Download or read book Influence de la chimie des joints de grains sur les propri t s des cellules photovolta ques Cu In Ga Se2 written by Mohit Raghuwanshi and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Avec une efficacité de plus de 21%, le matériau polycristallin semiconducteur Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) présente le maximum d'efficacité pour les cellules solaires dites à couches minces. Les cellules CIGSe les plus efficaces produites jusqu'à ce jour sont des cellules pauvres en Ga (≈7.5% Ga) et ayant une largeur de bande interdite (Eg) de 1,2 eV. Cependant, les cellules avec une largeur de bande optimale d' 1,4 eV (≈18% Ga) présentent une efficacité beaucoup plus faible. Cette dégradation des performances des cellules à large bande interdite CIGSe conduit à des débats scientifiques depuis de nombreuses années ayant mené à diverses théories pour expliquer le déclin des performances de ces cellules avec l'augmentation de Ga. Les propriétés bénéfiques des joints de grains (GB) sont l'une des principales raisons de rendement élevé du CIGSe et les modifications de la chimie des GB pourraient être la raison de la performance limitée des cellules riches en Ga. Afin de détecter des changements dans la chimie des GB, une technique capable d'imager des matériaux à l'échelle atomique est employée dans ce travail : la sonde atomique tomographique (APT). L'exploration de la chimie des GB nous a permis de constater que les cellules pauvres en Ga présentent toujours une déplétion en Cu. Cette chimie semble bénéfique pour les cellules en raison de leurs car les GB agissent alors comme barrière pour trous, évitant ainsi les recombinaisons aux joints de grain. Cependant pour des concentrations de Ga supérieures à 7,5%, un enrichissement en Cu est observé. Cette composition coïncide étonnamment avec la baisse de la performance des cellules CIGSe. Cela suggère que des modifications dans les joints de grains peuvent altérer les performances de l'appareil. Donc, pour améliorer les propriétés des joints de grains, de nouvelles pistes sont envisagées à la fin du document.
Download or read book ZnO Thin Films written by Paolo Mele and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an n-type semiconductor with versatile applications such as optical devices in ultraviolet region, piezoelectric transducers, transparent electrode for solar cells and gas sensors. This book "ZnO Thin Films: Properties, Performance and Applications" gives a deep insight in the intriguing science of zinc oxide thin films. It is devoted to cover the most recent advances and reviews the state of the art of ZnO thin films applications involving energy harvesting, microelectronics, magnetic devices, photocatalysis, photovoltaics, optics, thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, electrochemistry, temperature sensing. It serves as a fundamental information source on the techniques and methodologies involved in zinc oxide thin films growth, characterization, post-deposition plasma treatments and device processing. This book will be invaluable to the experts to consolidate their knowledge and provide insight and inspiration to beginners wishing to learn about zinc oxide thin films.
Download or read book Handbook of Solid State Lasers written by B Denker and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-02-20 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solid-state lasers which offer multiple desirable qualities, including enhanced reliability, robustness, efficiency and wavelength diversity, are absolutely indispensable for many applications. The Handbook of solid-state lasers reviews the key materials, processes and applications of solid-state lasers across a wide range of fields.Part one begins by reviewing solid-state laser materials. Fluoride laser crystals, oxide laser ceramics, crystals and fluoride laser ceramics doped by rare earth and transition metal ions are discussed alongside neodymium, erbium and ytterbium laser glasses, and nonlinear crystals for solid-state lasers. Part two then goes on to explore solid-state laser systems and their applications, beginning with a discussion of the principles, powering and operation regimes for solid-state lasers. The use of neodymium-doped materials is considered, followed by system sizing issues with diode-pumped quasi-three level materials, erbium glass lasers, and microchip, fiber, Raman and cryogenic lasers. Laser mid-infrared systems, laser induced breakdown spectroscope and the clinical applications of surgical solid-state lasers are also explored. The use of solid-state lasers in defense programs is then reviewed, before the book concludes by presenting some environmental applications of solid-state lasers.With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, the Handbook of solid-state lasers is an authoritative guide for all those involved in the design and application of this technology, including laser and materials scientists and engineers, medical and military professionals, environmental researchers, and academics working in this field. - Reviews the materials used in solid-state lasers - Explores the principles of solid-state laser systems and their applications - Considers defence and environmental applications
Download or read book Advances in Spectroscopy for Lasers and Sensing written by Baldassare Di Bartolo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-07-21 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents the Proceedings of "New Development in Optics and Related Fields," held in Italy in June, 2005. This meeting was organized by the International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy of the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scientific Culture. The purpose of this Institute was to provide a comprehensive and coherent treatment of the new techniques and contemporary developments in optics and related fields.
