and 3 mg/L. The morphology of surfaces was very sensitive to the presence of NOM. Effects of NOM alteration by ozonation and chlorination on lead release were secondary in comparison with the effects of the presence of NOM. In general, the effects of NOM on the rate of corrosion depend on the exposure time and the nature of the corroding material. Overall, the presence of NOM may be a major factor affecting lead release from lead pipe, lead tin solder, and leaded brass or bronze. The adverse effects of NOM may be especially prominent in low-pH, low-alkalinity water qualities. Increasing pH and alkalinity are likely to alleviate the adverse effects of NOM. IMPACT: Water utilities with particularly high levels of NOM in source waters may be vulnerable to greater lead release in distribution systems and household plumbing. Control strategies such as pH and alkalinity control may be effective for reducing lead release. Risks of lead release may be somewhat evaluated from this research based on the presence of NOM and other contributing factors.
Download or read book Getting the lead out written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Impact of Galvanic Corrosion on Lead Release After Partial Lead Service Line Replacement written by Emily Mi Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thirsty for results written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Best Practice Guide on the Management of Metals in Small Water Supplies written by Matthew Bower and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2016-04-15 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The management of small water supplies presents a unique challenge globally, in countries at all stages of development. A combination of lack of resources, limited understanding of the risks and poor expertise means that individuals and communities may face serious health risks from these supplies. This is not only due to microbiological contamination, but also from contamination by metals, either due to natural or man-made contamination of the source water or through leaching from plumbing materials due to inadequate conditioning and corrosion inhibition and use of inappropriate materials. This Best Practice Guide aims to share best practice and experience from around the world on a practical level. It looks at general issues relating to small supplies and ways of managing these, adopting a Water Safety Plan approach to deliver sound and lasting improvements to quality. Management techniques and treatment relating to specific metals will be covered, from a theoretical and practical perspective, to deliver a publication that will act as an authoritative guide for all those faced with the problem of ensuring the quality of a small water supply. Varied case-studies will help to illustrate issues and ways in which they have been resolved. Table of contents The Difficulties of Managing Water Quality in Small Water Supplies; What are Small Supplies?; The Management and Regulation of Small Water Supplies; The Vulnerability of Small Water Supplies to Contamination by Metals; Water Safety Plans for Small Water Supplies; Making WSPs Work for Small Supplies; Teamwork- The Value of a WSP Team; A Practical Guide to Developing a WSP for a Small Supply; Practical Guidance for Risk Assessments; Establishing the Metals Problem: Risk Assessment, Sampling and Analysis; The Range of Possible Problems; Metal Solubility and Influencing Factors; Risk Assessment of Small Water Supply Systems; Sampling and Analysis; Consumer Awareness; Sources of Metals in Small Water Supplies; Origin of Contaminants; Contamination of Surface Waters; Contamination of Ground Water; Contamination from Treatment Processes; Contamination in Distribution Pipework; Contamination from Plumbing Fittings; Water Treatment Processes Available for Use on Small Water Systems; Process Selection; Types of Treatment; Practical Considerations of Treatment for Metals in Small Water Supplies; Iron; Manganese; Conditioning of Water to Prevent Dissolution of Plumbing Materials or Post-treatment Contamination; Treatment is Only Part of the Story; Indications and Effects of Post-treatment Metal Contamination in Small Water Supplies; Establishing the Source of the Problem; Factors Controlling the Corrosion of Metals into Small Water Supplies; The Conditioning of Water to Minimise Corrosion; Manual of Individual Metals in Small Water Supplies, Aluminium, Antimony, Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium, Boron, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Nickel, Selenium, Tin, Tungsten, Uranium, Vanadium, Zinc; Case Studies; Arsenic removal in Small Supplies in Italy; A New Borehole Supply with Iron Removal for a Single Property in England, UK; Metals in Small Water Supplies in Areas of Water Scarcity in African Regions; Unexplained Lead Contamination of a Small Water Supply in Northern Scotland EDITORS Matt Bower, Drinking Water Quality Regulator for Scotland, UK Colin Hayes, Swansea University, UK
Download or read book Savannah Harbor Expansion Project Chatman County Georgia and Jasper County South Carolina written by United States. Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works) and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 1340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Microbial and Disinfection Byproduct Rules Simultaneous Compliance Guidance Manual written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Internal Corrosion Control in Water Distribution Systems M58 written by AWWA Staff and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2011-01-12 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Internal Corrosion Control in Water Distribution Systems written by AWWA (American Water Works Association) and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2011 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This AWWA manual of practice provides information on the factors that influence pipe corrosion, assessing corrosion-related impacts, water quality and implementation, and maintenance of an effective corrosion control program.
