Download or read book Inflammatory Cells and Mediators in CNS Disease written by Giora Z. Feuerstein and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-09-02 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book looks at the causes and long-term effects of inflammation in the CNS as a result of various conditions, and the therapeutic opportunities presented in each case. Each chapter is written by an acknowledged leader in the field

Download or read book Inflammation the Common Link in Brain Pathologies written by Nihar Jana and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-13 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unifying theme of this book-with sections on mechanisms of defense and neuropathogenesis, neurological diseases, infections of the nervous system, neuropharmacology, and novel therapies-is interactions of the immune and nervous systems. It also discusses the role of inflammation as a key mediator of different brain disorders. There have been significant scientific advances in the multidisciplinary field of neuroimmunology / neuroinflammation in the past decade, and this book, edited under the guidance of Professor P. N. Tandon, fosters communication between those who share an interest in this exciting area, including neuroscientists, immunologists, cell biologists, clinicians and neuropharmacologists.

Download or read book Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System written by Alireza Minagar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-28 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A cutting-edge review of the fundamental biological principles underlying the more common inflammatory disorders of the nervous system. The authors provide extensive updates on the latest findings concerning the mechanisms of inflammation and introduce such new concepts and methodologies as "endothelial and leukocyte microparticles" and "gene microarray technology" to help explain important links between the central nervous system (CNS) and general inflammatory processes. Among the diseases examined from an inflammatory perspective are multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, CNS vasculitis, neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. The role of the immune system in neuroinflammation is also explored in such disorders as neurosarcoidois, HIV-Associated dementia, and HTLV-associated neurological disorders.

Download or read book Immune and Inflammatory Responses in the Nervous System written by Nancy Rothwell and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition covers recent advances in understanding immunological and inflammatory responses in the nervous system, research driven by the potential to use knowledge of the molecules and mechanisms involved to intervene in, and arrest, neurodegenerative disease processes.Immune and Inflammatory Responses in the Nervous System covers developmental aspects of immune/inflammatory responses in the CNS, basic aspects of glial function, as well as inflammatory mediators, their mechanisms of action, clinical importance and sites of infection. There is also coverage of themajor diseases of the CNS, including stroke, brain injury, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Throughout, the focus is on the underlying basic neuroscience, clinical relevance and the potential for therapeutic interventions.This will be an invaluable aid to understanding and improving the diagnosis of neuroimmune diseases and determining therapeutic measures.The contributors are all leading experts in the field and the content will be of interest to neuroscientists, neurologists, neuropathologists, neurosurgeons and immunologists.

Download or read book Cell type Specific Actions of Inflammatory Mediators in the CNS written by Ying An and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuroinflammation is a critical feature associated with many neurological diseases. Two potent pro-inflammatory mediators, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), are induced and have diverse activities in inflammatory processes and disease progression. One of the mechanisms underlying the multifunctional roles of IL-1 and COX-2 is that they may exert distinct effects in different CNS cell types. We investigated the direct actions of IL-1 on brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia in cell cultures. We studied the cellular actions of inducible COX-2 in neurons and non-neuronal cells by using two Cox-2 conditional knockout mouse strains. In the first study, we demonstrated that IL-1 exerts distinct cell type-specific action in CNS cells and activates cellular specific signaling pathways. In the second study, we demonstrated that COX-2 induced in neurons may have neurotoxic effects whereas COX-2 induced in non-neuronal cells may have neuroprotective activities. We further uncovered the possible prostaglandin products that may mediate the opposing effects of COX-2 in each of the two cell types. These results together suggest that IL-1 or COX-2 mediated neuroinflammation is the result of the summation of multiple responses from different cell types in the CNS to IL-1 or COX-2.

Download or read book Neuroinflammation and CNS Disorders written by Nicola Woodroofe and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-04-15 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last decade has seen an upsurge of information on the role of immune responses in neurodegenerative disorders. In many of these diseases it is still unclear whether the innate and adaptive responses are pathogenic or play a role in repair, and thus understanding their precise roles is key to controlling these diseases by designing immune-therapeutic approaches. The connection between many neurological diseases is the realisation that the immune and nervous systems are inextricable linked, and that perturbations in this delicate balance are involved in many disorders. This has opened up new avenues for therapeutic approaches to treatment of CNS inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Neuroinflammation and CNS Disorders brings together the very latest information on the interactions between the immune system and central nervous system. The first section of the book highlights the basic concepts in the field whilst the second section, the main body of the book, covers the role of the immune response in specific disorders of the central nervous system. Neuroinflammation and CNS Disorders will provide an invaluable guide for both researchers and clinicians working in this complex and dynamic field.

