Download or read book Infections in Diabetes ECAB written by Samar Banerjee and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-07-05 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Patients with diabetes are predisposed to infections. The risk ratio for infectious disease-related hospitalization for diabetic versus nondiabetic persons is more than 2, and almost 2 for death attributable to infection. Infections in diabetes may precipitate metabolic derangements and, conversely, the metabolic derangements of diabetes may facilitate infection. Abnormalities in the microvascular circulation of individuals with diabetes may result in decreased tissue perfusion, which facilitates the acquisition of infection and impairs response to therapy. The incidence of TB among diabetic patients is 2–5 times higher when compared to the general population, which recently has raised the concern that a combination of DM and HIV infection might lead to a further increased incidence of TB in India and in other developing nations. However, it is unclear whether diabetes is an independent risk for common upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Urinary tract is also reported to be the most prevalent site of infection in patients with diabetes. These infections are known to account for a relatively smaller percentage of reported patients probably due to the fact that most patients, including diabetics, with urinary tract infection are treated as outpatients. A number of long-term effects of diabetes mellitus on the genitourinary system predispose diabetic patients to bacterial urinary tract infections. In addition, complications of urinary tract infection (e.g., bacteremia, renal abscesses, and renal papillary necrosis) are more common in patients with than without diabetes. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis and emphysematous pyelonephritis are some of the less commonly reported conditions seen in diabetics though being important pathologies. The primary goal of this book is to provide a high-quality, evidence-based text on the various aspects of the associations of various infections in diabetics with prime focus on TB and diabetes, rare conditions such as rhinocerebral mucormycosis and emphysematous pyelonephritis and also the various acute infections commonly reported in the condition. The book includes in-depth analysis of the diagnostic and management issues considering the same.
Download or read book Dietary Considerations in Diabetes ECAB written by Anoop Misra and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-07-05 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diet plays an important role in the treatment of diabetes, alone or in combination with insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs. The diabetic nutrition plan of an individual necessitates to be based upon, excepting the usual parameters, his/her socioeconomic status, ethnicity/religion, and local food habits. It is important that diet plan is individualized and also region based. Since there are a number of artificial sweeteners available now, it is necessary that physicians should take in account scientific data while prescribing any artificial sweetener. This issue in the ECAB Update Series: Diabetology reviews these issues in accordance with the Indian Dietary habits and available evidence to support the clinical decisions.
Download or read book Diabetic Kidney Disease ECAB written by K V Dakshinamurty and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-07-22 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus is increasing rapidly all over the world and more so in the developing countries. The global burden of diabetes is expected to double between 2000 and 2030, with the greatest increases in prevalence occurring in the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa and India. Moreover, the development of type 2 diabetes during the childbearing years is also likely to increase, primarily in the developing countries. It has already been established that Diabetes is the most common primary cause leading to end stage renal disease (ESRD) and Diabetic Nephropathy is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in India. The cornerstones of management of Diabetic Kidney Diseases include early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy, prevention of its progression and treatment of the co-morbid conditions. Substantial under-diagnosis of both diabetes and chronic kidney disease leads to lost opportunities for prevention. An inadequate or inappropriate care of patients with diabetic kidney disease contributes to disease progression eventually up to a stage that requires renal replacement therapy, which is not a feasible option for many on a long-term basis, especially in a developing country like ours. This book covers various aspects of diabetic kidney disease in detail and attempts to familiarize the reader with the existing aspects of the conditions as well as touch upon the new advances in the field. The first chapter outlines the extent to which the condition affects the population globally as well as in our country. The second chapter explores the underlying mechanism by which the disease starts and progresses and the pathological markers of the same. The third chapter delineates the clinical and diagnostic markers of the condition. The fourth and fifth chapters speak of the non-diabetic glomerular and non-glomerular diseases in diabetics. The sixth chapter addresses the most important and desirable goal of preventing the progression and ideally the onset of the disease. The seventh chapter puts together the various treatment modalities available and the subsequent chapter explores the management options for cases requiring renal replacement. In addition to the emphasis to Indian literature at the end of each chapter, the ninth chapter is specially included to highlight the salient aspects of this condition from the Indian perspective. This book will be beneficial not only for the nephrologists, but also for the epidemiologists, medical students, diabetologists and every doctor who deals with diabetes mellitus.
Download or read book Glycemic Monitoring ECAB written by Rangasamy V. Jayakumar and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2009-03-15 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diabetes is a chronic disease that is reaching an epidemic proportion in many parts of the world. Despite the high incidence of diabetes, individuals diagnosed with the disorder are only 50%. The main challenge of medical professionals in diagnosing and treating the diabetic patients is the lack of understanding of the disease, which usually leads to problems with treatment compliance and monitoring. There is strong evidence to show that an effective intensive glycemic control reduces various microvascular and neuropathic complications of diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) showed that the intensive glycemic control prevented diabetic complications in type 1 diabetic patients, and the HbA1c levels reduced by 1.5–2.0%. In the UKPDS study, a modest improvement in HbA1c (a difference of 0.9 %) in the intensively treated group than in the control group brought about a 25% reduction in microvascular complications and a 12% reduction in all diabetes related events. There are several methods with differing utilities and limitations existing for monitoring glycemic status in individuals. Diabetes care in India leaves much to be desired and suggested, and there is a need for efforts to increase awareness of both the patients and the doctors for better treatment and monitoring.