Download or read book Controlling Lead Release To Drinking Water written by Benjamin F. Trueman and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work explored various approaches to controlling lead exposure via drinking water: orthophosphate treatment, limiting complexing or adsorbing species in distributed water, and lead service line replacement (LSLR). As determined by residential sampling, full LSLR reduced water lead levels by 35 - 87% within one month, while partial LSLR was associated with a greater frequency of elevated lead even after six months (27% of 1st draw samples > 15 μg L-1 vs. 13% pre-replacement). Upstream iron corrosion was a significant factor in these observations: compared with lined distribution mains, lead levels 6 mo. post-replacement were higher by factors of 1.9 (full LSLR) and 4.8 (partial LSLR) at sites supplied by unlined (corroded) iron pipe. Upstream iron corrosion also accompanied an average increase in lead release of 96 μg L-1 from a model system. This effect may explain particularly elevated lead levels after partial LSLR and it may be attributed to adsorptive and electrochemical phenomena. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) data were consistent with mobilization of lead via adsorption to suspended iron (oxyhydr)oxides: colloidal/nanosize iron and lead were strongly correlated in point-of-use samples (R2average = 0.96). Galvanic corrosion of lead by iron oxide minerals also increased lead release by a factor of 9.0 compared with uniform corrosion in the absence of iron. Orthophosphate immobilized lead oxidized in galvanic cells as insoluble hydroxypyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3OH) and in field studies, increasing the orthophosphate concentration from 0.5 to 1.0 mg PO4 L-1 reduced lead release by 38% within 8 months. Humic acid, by contrast, mobilized lead oxidized in galvanic cells, increasing lead release by a factor of 9.3 compared with an organic-free electrolyte. This was attributed largely to complexation: SEC data were consistent with formation of a soluble lead-humate species. Polyphosphates may also increase lead solubility via complexation, and SEC may aid in understanding this phenomenon in the field. In a water system dosing polyphosphate, lead was present in a soluble SEC fraction strongly associated with phosphorus. In field samples collected from a separate system-where polyphosphate reverted almost entirely to orthophosphate-lead was instead present in a colloidal fraction associated with iron and natural organic matter.
Download or read book Role of Water Chemistry in Lead Release During Drinking Water Supply and Augmentation written by Anushka Mishrra and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lead is a toxic heavy metal and legacy contaminant in drinking water that can be released from lead service lines and lead-containing premise plumbing. Lead concentrations in water are sensitive to changes in water chemistry. The extent of lead release is often driven by the solubility of the corrosion products formed on the interior of the pipes. Therefore, it is critical to advance our understanding of the extent of lead released from different lead-based plumbing materials at equilibrium and the ability to control lead when it exceeds the regulatory levels. Lead measured in the 1st liter of water collected from a tap can be significantly different from the lead measured in the water parcels beyond the 1st liter. The differences in the lead measured are usually driven by the differences in the types of pipe materials in contact with water during stagnation in the overall configuration of a service line that supplies a residence and the premise plumbing within the residence. The lead measured at the tap is regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the Lead and Copper Rule of 1991, which stipulates that the 90th percentile of lead concentrations should be below 15 [mu]g/L. Recent revisions to the LCR introduced a 5th liter sample collection in addition to 1st liter sample for monitoring lead at residences with lead service lines (LSLs). However, there is limited information regarding the extent to which the 1st and 5th liter lead concentrations will differ. A systematic approach based on equilibrium solubility modelling can be used to accurately predict the lead in the 5th liter if the water stagnates within the LSL long enough to reach equilibrium. A national database was created with information on the 90th percentile 1st liter lead and key water chemistry variables from 434 very large public water systems in the United States in 2019. The solubility-based model was used to estimate dissolved lead concentrations in equilibrium with the lead corrosion products predicted to form in these systems. Solubility-based predictions exceeded the 90th percentile 1st liter lead for 98.9% of systems. While this was approach can be used for making conservative estimates for the 5th liter, it cannot be used to predict lead in the 1st liter. Process-based factors such as rates of dissolution, mass transfer and water usage patterns in addition to the water chemistry usually drive the 1st liter lead. In the absence of historical data required to implement a process-based model, an empirical approach built upon artificial neural network model was used for predicting 1st liter lead. Lead concentrations in drinking water can be lowered with the help of corrosion inhibitors. Sodium silicate is one such corrosion inhibitor and in typical deployments its addition results in an increase in the pH of water that can lower the solubility of lead corrosion products in addition to an increase in dissolved silicate. However, the role of sodium silicate independent of the pH-based lead control is not well understood. Pipe loop experiments were used to determine the effect of sodium silicate on lead release from LSLs harvested from a water system that has one of the Great Lakes as its source water. The LSLs were first conditioned with a synthetic water similar to the source water chemistry. The conditioned LSLs were then tested at two pH conditions: the original source