Download or read book Influence of Composition on the Post Processing Response of Additively Manufactured Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels written by Derek Shaffer and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Moving from traditional thermomechanical processing to additive manufacturing (AM) of precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steels has introduced unexpected differences in the heat treatment response that produce wide variations mechanical properties. Changes in powder compositions and AM processing conditions have been identified as the primary causes since they produce different as-deposited microstructures within the same alloy system. In PH grade stainless steels, differences in nitrogen composition have been identified as the major contributor. For example, with low nitrogen levels on the order of 0.01 wt%, large ferritic grain structures with small amounts of a high temperature delta-ferrite existing along the grain boundaries are produced. On the other hand, high nitrogen levels on the order of 0.1 wt% or greater result in large amounts of retained austenite (81 vol.%). In order to form a more consistent microstructure and evenly disperse critical elemental constituents, such as copper, high temperature heat treatments precede aging in the typical two-step heat treatment. During these high temperature heat treatments, which are on the order of 1040 °C, the goal is to form a complete solid solution in a stable austenite phase, but often overlooked, high temperature carbonitrides also form. The high temperature M(C,N) consists primarily of Nb and Cr which favors CrN for the high N compositions and NbC for the low N compositions. Changing the composition and volume fraction of the M(C,N) and therefore the Cr, Nb, C, and N in the steel by changing the overall nitrogen content can cause differences in the high temperature heat treatment response. The influence of the M(C,N) has not been evaluated with respect to its impact on mechanical properties or aging response. To evaluate the impact of composition on high temperature heat treatment responses, multiple 17-4 PH stainless steel compositions spanning ranges of Cr (15.2-16.5 wt%), Mn (0.13-0.72 wt%), and N (0.025-0.142 wt%) contents were characterized. In the low nitrogen compositions, the hardness remained consistent across all heat treatment times and temperatures, but with higher nitrogen composition, hardness varied with solutionizing conditions. The main drivers for hardness fluctuations in high nitrogen materials during high temperature heat treatments are retained austenite fractions and solid solution strengthening. Decreasing the austenite fraction relative to the as-deposited condition causes an initial increase in the hardness (about 100 HV). Solid solution strengthening then results in continued hardening (variations on the order of 70 HV) which varies with nitrogen content in the martensite as a function of M(C,N) growth and dissolution with changes in solutionizing conditions. Microstructures formed through solutionizing also impact the aging response. While there is no noticeable change in the copper precipitates, there is still rather wide variations in aged properties and aging response. Evaluating tensile properties added insights into the changing microstructures that are not captured in the typical hardness and retained austenite measurements. After solutionizing and aging, the breakdown of the ferritic structures improved elongation in comparison to the aged ferrite that was characteristic of the directly aged material. With respect to the impact of composition, higher required aging temperatures for the high nitrogen alloys has been identified and evaluated so specific solutionizing conditions as well as aging heat treatments can be selected based on the material composition and targeted properties. It is clear that solutionizing and aging heat treatments must be adapted to incoming material composition. To adequately adjust the heat treatments, a composition-based metric to guide appropriate solutionizing and aging is developed based on thermodynamic and empirical results. While nitrogen content varies significantly and has been the primary focus, this metric and heat treatments are based on the entire composition. While solutionizing and aging have been investigated in detail, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) presents a separate issue. HIP is commonly used in AM to heal defects (at 1185 °C for PH stainless steel) and is typically used in addition to solutionizing in PH grade stainless steel, but it has been proposed as a replacement for solutionizing. HIP provided no clear trend or apparent improvement over solutionizing, but the formation of unexpected copper precipitates in both the low nitrogen and higher nitrogen alloys was observed due to slower cooling (10 °C/min compared to 10 °C/sec). Solution heat treatments after standard HIP were found to result in properties that align with the materials that were only solutionized. HIP with uniform rapid cooling (URC) was used in an attempt to increase the cooling rates directly from HIP to avoid copper precipitation, but similar properties to HIP were observed after HIP with URC. Again, solutionizing following HIP with URC results in properties that also align well with the other solutionized materials. While HIP and HIP with URC present interesting options for microstructural development, it is recommended that solutionizing is still performed after any HIP heat treatment.

