Download or read book Influence of Fuel Slosh Upon the Effectiveness of Nitrogen Inerting for Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by Edwin E. Ott and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tests were conducted to determine the influence of sloshing fuel within an aircraft fuel tank upon the effectiveness of nitrogen inerting. These tests were performed in a closed combustion chamber partially filled with JP-8 fuel. The fuel was severely agitated by a rocking motion of the chamber. The flammability of the tank ullage at various concentrations of air, nitrogen, and fuel vapor was tested by exposure to an electric arc. The sloshing fuel did not alter the maximum concentration of oxygen that could be allowed for inerting of all fuel vapor concentrations. For JP-8 fuel vapor exposed to an electric arc this maximum allowable oxygen concentration was found to be 12% by volume. Slosh did extend the flammable region for oxygen concentrations greater than the maximum allowable for inerting. These conclusions, it is believed, are valid for any mode or level of fuel agitation that may be experienced by aircraft fuel tanks.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 1008 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Download or read book A Benefit Analysis for Nitrogen Inerting of Aircraft Fuel Tanks Against Ground Fire Explosion written by Ray Cherry and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Performance of a DC 9 Aircraft Liquid Nitrogen Fuel Tank Inerting System written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen inerting protection for the fuel systems in commercial aircraft has been proposed to reduce fire and explosion hazards associated with refueling, electrical and mechanical failures, engine failures, in-flight fires, lightning strikes, and survivable crashes. A liquid nitrogen fuel tank inerting system was developed and installed on an FAA DC-9-15 aircraft. Instrumentation equipment and measurement techniques for evaluating the installed fuel tank inerting system performance were developed. A flight test program was conducted to demonstrate compliance of the DC-9 inerting system with applicable airworthiness standards, to evaluate oxygen concentration measurement techniques, and to verify that the installed inerting system maintained an explosion safe mixture in the fuel tanks over the entire flight envelope.
Download or read book A Benefit Analysis for Nitrogen Inerting of Aircraft Fuel Tanks Against Ground Fire Explosion written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Cabin Safety Research Technical Group's Survivable Accidents Database was used to identify past worldwide transport aircraft accidents and extract detailed data for those accidents where explosion was an issue in the survivability of the occupants. Each of these accidents was analysed in depth to assess the number of lives and injuries that might be saved if the fuel tanks were protected with nitrogen inerting systems. The objective of this analysis was to assess the potential benefits, in terms of reducing fatalities and injuries, resulting from three methods of aircraft fuel tank inerting. The methods analyzed were ground nitrogen inerting in centre fuel tank only, ground nitrogen inerting in all fuel tanks, and onboard nitrogen inerting in all fuel tanks. Thirteen accidents to transport category aircraft were identified during the period from 1966 to 1995 that may have involved a fuel tank' explosion. A mathematical technique was used to model each accident scenario and a Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess a high, median, and low value for the total achievable benefits.
Download or read book The Effect of Fuel on an Inert Ullage in a Commercial Transport Airplane Fuel Tank written by William M. Cavage and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent Federal Aviation Administration research has illustrated that fuel tank inerting could be practical in the commercial fleet for the protection of center wing or body style tanks. The effect of pressure differences on the release of dissolved oxygen in a fuel load on an inert fuel tank ullage was studied. A test article was constructed and experiments were conducted to quantify the potential increase in oxygen concentration in an adjacent inert ullage as a result of gases in fuel during sea level stimulation, as well as at reduced atmospheric pressure. This data was compared with flight test data in an attempt to gage the ability of laboratory tests and simple calculations to predict the resulting change in oxygen concentration of an inert commercial airplane fuel tank during a flight cycle.
Download or read book The Effect of Fuel on an Inert Ullage in a Commercial Transport Airplane Fuel Tank written by William M. Cavage and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent Federal Aviation Administration research has illustrated that fuel tank inerting could be practical in the commercial fleet for the protection of center wing or body style tanks. The effect of pressure differences on the release of dissolved oxygen in a fuel load on an inert fuel tank ullage was studied. A test article was constructed and experiments were conducted to quantify the potential increase in oxygen concentration in an adjacent inert ullage as a result of gases in fuel during sea level stimulation, as well as at reduced atmospheric pressure. This data was compared with flight test data in an attempt to gage the ability of laboratory tests and simple calculations to predict the resulting change in oxygen concentration of an inert commercial airplane fuel tank during a flight cycle.
Download or read book Effects of Fuel Slosh and Vibration on the Flammability Hazards of Hydrocarbon Turbine Fuels Within Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by Edwin E. Ott and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report deals with the effects of liquid fuel motion on the flammability of hydrocarbon turbine fuels in aircraft fuel tanks. Three military turbine fuels, JP-4, JP-5, and JP-8, were used in the testing. The fuels were placed in an explosion proof cylindrical test vessel (80-gallon capacity) and subjected to slosh and vibration. An electric arc was formed within the ullage which ignited any flammable fuel-air mixture present. The pressure rise from combustion was measured and correlated with initial conditions. The major effect of fuel slosh and vibration was to lower or abolish the lean flammabile temperature limit of the fuel. The rich flammable temperature limit was unchanged. An analysis was performed on these results and an explanation proposed based upon the hypothesis that all the fuel vapor in the ullage burns for combustion below the flash point.