Download or read book Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ECAB written by Abdul Hamid Zargar and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2009-09-25 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even though we have many advances in the development of oral hypoglycemic agents, an ideal drug for treating type 2 diabetes is still a distant reality. Today, physicians can choose from a variety of medications targeting numerous facets of disease, but each drug class poses some limitations. The age-old molecules, such as sulfonylureas and biguanides, are still valued because of their well-studied mode of action, safety, tolerability, and predictable pharmacodynamic effects. This book attempts to describe the historical aspects and advances in the arena of oral hypoglycemic agents, extended- and sustained-release formulations of glipizide and metformin (both of which have great promise in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus) as well as evaluates the role of the group in diabetic foot infections.
Download or read book Insulins in Diabetes ECAB written by Rangasamy V. Jayakumar and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-07-05 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decision making in instituting insulin therapy is an important aspect of diabetes management. The appropriate insulin regimen for an individual patient should take into account the patient’s lifestyle, age, motivation, general health, self-management skills, and treatment goals. In addition, a discussion of the newer insulins versus older insulin is a much desired topic in the Indian context. Another area of interest is the insulin delivery mechanism in the intensive care units in hospital settings. This CME module is designed to address such questions with supportive typical clinical scenarios, with which all readers will be able to identify. Thus it provides an excellent opportunity to widen one’s perspective in this area.
Download or read book Lipids in Diabetes ECAB written by S V Madhu and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-07-23 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a greater risk of developing atherosclerotic macrovascular diseases like myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. There is 2- to 4-fold increased risk of atherosclerotic heart disease and stroke in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients. As the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly, this diabetes related atherosclerotic disease is predicted to be a major public health problem. Atherosclerosis is a complex process and in diabetic patients, it behaves differently with increased lesion progression and severity. This accelerated atherosclerotic process in diabetics is explained on the basis of several risk factors like hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, accelerated formation of advanced glycation end products, increased oxidative stress, and genetic factors. It is difficult to establish precisely the elements responsible for this atherosclerosis in diabetics, but by epidemiological, clinical, and by animal studies, it has been possible to get an idea of this problem in diabetics. Of the several risk factors for atherosclerosis in diabetes, dyslipidemia is the leading one, and an insight into the pathophysiologic relation of isolated triglyceridemia in Indian diabetics with the identification of the targets for control of lipids in diabetes (practical vs. ideal) needs to be well understood by the treating physician. This book is designed to address such issues with supportive typical clinical scenarios, with which the readers will be able to identify. Thus, it provides an excellent opportunity to widen one’s perspective in this area.
Download or read book Unconventional Organ Damage in Diabetes ECAB written by Samar Banerjee and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-09-14 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cell health depends on a steady supply of fuel from glucose and free fatty acids. Both these major fuels are regulated by insulin. Cells in the muscle, liver, and fat need insulin to receive glucose, and hence do not become exposed to high blood glucose levels when the blood sugars are high and insulin levels are low. The lack of insulin slows the movement of glucose into these cells, and probably spares them from damage when blood sugars are high. However, other cells such as those in the brain, nervous system, heart, blood vessels and kidneys pick up glucose directly from the blood without using insulin. These cells, except the brain, are more prone to damage from high blood sugars because they become exposed to high internal levels of glucose. This to quite an extent explains why damage tends to occur in specific organs such as in nerve and kidney cells, and in small blood vessels like those in the eyes. This project on the organ damage in diabetes is an attempt to elaborate on the various factors to be considered in managing these patients, the pointers for early diagnosis and prevention of the same.
Download or read book Diabetic Foot ECAB written by Arun Bal and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-07-05 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Of all lower extremity amputations, 40–70% are related to diabetes. In most studies, the incidence of lower leg amputation is estimated to be 5–25/100,000 inhabitants/year: among people with diabetes the number is 6–8/1,000. Lower extremity amputations are usually preceded by a foot ulcer in people with diabetes. The most important factors related to the development of these ulcers are peripheral neuropathy, foot deformities, minor foot trauma, and peripheral vascular disease. The spectrum of foot lesions varies in different regions of the world due to differences in socioeconomic conditions, standards of foot care and quality of footwear. This clinical update is designed to address this condition in a comprehensive way to help the reader take important questions while managing the patient with supportive typical clinical scenarios, with which all readers will be able to identify. Thus it provides an excellent opportunity to widen one’s perspective in this area.