Download or read book Inflammation and Stroke written by Giora Z. Feuerstein and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stroke is a leading cause of death in developed countries. However, current therapeutic strategies for stroke have been largely unsuccessful. One possible explanation is that research and pharmacological management have focused on very early events in brain ischemia. New research has shown that brain ischemia and trauma elicit strong inflammatory reactions driven by both external and brain cells. The recognition of inflammation as a fundamental response to brain ischemia provides novel opportunities for new anti-inflammatory therapies. For the first time, an international body of researchers presents the latest findings about the cellular and humoral aspects of immune and inflammatory reactions in the brain. The work may have an impact on the treatment of neuroinjuries and ancillary brain diseases, and increase the understanding of the roles infections and immune reactions play in the brain milieu.

Download or read book Mind over Matter Regulation of Peripheral Inflammation by the CNS written by Michael Schäfer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several new developments in the field of neuroimmunology with focus on the brain-to-immune system communication have been the incentive for this PIR volume. It covers topics such as brain-immune interactions, the impact of stress on the immune response, pain and immunosuppression, the modulation of inflammation and pain by the sympathetic nervous system, consequences of nerve injury for the immune system, neuronal mechanisms of immune cell recruitment, and the modulation of the immune response by corticotropin-releasing hormone or adenosine. The authors are a unique group of scientists who are all interested in brain-to-immune interactions; however, each from a different perspective. The volume will serve both neurobiologists and immunologists to understand the influence of the central nervous system on peripheral inflammation. Many aspects of this book will also be stimulating for researchers in the pain field.

Download or read book The End of Alzheimer s written by Thomas J. Lewis and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-05-12 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The End of Alzheimer's: The Brain and Beyond, Second Edition is the first comprehensive overview on the molecular basis of Alzheimer's outside of the brain, merging the most recent findings within the field into a single book. It aims to educate the reader on the many overlooked aspects of Alzheimer's disease that occur outside the brain. This book uniquely provides step-by-step, peer-reviewed evidence that the current research model may be misguided and that a new and emerging model is more accurate. It carefully outlines the molecular research in Alzheimer's outside the brain and argues that a more thorough, whole-body diagnosis will provide better answers about its causes and lead to new treatments. It is beneficial to researchers who need to be apprised of the emerging science on the causes of Alzheimer's, and will hopefully redirect many into new avenues of cellular research and discovery. - Comprehensive literature-based summary of the current state of molecular Alzheimer's disease research - Details the shortcomings of the prevailing model and therapeutics in development - Reviews blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's and their link to amyloid- and Tau-independent causes outside the brain - Describes the tissues outside the brain impacted by Alzheimer's and the underlying molecular causes - Explains the whole-body risks associated with Alzheimer's, along with concomitant measures to slow or prevent the disease - Provides a protocol to properly research, evaluate, measure, diagnose, and potentially treat Alzheimer's patients

Download or read book Inflammation written by Jean-Marc Cavaillon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-10-02 with total page 1796 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The leading reference on this topic of increasing medical relevance is unique in offering unparalleled coverage. The editors are among the most respected researchers in inflammation worldwide and here have put together a prestigious team of contributors. Starting with the molecular basis of inflammation, from cytokines via the innate immune system to the different kinds of inflammatory cells, they continue with the function of inflammation in infectious disease before devoting a large section to the relationship between inflammation and chronic diseases. The book concludes with wound and tissue healing and options for therapeutic interventions. A must have for clinicians and biomedical researchers alike.

Download or read book Inflammation 4 Volume Set written by Jean-Marc Cavaillon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-20 with total page 1818 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dieses Fachbuch erläutert die molekularen Grundlagen von Entzündungen, spannt den Bogen zu Infektionskrankheiten und den Zusammenhang zwischen Entzündungen und chronischen Erkrankungen, behandelt abschließend den Heilungsprozess und zeigt Therapiemöglichkeiten.