Download or read book Impact of Atomization and Processing Gas on the Heat Treatment Response of Additively Manufactured 17 4 PH Stainless Steel written by Scott Meredith and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Precipitation hardened (PH) grade martensitic stainless steels are commonly used in additivemanufacturing (AM) processes. In order to obtain properties similar to their wroughtcounterparts, post-processing solutionizing and aging heat treatments are required. Dependingon the powder feedstock composition, which can be varied by the choice of atomization gas and,to a lesser extent, the processing gas during component fabrication, the post-process heattreatment response can be significantly altered. When the standard heat treatment cyclesdeveloped for wrought alloys are applied to as-deposited 17-4 PH grade stainless steel structuresfabricated from argon or nitrogen atomized powder feedstocks on different powder bed fusion(PBF) systems, the AM components exhibited a difference response. Argon atomized feedstockscontain approximately 0.01 wt.% nitrogen, possess low levels of retained austenite, and respondas expected to standard solutionizing and aging heat treatment cycles. In contrast, 17-4 PH gradestainless steel structures fabricated using nitrogen atomized feedstocks with higher nitrogenlevels (0.06 0.14 wt.%) and retained austenite levels (up to 81%) do not respond to standardsolutionizing and aging techniques. Peak aging at these high nitrogen levels occurs at atemperature of approximately 680C, which is significantly higher than the standard peak agingheat treatment at 482C.

Download or read book WELDING METALLURGY AND WELDABILITY OF STAINLESS STEELS written by John C. Lippold and published by . This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Market_Desc: · Professional engineers, technicians, scientists, etc. working in industries where stainless steels are used for construction. This includes the power generation, energy, petrochemical, dairy, medical, electronic, defense, and construction industries.· Advanced undergraduate and graduate level students. Special Features: · Emphasizes solid fundamental underpinnings of the metallurgical principles that govern microstructure evolution and property develpment in welded stainless steels.· Presents many practical examples that demonstrate the application of fundamental metallurgical principles.· Greatly expands and updates what is currently available in other texts and handbooks in the subject matter. About The Book: This book describes the fundamental metallurgical principles that control microstructure and properties of welded stainless steels. It also serves as a practical how to guide that will allow engineers to select the proper alloys, filler metals, heat treatments, and welding conditions to insure that failures are avoided during fabrication and service. This book provides state of the art information on the topic and greatly expands and update what is currently available in other texts and handbooks.

Download or read book TMS 2021 150th Annual Meeting Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings written by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-23 with total page 1062 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection presents papers from the 150th Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

Download or read book The Effect of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured 17 4 PH Stainless Steel written by Nicholas Aaron Hopkins and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive manufacturing (AM) is used to create geometries otherwise impossible to machine. Topology optimization, microstructural texture control, and the use of lattices could be created through AM to increase performance of systems. Currently research focuses on solution aging of printed 17-4 PH, while other heat treatments are not as heavily studied. This study identifies different heat treatments applied to additively manufactured 17-4 precipitation hardened (PH) and the effects on mechanical properties. This study used quasi-static tension, quasi-static compression, and Charpy V-notch testing to analyze the effects of heat treatment as well as the effectiveness of additive manufacturing compared to traditional machining for wrought materials. Data during testing was taken with digital image correlation to identify changes in local strain. The effectiveness of heat treatment was demonstrated in this study and can be used to estimate performance on additively produced 17-4 PH.

Download or read book Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels written by Andrea Di Schino and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-15 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stainless steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from a scientific and commercial point of view, following to their excellent combination in terms of strength and ductility together with corrosion resistance. Thanks to such properties, stainless steels have been indispensable for the technological progress during the last century and their annual consumption increased faster than other materials. They find application in all these fields requiring good corrosion resistance together with ability to be worked into complex geometries. Despite to their diffusion as a consolidated materials, many research fields are active regarding the possibility to increase stainless steels mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by grain refinement or by alloying by interstitial elements. At the same time innovations are coming from the manufacturing process of such a family of materials, also including the possibility to manufacture them starting from metals powder for 3D printing. The Special Issue scope embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting about experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during processing, microstructure-properties relations, applications including automotive, energy and structural.