Download or read book Persistent Phosphors written by Jianrong Qiu and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-11-24 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Persistent Phosphors: From Fundamentals to Applications provides an introduction to the key synthesis methods, characterization methods, physical mechanisms, and applications of this important luminescent materials system. The book covers basic persistent phosphorescence, introducing concepts such as emission, luminescence, phosphorescence, persistent phosphorescence and the development of persistent phosphors. Then, synthesis methods are reviewed and the connections between synthesis methods and improved materials properties are discussed. Characterization methods to investigate the trapping and de-trapping mechanism are also presented. Other sections cover the theoretical framework and energy band engineering models and materials with a focus on activators, hosts, emission bands and excitation bands. Finally, the most relevant applications of persistent phosphors are included for use in displays, safety signs, bio-labels and energy. Persistent Phosphors is an invaluable reference for materials scientists and engineers in academia and R&D. It is a key resource for chemists and physicists. - Presents characterization techniques to reveal the photophysical and photochemical properties of defects for this important category of luminescent materials - Discusses the structural role of defects in polycrystals and the capture-storing-migration-release progress of excited carriers - Demonstrates the synthesis routes and potential applications for persistent phosphor materials
Download or read book Crystal Field Analysis written by Nicolae Avram and published by . This book was released on 2008-08 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Glass Nanocomposites written by Basudeb Karmakar and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2016-01-19 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glass Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications provides the latest information on a rapidly growing field of specialized materials, bringing light to new research findings that include a growing number of technologies and applications. With this growth, a new need for deep understanding of the synthesis methods, composite structure, processing and application of glass nanocomposites has emerged. In the book, world renowned experts in the field, Professors Karmakar, Rademann, and Stepanov, fill the knowledge gap, building a bridge between the areas of nanoscience, photonics, and glass technology. The book covers the fundamentals, synthesis, processing, material properties, structure property correlation, interpretation thereof, characterization, and a wide range of applications of glass nanocomposites in many different devices and branches of technology. Recent developments and future directions of all types of glass nanocomposites, such as metal-glasses (e.g., metal nanowire composites, nanoglass-mesoporous silica composites), semiconductor-glass and ceramic-glass nanocomposites, as well as oxide and non-oxide glasses, are also covered in great depth. Each chapter is logically structured in order to increase coherence, with each including question sets as exercises for a deeper understanding of the text. - Provides comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge and literature review for both the oxide and non-oxide glass nanocomposites (i.e., practically all types of glass nanocomposites) - Reviews a wide range of synthesis types, properties, characterization, and applications of diverse types of glass nanocomposites - Presents future directions of glass nanocomposites for researchers and engineers, as well as question sets for use in university courses
Download or read book Handbook on Borates written by M. P. Chung and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Boron is a naturally-occurring element. It is typically combined with other substances to form borates, including boric acid, salts of borates, and boron oxide. Boron is released naturally into the environment by oceans, volcanoes, and geothermal steam. It is also mined and used by many industries. Borates are used largely to produce glass. Boric acid is used in flame retardants, medicines, pesticides, and wood preservatives. Low-dose exposure can cause respiratory and skin irritation, vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea, and headaches. Borates have not been thoroughly tested for health effects in humans, but the EPA has found potential developmental toxicity (especially on the testes). Borates are considered safer to human health and the environment than other flame retardants (like PBDEs and PCBs) and wood preservatives (like arsenic). This new and important book gathers the latest research from around the globe in the study of borates with a focus on such topics as: boron-based wood preservatives and their uses, molecular aspects of boron treatment technologies, alkaline earth borates, borate toxicity and effect on drug stability and others.
Download or read book Specialty Optical Fibers Handbook written by Alexis Mendez and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-10-10 with total page 841 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a comprehensive contributed volume that aims to describe and explain the design, fabrication, operating characteristics, and specific applications of the most popular and useful types of specialty optical fibers. These "specialty fibers include any kind of optical fiber that has been architecturally manipulated to diverge from a conventional structure. For instance, metal-coated fibers can be utilized for bandwidth improvement, and hollow core fibers offer more controllable dispersion for sensitive medical procedures. Applications for these specialty fibers abound in the biomedical, sensors, and industrial fields, as well as in more traditional communications capacities. This book will act as a specialty fiber "guided tour, hosted by the top names in the discipline. The globally renowned editors, Drs. Mendez and Morse, have extensive experience in research, academia, and industry.*Completely covers biomedical and industrial sensor technology with emphasis on real world applications *Comparative studies of pros and cons of all fiber types with relation to test and measurement, mechanical properties and strength, and reliability*Easy to access essential facts and details at the begining of each chapter
Download or read book Rare Earth Elements and Their Minerals written by Michael Aide and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-06-17 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the recent evolution of rare earth elements and their mineralogy, both natural and synthetic analogues. Authors review and document rare earth element chemistry in the aqueous environment and the petrology of the rare earth element-bearing mineral Allanite. Synthetic rare earth minerals and their applications is a rapidly evolving discipline important to medicine, advanced digital technologies, and solid-state physics. Authors report on the synthesis of a macrocyclic gadolinium complex and also gadolinium complexes and their applications in medicine. Authors present compelling advances in gadolinium isotopes and oxides as substrates for induced excitation and luminescent material sciences.
Download or read book Doped Nanomaterials and Nanodevices Luminescence and applications written by Wei Chen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