Download or read book Microvascular Complications of Diabetes ECAB written by V Seshiah and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2009-09-15 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pathogenesis of microvascular complications is complex and multifactorial. Yet, hyperglycemia emerges as the most important single cause, which has been proved by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Thus, the importance of protecting the body from hyperglycemia cannot be overstated; the direct and indirect effects on the human vascular tree are the major source of morbidity and mortality in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Generally, the injurious effects of hyperglycemia are separated into macrovascular complications (coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke) and microvascular complications (diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy). It is important for physicians to understand the relationship between diabetes and vascular disease because the prevalence of diabetes continues to increase in our country, and the clinical requirements for primary and secondary prevention of these complications are also expanding.
Download or read book Critical Issues and Diabetes ECAB E Book written by Samar Banerjee and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2014-12-12 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Critical Issues and Diabetes - ECAB - E-Book
Download or read book Diabetes in Pregnancy ECAB written by Samar Banerjee and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-06-07 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is classically seen in about 5–8% of the pregnant women. The condition appears to be caused by the same broad spectrum of physiological and genetic peculiarities that characterize diabetes outside of pregnancy. These women with GDM are also otherwise at high risk of having or developing diabetes even when not pregnant. The controversies regarding the diagnosis, management, and prevention of diabetes in pregnancy pose specific problems in clinical practice such as how to clinch the diagnosis, when to introduce therapy, what therapy to introduce, and how to predict the future course of the condition. This book is designed to address such questions with supportive typical clinical scenarios, with which all readers will be able to identify. Thus it provides an excellent opportunity to widen one’s perspective in this area.
Download or read book Systemic Diseases Renal Manifestations ECAB written by D S Rana and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-06-13 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the epidemiology, recognition, screening, and management of the various common systemic diseases that commonly present with renal manifestations like diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, hypertension and renal involvement, liver disease, and dysproteinemias. Diabetic nephropathy remains the leading cause of end-stage renal disease across the world. The outlook for patients who have lupus nephritis has improved in the last decade. Kidney disease is common in patients who have advanced liver disease, and creatinine-based methods do not provide an accurate estimation of renal function in this population. Dysproteinemias are associated with protean renal manifestations, and renal disease may be the presenting manifestation. The authors have given a very comprehensive view pertaining to each topic and have given an insight to their own clinical experiences along with the standard guidelines as followed.
Download or read book ECAB Fungal Infections in Asia Eastern Frontier of Mycology E Book written by Arunaloke Chakrabarti and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-08-26 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ECAB Fungal Infections in Asia: Eastern Frontier of Mycology - E-Book
Download or read book Hotspots in Diabetes ECAB written by Ambady Ramachandran and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-07-12 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diabetes is one of the most important non-communicable lifestyle diseases. Diabetes is a multifaceted disorder which possibly influences and impacts body pathophysiology by different mechanisms and in varied ways. Diabetes has a very distinguished impact on cardiovascular system and plays a detrimental role in development of cardiovascular disorders. Metabolic memory is used to describe the impact of exposure to glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and other metabolic disturbances, either as an adverse or a beneficial cell response which determines the later development of vascular complications. Terms such as metabolic imprint, legacy effect, glycemic memory or latent hyperglycemic damage are also used. Diabetes has significant impact on different facets of life. Diabetes has a distinguished but significant impact on development of various cancers. Diabetes has a positive, negative and even neutral impact on pathogenesis and progression of cancer depending upon the tumor site. On the contrary, cancer also has a significant effect on diabetes development and management. These facets tend to get overlooked in the study of diabetes development and management. All these aspects are being thoroughly covered in this project so as to facilitate better management of diabetics.
Download or read book Kidney Disease and Nutrition ECAB written by Bharat V Shah and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-05-28 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optimal nutrition is essential for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of all the organs and systems in the body. This is especially relevant in disease and dysfunctional states when the functioning of organ systems is compromised. This clinical update handbook aims to discuss and debate the impact of nutrition, describe methods for assessment of nutritional status and recommend the diet modifications helpful in managing various types of kidney diseases and dysfunctions. The first chapter of this book describes the various components of a healthy diet when there is no kidney disease or dysfunction. The chapter 2, 3, 4, and 5 provide a brief but relevant review of the dietary modifications and restrictions recommended in diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, renal stone disease, and nephrotic syndrome respectively. The two subsequent chapters 6 and 7 speak of the nutritional modifications indicated in management of acute injury of kidney and chronic kidney disease. The 8 and 9 chapters describe the dietary modifications that are compatible with the two types of dialysis, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The final chapter of the book describes the dietary recommendations and restrictions applicable before and after kidney transplantation. This book will help the readers understand the intricacies of the aspects mentioned above and guide the practitioner to diagnose and manage the nutritional aspect of various kidney diseases with special reference to practical experience in India. The authors have put together the most relevant facts about the disease for an easy comprehension and understanding of primary glomerular diseases by practitioners and students across the specialty.
Download or read book Cardiometabolic Risk written by Prasanna and published by Elsevier India. This book was released on 2009 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