Download or read book Nitrogen Inerting of Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by K. R. Bragg and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Service Experience with Liquid Nitrogen Fuel Tank Inerting System in FAA DC 9 Aircraft written by Joseph Haddad and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this project is to determine the nitrogen consumption, system reliability, and maintenance burden and costs which are associated with the installation and operation of a liquid nitrogen fuel tank inerting system installed in the FAA DC-9 airplane, N119. The data can be extrapolated to a typical airline type of operation of a DC-9 and other jet transport aircraft. The FAA installed a liquid nitrogen inerting system in the DC-9 to demonstrate the availability of a practical system to provide improved protection against fuel system fire and explosion. The effectiveness of this system in controlling the oxygen concentration at below 9%, under all conditions for the prevention or suppression of fire and explosion within the fuel tanks and venting systems in the event of an accidental occurrence of an ignition source, was demonstrated during a flight test program. (Modified author abstract).
Download or read book Aeronautical Engineering written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A selection of annotated references to unclassified reports and journal articles that were introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system and announced in Scientific and technical aerospace reports (STAR) and International aerospace abstracts (IAA).
Download or read book Performance of a DC 9 Aircraft Liquid Nitrogen Fuel Tank Inerting System written by E. P. Klueg and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigation of Aircraft Fuel Tank Explosions and Nitrogen Inerting Requirements During Ground Fires written by Richard Hill and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen inerting was investigated as a means of preventing or minimizing explosions and/or reactions in aircraft fuel tanks under simulated crash-fire conditions. Tests were conducted on both small and large volume tanks, inerted to various concentrations (expressed in terms of O2 concentration by volume), containing different amounts of Jet-A or JP-4 fuel and heated at different rates. Results of these tests indicated that internal fire or explosion would not result from external heating or internal high-energy spark when the tank was inerted to an oxygen concentration lower than 10 percent. (Author) Color illustrations reproduced in black and white.
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements written by and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 948 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Rate of Oxygen Evolution from Aviation Turbine Fuel Within Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by Adam Paul Harris and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing the effects of dissolved air evolution from aviation fuel has presented long-standing issues for the design and operation of aircraft fuel systems. This phenomenon, known colloquially as fuel outgassing, is responsible for a broad spectrum of fuel system issues, including; increased fuel tank flammability, two-phase flow in pipes, fuel pump cavitation and fuel tank over- pressurisation. The rate and effects of oxygen evolution from Jet A-I aviation turbine fuel is studied here using experimental techniques, dimensional modelling and aircraft flight testing. The rate of fuel agitation present within a laboratory fuel tank was demonstrated to have the greatest effect on the rate of oxygen evolution from the fuel. Oxygen evolution rate increased hyperbolic ally with increasing fuel agitation rate under pressure and temperature conditions consistent with an aircraft fuel tank during flight. Dimensional modelling was used to estimate the rate of oxygen evolution in an Airbus A320-200 aircraft fuel tank from measurements made on a dimensionally similar laboratory model. The extrapolated rate of oxygen evolution from similarity laws was found to be over 200% greater in the A320 inner wing fuel tank than that measured in the laboratory model. Further work is required to validate the similarity laws of fuel outgassing with flight test data if dimensional modelling is to be adopted for estimating fuel outgassing rates in aircraft fuel tank flammability studies. Flight testing on an Airbus A340-300 aircraft revealed the effect of fuel outgassing on a nitrogen inerted Centre Wing Fuel Tank (CWT) ullage to be minimal. CWT ullage oxygen concentration increased primarily due to atmospheric air inspired via the vent system, resulting from a reducing fuel quantity in the CWT. This unexpected result is believed to have been influenced by a combination of the fuel's tendency to absorb nitrogen from the ullage during CWT refuel, a large ullage to fuel ratio and near quiescent CWT fuel conditions.
Download or read book Sorbent Based Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting System written by Gilbert E. Limberg and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analytical study of a new concept for inerting aircraft fuel tanks was performed. The Sorbent-Based Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting System studied makes use of the solid sorbent fluomine to inert air by the absorption of oxygen. Various pressure and temperature conditioning schemes are considered to obtain a high inerting performance capability. A vapor cycle refrigerator (heat pump) system is used to thermally condition the sorbent beds, a bootstrap turbocompressor is employed to boost the engine bleed air pressure to the absorbing bed, and stripping air at near-ambient pressure accomplishes the desorption process. The system meets the desired performance and weight objectives for application to the B-1 aircraft. In addition, the system compares favorably with the stored liquid nitrogen and the catalytic reactor inerting concepts. The basic concept is so similar to the sorbent-based oxygen generator systems for crew breathing that it is advantageous to integrate the two concepts into a single system. (Author).
Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting Systems written by AE-5D Fuel Tank Flammability Reduction Systems Committee and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Aerospace Recommended Practices of this document are intended for nitrogen-based Flammability Reduction Means (FRM) implemented on transport category, turbine powered airplanes. The recommended practices herein, therefore, relate only to the transport category aircraft, and focus specifically on contemporary inerting systems equipment. Such systems are referred to a Fuel Tank Inerting Systems (FTIS) in this document. This document does not cover the following: Military aircraft applications Air separation technologies other than hollow fiber membrane (HFM) and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) Inerting of conventional unheated wing tanks or aircraft dry bays Expected future technology solutions for the generation of inert gas.The advice contained in this document is aimed towards providing aircraft manufacturers with guidance on the key issues associated with contemporary aircraft fuel tank inerting systems to supplement the guidance in FAA Advisory Circular AC 25.981-2. This document also provides system and component designers and manufacturers with advice on what aspects must be evaluated and addressed when designing a safe, low risk solution for transport aircraft fuel tank Flammability Reduction Means. As such, the information herein is intended as a guide for some system design aspects, but primarily identifies the issues which must be addressed in designing an inerting system for fuel tank flammability reduction. This document provides recommended practices for developing a non-aircraft specific commercially certifiable nitrogen based Flammability Reduction Means (FRM) including the applicable design considerations supporting Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations part 25, Appendix M, for Transport Category Airplanes" (Reference 14 CFR 25.981).