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing of Metals written by John O. Milewski and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-28 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This engaging volume presents the exciting new technology of additive manufacturing (AM) of metal objects for a broad audience of academic and industry researchers, manufacturing professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, hobbyists, and artists. Innovative applications ranging from rocket nozzles to custom jewelry to medical implants illustrate a new world of freedom in design and fabrication, creating objects otherwise not possible by conventional means. The author describes the various methods and advanced metals used to create high value components, enabling readers to choose which process is best for them. Of particular interest is how harnessing the power of lasers, electron beams, and electric arcs, as directed by advanced computer models, robots, and 3D printing systems, can create otherwise unattainable objects. A timeline depicting the evolution of metalworking, accelerated by the computer and information age, ties AM metal technology to the rapid evolution of global technology trends. Charts, diagrams, and illustrations complement the text to describe the diverse set of technologies brought together in the AM processing of metal. Extensive listing of terms, definitions, and acronyms provides the reader with a quick reference guide to the language of AM metal processing. The book directs the reader to a wealth of internet sites providing further reading and resources, such as vendors and service providers, to jump start those interested in taking the first steps to establishing AM metal capability on whatever scale. The appendix provides hands-on example exercises for those ready to engage in experiential self-directed learning.

Download or read book Steels Processing Structure and Performance Second Edition written by George Krauss and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2015-03-01 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: George Krauss, University Emeritus Professor, Colorado School of Mines and author of the best-selling ASM book Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, discusses some of the important additions and updates to the new second edition.

Download or read book Advanced Materials Science III written by Sarjito, and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2021-05-04 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selected peer-reviewed full text papers from the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Materials Science (ICOAMS 2020) Selected, peer-reviewed papers from the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Materials Science (ICOAMS 2020), December 8-9, 2020, Surakarta, Indonesia

Download or read book Laser Additive Manufacturing written by Milan Brandt and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2016-09-01 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laser Additive Manufacturing: Materials, Design, Technologies, and Applications provides the latest information on this highly efficient method of layer-based manufacturing using metals, plastics, or composite materials. The technology is particularly suitable for the production of complex components with high precision for a range of industries, including aerospace, automotive, and medical engineering. This book provides a comprehensive review of the technology and its range of applications. Part One looks at materials suitable for laser AM processes, with Part Two discussing design strategies for AM. Parts Three and Four review the most widely-used AM technique, powder bed fusion (PBF) and discuss other AM techniques, such as directed energy deposition, sheet lamination, jetting techniques, extrusion techniques, and vat photopolymerization. The final section explores the range of applications of laser AM. Provides a comprehensive one-volume overview of advances in laser additive manufacturing Presents detailed coverage of the latest techniques used for laser additive manufacturing Reviews both established and emerging areas of application

Download or read book Effect of Composition and Section Size on Mechanical Properties of Some Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels written by H. W. Garvin and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applications have developed in which the high-strength properties associated with precipitation hardening stainless steel alloys are of considerable interest in large and medium section sizes. In a number of instances, transverse loading is involved. In common with other high strength materials, ductility in the transverse direction is lower than in the longitudinal direction. This paper presents transverse tension data obtained on a number of these alloys which serve to define this characteristic in a variety of shapes and sizes. The alloys discussed are 17-7 PH, PH 15-7 Mo, PH 13-8 Mo, 17-4 PH, and 15-5 PH. It is demonstrated that structural characteristics, particularly delta ferrite and certain precipitates, markedly influence transverse ductility and, in large section of 17-7 PH and PH 15-7 Mo, longitudinal ductility. Vacuum remelting does not help the directional ductility characteristics in compositions in which delta ferrite is a major controlling factor. Alloys in which composition changes have been incorporated to vary these structural factors have been developed. One of these is PH 13-8 Mo which is a composition employing aluminum as a hardening agent in which the analysis is adjusted to eliminate delta ferrite. This steel has excellent transverse ductility, especially in products made from double vacuum melted ingots. Another new material which has been called 15-5 PH contains copper as a hardening agent and is free of delta ferrite. In this modified composition the transverse ductility across the dead center of large sections is somewhat inferior to the transverse ductility obtainable at intermediate and surface locations in products made from air-melted ingots. Consumable electrode vacuum remelting eliminates the lower dead center transverse ductility in delta ferrite free products, such as 15-5 PH, by minimizing gross segregation, and excellent transverse ductility is obtained in any location.