Download or read book Basic Biology and Clinical Aspects of Inflammation written by Robert F. Diegelmann and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2016-03-07 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basic Biology and Clinical Aspects of Inflammation provides information about the critical cells and biochemical mediators involved in the complex process of inflammation. Readers are introduced to the basic scientific background on the subject, after which the book progresses towards translational research in clinical settings. Topics covered in this volume include, the modulation of inflammation during normal and chronic wound healing, altered metabolism during inflammation processes, the effect of ageing on inflammatory processes, as well as details about the underlying molecular processes behind specific clinical pathologies that are driven by excessive inflammation in the body (allergic reactions, type 2 diabetes, cardiac and vascular disease, arthritis, periodontal disease, inflammatory bowel disease and neuroinflammation). The volume also provides the latest information on pharmacotherapy for inflammation and interesting contributions towards the mathematical modeling and network analysis of inflammation. Basic Biology and Clinical Aspects of Inflammation features contributions from by a distinguished group of international researchers and clinicians highly recognized for their specific expertise in the field of inflammation. The information presented in this reference is useful to academics, medical professionals, health care regulators and pharmaceutical scientists.

Download or read book Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration written by Phillip K. Peterson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: State of the art reviews by experts in the fields of neuroscience, immunology, microbiology/infectious diseases and pharmacology addressing the convergence of the immune system (neuroinflammation) and the loss of neurons (neurodegeneration). Many of the diseases that are discussed in the book are of epidemic proportion, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, viral encephalitides and substance abuse. In addition to discussions of the involvement of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in these disorders, scientific reviews are presented on the cells and mediators that participate in defense of and damage to the nervous system. With rare exception, no or inadequate treatment exists for the diseases discussed in this book. An underlying premise of the book is that understanding of their shared pathogenic mechanisms will lead to improved therapies. Given the rapid evolution of the field of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, readers will find this book to be the most timely and authoritative reference on the subject of each of its chapters.

Download or read book The Resolution of Inflammation written by Adriano Rossi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-03-17 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with an up-to-date and comprehensive view on the resolution of inflammation and on new developments in this area, including pro-resolution mediators, apoptosis, macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells, possible novel drug developments.

Download or read book Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation and Inflammatory Neurodegeneration in Acute Brain Injury written by Arthur Liesz and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-11-13 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanisms of brain-immune interactions became a cutting-edge topic in systemic neurosciences over the past years. Acute lesions of the brain parenchyma, particularly, induce a profound and highly complex neuroinflammatory reaction with similar mechanistic properties between differing disease paradigms like ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Resident microglial cells sense tissue damage and initiate inflammation, activation of the endothelial brain-immune interface promotes recruitment of systemic immune cells to the brain and systemic humoral immune mediators (e.g. complements and cytokines) enter the brain through the damaged blood-brain barrier. These cellular and humoral constituents of the neuroinflammatory reaction to brain injury contribute substantially to secondary brain damage and neurodegeneration. Diverse inflammatory cascades such as pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of invading leukocytes and direct cell-cell-contact cytotoxicity between lymphocytes and neurons have been demonstrated to mediate the inflammatory ‘collateral damage’ in models of acute brain injury. Besides mediating neuronal cell loss and degeneration, secondary inflammatory mechanisms also contribute to functional modulation of neurons and the impact of post-lesional neuroinflammation can even be detected on the behavioral level. The contribution of several specific immune cell subpopulations to the complex orchestration of secondary neuroinflammation has been revealed just recently. However, the differential vulnerability of specific neuronal cell types and the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory neurodegeneration are still elusive. Furthermore, we are only on the verge of characterizing the control of long-term recovery and neuronal plasticity after brain damage by inflammatory pathways. Yet, a more detailed but also comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted interaction of these two supersystems is of direct translational relevance. Immunotherapeutic strategies currently shift to the center of translational research in acute CNS lesion since all clinical trials investigating direct neuroprotective therapies failed. To advance our knowledge on brain-immune communications after brain damage an interdisciplinary approach covered by cellular neuroscience as well as neuroimmunology, brain imaging and behavioral sciences is crucial to thoroughly depict the intricate mechanisms.