water pH and an elevated pH. The corrosion scales were periodically assessed to investigate silicate accumulation in the scales. A similar approach was also used to investigate the effect of sodium silicate on lead release from new copper pipes containing lead solder. At the original source water pH and dissolved silicate concentrations of 0.33 mM, sodium silicate effectively lowered lead release from LSLs to lead concentrations below 10 mg/L, but it did not have any effect on the lead release from copper pipes containing lead solder. To further probe the mechanism of corrosion inhibition exhibited by sodium silicate within LSLs, supplemental batch-scale experiments were carried out to explore the interactions between dissolved silicate and corrosion scales developed inside of LSLs. These batch scale experiments complemented the previous pipe loop experiments by allowing a focus on chemical interactions in the absence of any mass transfer limitations. Corrosion of service lines and premise plumbing can be sensitive to changes in the source water chemistry. Despite the resiliency that introduction of alternative water sources (e.g., direct potable reuse and desalination) into existing drinking water distribution systems offers, blending water supplies can impact the metal release and microbial communities within premise plumbing. Long-term pipe loop experiments with new copper pipes containing lead solder and with new brass rods with 3% lead were carried out to study the impact of gradual and abrupt introduction of advanced treated water (ATW) on drinking water quality with a primary emphasis on release of metals. The pipes were conditioned for six months with the baseline water (BLW) supply. Since the as-received ATW is highly purified with a low pH (
Download or read book Reactor Fuel Processing written by and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Drinking Water Quality and Contaminants Guidebook written by Joseph Cotruvo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-18 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: K347191 BCC Drinking water quality is a sensitive issue, and the public is constantly barraged by contaminant reports now routinely at parts-per-trillion. Protection from microbial disease risks from drinking water must always be predominant; trace chemicals usually fall farther down the scale of possible health risks, but even negligible detections raise public concerns. Drinking Water Quality and Contaminants Guidebook presents information and guidance on drinking water quality and regulatory issues reflecting experiences and judgments from the author’s more than 43 years of extensive experience. It contains digested comprehensive information on important chemical, microbial, and radionuclide water contaminants, and discussions of several drinking water-related policy issues. Information is presented for long-standing regulated contaminants and chemicals of emerging concern in understandable terms for professionals and non-experts alike. Dossiers contain readily accessed information on sources, physical and chemical properties, toxicity, analytical methodology, water treatment technology, regulations and health advisories, and also include World Health Organization Guidelines. Aesthetic and acceptance factors such as water hardness and salinity that influence public perceptions of drinking water quality are also addressed. Features: Compiles and interprets essential information on numerous key chemical, microbial, and radionuclide water contaminants Provides standardized entries for each contaminant, including occurrence, health, analytical, water treatment, regulations, and World Health Organization guidance and recommendations with source citations Examines many water-related topics including fracking, potable water reuse, desalination, boil water notices, bottled water, foodborne and waterborne disease, and public perceptions about public drinking water quality Provides essential information and the basis for management of many long-standing contaminants such as lead, mercury, disinfection by-products, E. coli, and also emerging issues such as legionella, glyphosate, BPA, and more
Download or read book Shreir s Corrosion written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-02-27 with total page 3652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This four-volume reference work builds upon the success of past editions of Elsevier’s Corrosion title (by Shreir, Jarman, and Burstein), covering the range of innovations and applications that have emerged in the years since its publication. Developed in partnership with experts from the Corrosion and Protection Centre at the University of Manchester, Shreir’s Corrosion meets the research and productivity needs of engineers, consultants, and researchers alike. Incorporates coverage of all aspects of the corrosion phenomenon, from the science behind corrosion of metallic and non-metallic materials in liquids and gases to the management of corrosion in specific industries and applications Features cutting-edge topics such as medical applications, metal matrix composites, and corrosion modeling Covers the benefits and limitations of techniques from scanning probes to electrochemical noise and impedance spectroscopy
Download or read book Waste Immobilization in Glass and Ceramic Based Hosts written by Ian W. Donald and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-04-01 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The safe storage in glass-based materials of both radioactiveand non-radioactive hazardous wastes is covered in a single book,making it unique Provides a comprehensive and timely reference source at thiscritical time in waste management, including an extensive andup-to-date bibliography in all areas outlined to waste conversionand related technologies, both radioactive and non-radioactive Brings together all aspects of waste vitrification, drawscomparisons between the different types of wastes and treatments,and outlines where lessons learnt in the radioactive waste fieldcan be of benefit in the treatment of non-radioactive wastes