Download or read book Fundamentals of Materials Science written by Eric J. Mittemeijer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-01 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook offers a strong introduction to the fundamental concepts of materials science. It conveys the quintessence of this interdisciplinary field, distinguishing it from merely solid-state physics and solid-state chemistry, using metals as model systems to elucidate the relation between microstructure and materials properties. Mittemeijer's Fundamentals of Materials Science provides a consistent treatment of the subject matter with a special focus on the microstructure-property relationship. Richly illustrated and thoroughly referenced, it is the ideal adoption for an entire undergraduate, and even graduate, course of study in materials science and engineering. It delivers a solid background against which more specialized texts can be studied, covering the necessary breadth of key topics such as crystallography, structure defects, phase equilibria and transformations, diffusion and kinetics, and mechanical properties. The success of the first edition has led to this updated and extended second edition, featuring detailed discussion of electron microscopy, supermicroscopy and diffraction methods, an extended treatment of diffusion in solids, and a separate chapter on phase transformation kinetics. “In a lucid and masterly manner, the ways in which the microstructure can affect a host of basic phenomena in metals are described.... By consistently staying with the postulated topic of the microstructure - property relationship, this book occupies a singular position within the broad spectrum of comparable materials science literature .... it will also be of permanent value as a reference book for background refreshing, not least because of its unique annotated intermezzi; an ambitious, remarkable work.” G. Petzow in International Journal of Materials Research. “The biggest strength of the book is the discussion of the structure-property relationships, which the author has accomplished admirably.... In a nutshell, the book should not be looked at as a quick ‘cook book’ type text, but as a serious, critical treatise for some significant time to come.” G.S. Upadhyaya in Science of Sintering. “The role of lattice defects in deformation processes is clearly illustrated using excellent diagrams . Included are many footnotes, ‘Intermezzos’, ‘Epilogues’ and asides within the text from the author’s experience. This ..... soon becomes valued for the interesting insights into the subject and shows the human side of its history. Overall this book provides a refreshing treatment of this important subject and should prove a useful addition to the existing text books available to undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the field of materials science.” M. Davies in Materials World.

Download or read book Multiaxial Fatigue written by Darrell Socie and published by SAE International. This book was released on 1999-12-15 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides practicing engineers, researchers, and students with a working knowledge of the fatigue design process and models under multiaxial states of stress and strain. Readers are introduced to the important considerations of multiaxial fatigue that differentiate it from uniaxial fatigue.

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing written by Andreas Gebhardt and published by Hanser Gardner Publications. This book was released on 2016 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of additive manufacturing for the direct production of finished products is becoming increasingly important. The method not only reduces the demands on industrial infrastructure, but also opens up new perspectives in terms of decentralized production and customer inclusive individualized production (customization, cyberproduction). Oriented towards the practitioner, in this book the basics of additive manufacturing are presented and the properties and special aspects of industrially available machines are discussed. From the generation of data to the forming method, the complete process chain is shown in a practical light. In particular, the following additive manufacturing technologies are discussed: - Polymerization (e.g., stereolithography) - Sintering and melting (e.g., laser sintering) - Layer laminate method (e.g., laminated object manufacturing, LOM) - Extrusion (e.g., fused deposition modeling, FDM) - 3D printing Applications for the production of models and prototypes (rapid prototyping), tools, tool inserts, and forms (rapid tooling) as well as end products (rapid manufacturing) are covered in detailed chapters with examples. Questions of efficiency are discussed from a strategic point of view, and also from an operational perspective.

Download or read book Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys written by Flake C. Campbell and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical reference provides thorough and systematic coverage on both basic metallurgy and the practical engineering aspects of metallic material selection and application.

Download or read book Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components written by Lauralice de Campos Franceschini Canale and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2008 with total page 651 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing Volume 2 written by Prashanth Konda Gokuldoss and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-15 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the manufacturing processes that warrants the attention of industrialists, researchers and scientists, because of its ability to produce materials with a complex shape without theoretical restrictions and with added functionalities. There are several advantages to employing additive manufacturing as the primary additive manufacturing process. However, there exist several challenges that need to be addressed systematically. A couple such issues are alloy design and process development. Traditionally alloys designed for conventional cast/powder metallurgical processes were fabricated using advanced AM processes. This is the wrong approach considering that the alloys should be coined based on the process characteristics and meta-stable nature of the process. Hence, we must focus on alloy design and development for AM that suits the AM processes. The AM processes, however, improve almost every day, either in terms of processing capabilities or processing conditions. Hence, the processing part warrants a section that is devoted to these advancements and innovations. Accordingly, the present Special Issue (book) focuses on two aspects of alloy development and process innovations. Here, 45 articles are presented covering different AM processes including selective laser melting, electron beam melting, laser cladding, direct metal laser sintering, ultrasonic consolidation, wire arc additive manufacturing, and hybrid manufacturing. I believe that this Special Issue bears is vital to the field of AM and will be a valuable addition.