Download or read book Neuroimmune Interface in Health and Diseases written by Ihssane Zouikr and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-12-06 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is now well appreciated that the immune system, in addition to its traditional role in defending the organism against pathogens, communicate in a well-organized fashion with the brain to maintain homeostasis and regulate a set of neural functions. Perturbation in this brain-immune interactions due to inflammatory responses may lead to psychiatric and neurological disorders. Microglia are one of the essential cells involved in the brain-immune interactions. Microglial cells are now not simply regarded as resident tissue macrophages in the brain. These cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells in the yolk sac in early gestation, travel to the brain parenchyma and interact actively with neurons during the critical period of neurogenesis. Microglia provide a trophic support to developing neurons and take part in the neural wiring through the activity-dependent synapse elimination via direct neuron-microglia interactions. Altered microglial functions including changes in the gene expression due to early life inflammatory events or psychological and environmental stressors can be causally related to neurodevelopmental diseases and mental health disorders. This type of alterations in the neural functions can occur in the absence of infiltration of inflammatory cells in the brain parenchyma or leptomeninges. In this sense, the pathogenetic state underlying a significant part of psychiatric and neurological diseases may be similar to “para-inflammation”, an intermediate state between homeostatic and classical inflammatory states as defined by Ruslan Medzhitov (Nature 454:428-35, 2008). Therefore, it is important to study how systemic inflammation affects brain health and how local peripheral inflammation induces changes in the brain microenvironment. Chronic pain is also induced by disturbance in otherwise well-organized multisystem interplay comprising of reciprocal neural, endocrine and immune interactions. Especially, early-life insults including exposure to immune challenges can alter the neuroanatomical components of nociception, which induces altered pain response later in life. Recently the discrete roles of microglia and blood monocyte-derived macrophages are being defined. The distinction may be further highlighted by disorders in which the brain parenchymal tissue is damaged. Therefore, studies investigating the dynamics of immune cells in traumatic brain injury and neurotropic viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus, etc. as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are promising to clarify the interplay between the central nervous and immune systems. The understanding of the histological architecture providing the infrastructure of such neuro-immune interplay is also essential. This Frontiers research topic brings together fourteen articles and aims to create a platform for researchers in the field of psychoneuroimmunology to share the recent theories, hypotheses and future perspectives regarding open questions on the mechanisms of cell-cell interactions with chemical mediators among the nervous, immune and endocrine systems. We hope that this platform would reveal the relevance of the studies on multisystem interactions to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Download or read book Regulation of Inflammation Its Resolution and Therapeutic Targeting written by Mariagrazia Uguccioni and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-01-11 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inflammation is a fundamental protective mechanism and at the same time the driving force of a variety of major diseases in humans. Indeed, acute self-resolving inflammation usually plays a positive role for the host, as exemplified by infectious diseases where its positive role is well established and testified by its perception as innate immunity. On the other hand, non-resolving inflammation and consequent chronicization is a key determinant of immunopathology and clinical manifestations of most major diseases in humans. As a consequence, it is increasing appreciated that the problem with inflammation is not how often it starts, but how often it fails to resolve. Appropriate resolution of inflammatory responses, which also drives activation of tissue damage repair mechanisms and return of local tissues to homeostasis, is a necessary process for ongoing health. Interestingly, cells sustaining these processes are also key to the proinflammatory responses, and the underlying “pro-resolving” molecular pathways are triggered as part of the pro-inflammatory response. This clearly indicates resolution of inflammation as an active process requiring functional repolarization of inflammatory cells that calls our attention on the underlying molecular mechanisms. The increasing number of anti-inflammatory drugs best-sellers in the pharma market is a clear indication of the relevance of having inflammation under check; nonetheless, there is still a great need for better acting pharmacological tools for the control of inflammation. Indeed, the remarkable success of biological drugs targeting proinflammatory cytokines has indicates that tools able to block proinflammatory mediators have promising applications, but at the same time has made clear that there are intrinsic limitations to this approach which frequently vanish undermine the activity of single targeting drugs, including the well-known redundancy of inflammatory mediators. Under self-limiting conditions inflammation spontaneously resolves in an active process. Some cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation resolution have been uncovered in the recent past, and include generation of specific cytokines, apoptosis of inflammatory leukocytes, lipid mediators, macrophage repolarization and others are likely to be revealed in the next future, since loss-of-function mutations of an increasing number of genes results in the development of spontaneous inflammation in experimental animals. We argue that “pushing for“ inflammation resolution by exploiting active naturally-occurring pro-resolving processes may have significant advantages over the attempt to simply “push back” inflammation by passive blockade of proinflammatory mediators. At present the research in the field of inflammation aims at identifying and validates new molecules involved in the resolution of inflammation as a basis for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This involves the discovery of new natural or synthetic “pro-resolving” molecules from plant and animals and the investigation of endogenous inflammation “pro-resolving” mechanisms, including atypical chemokine receptors, decoy receptors, and microRNA. An extensive effort is focused on the regulation by “pro-resolving” agents on two molecular systems of key relevance in inflammation: the chemokine system, which regulates recruitment, permanence and egress of leukocyte in tissues; and the Toll Like Receptor (TLR)/IL-1R system, which is central for the activation of infiltrating leukocytes.