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Book Industrial Approaches in Vibration Based Condition Monitoring

Download or read book Industrial Approaches in Vibration Based Condition Monitoring written by Jyoti Kumar Sinha and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-01-21 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vibration-based condition monitoring (VCM) is a well-accepted approach in industries for early detection of any defect, thereby triggering the maintenance process and ultimately reducing overheads and plant downtime. A number of vibration instruments, data analyzer and related hardware and software codes are developed to meet the industry requirements. This book aims to address issues faced by VCM professionals, such as frequency range estimation for vibration measurements, sensors, data collection and data analyzer including related parameters which are explained through step-by-step approaches. Each chapter is written in the tutorial style with experimental and/or industrial examples for clear understanding.

Book Vibration based Condition Monitoring

Download or read book Vibration based Condition Monitoring written by Robert Bond Randall and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-07-06 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vibration-based Condition Monitoring Stay up to date on the newest developments in machine condition monitoring with this brand-new resource from an industry leader The newly revised Second Edition of Vibration-based Condition Monitoring: Industrial, Automotive and Aerospace Applications delivers a thorough update to the most complete discussion of the field of machine condition monitoring. The distinguished author offers readers new sections on diagnostics of variable speed machines, including wind turbines, as well as new material on the application of cepstrum analysis to the separation of forcing functions, structural model properties, and the simulation of machines and faults. The book provides improved methods of order tracking based on phase demodulation of reference signals and new methods of determining instantaneous machine speed from the vibration response signal. Readers will also benefit from an insightful discussion of new methods of calculating the Teager Kaiser Energy Operator (TKEO) using Hilbert transform methods in the frequency domain. With a renewed emphasis on the newly realized possibility of making virtual instruments, readers of Vibration-based Condition Monitoring will benefit from the wide variety of new and updated topics, like: A comprehensive introduction to machine condition monitoring, including maintenance strategies, condition monitoring methods, and an explanation of the basic problem of condition monitoring An exploration of vibration signals from rotating and reciprocating machines, including signal classification and torsional vibrations An examination of basic and newly developed signal processing techniques, including statistical measures, Fourier analysis, Hilbert transform and demodulation, and digital filtering, pointing out the considerable advantages of non-causal processing, since causal processing gives no benefit for condition monitoring A discussion of fault detection, diagnosis and prognosis in rotating and reciprocating machines, in particular new methods using fault simulation, since “big data” cannot provide sufficient data for late-stage fault development Perfect for machine manufacturers who want to include a machine monitoring service with their product, Vibration-based Condition Monitoring: Industrial, Automotive and Aerospace Applications will also earn a place in university and research institute libraries where there is an interest in machine condition monitoring and diagnostics.

Book Vibration based Condition Monitoring

Download or read book Vibration based Condition Monitoring written by Robert Bond Randall and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-03-25 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Without doubt the best modern and up-to-date text on the topic, wirtten by one of the world leading experts in the field. Should be on the desk of any practitioner or researcher involved in the field of Machine Condition Monitoring" Simon Braun, Israel Institute of Technology Explaining complex ideas in an easy to understand way, Vibration-based Condition Monitoring provides a comprehensive survey of the application of vibration analysis to the condition monitoring of machines. Reflecting the natural progression of these systems by presenting the fundamental material and then moving onto detection, diagnosis and prognosis, Randall presents classic and state-of-the-art research results that cover vibration signals from rotating and reciprocating machines; basic signal processing techniques; fault detection; diagnostic techniques, and prognostics. Developed out of notes for a course in machine condition monitoring given by Robert Bond Randall over ten years at the University of New South Wales, Vibration-based Condition Monitoring: Industrial, Aerospace and Automotive Applications is essential reading for graduate and postgraduate students/ researchers in machine condition monitoring and diagnostics as well as condition monitoring practitioners and machine manufacturers who want to include a machine monitoring service with their product. Includes a number of exercises for each chapter, many based on Matlab, to illustrate basic points as well as to facilitate the use of the book as a textbook for courses in the topic. Accompanied by a website www.wiley.com/go/randall housing exercises along with data sets and implementation code in Matlab for some of the methods as well as other pedagogical aids. Authored by an internationally recognised authority in the area of condition monitoring.

Book Condition Monitoring with Vibration Signals

Download or read book Condition Monitoring with Vibration Signals written by Hosameldin Ahmed and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-01-07 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an extensive, up-to-date treatment of techniques used for machine condition monitoring Clear and concise throughout, this accessible book is the first to be wholly devoted to the field of condition monitoring for rotating machines using vibration signals. It covers various feature extraction, feature selection, and classification methods as well as their applications to machine vibration datasets. It also presents new methods including machine learning and compressive sampling, which help to improve safety, reliability, and performance. Condition Monitoring with Vibration Signals: Compressive Sampling and Learning Algorithms for Rotating Machines starts by introducing readers to Vibration Analysis Techniques and Machine Condition Monitoring (MCM). It then offers readers sections covering: Rotating Machine Condition Monitoring using Learning Algorithms; Classification Algorithms; and New Fault Diagnosis Frameworks designed for MCM. Readers will learn signal processing in the time-frequency domain, methods for linear subspace learning, and the basic principles of the learning method Artificial Neural Network (ANN). They will also discover recent trends of deep learning in the field of machine condition monitoring, new feature learning frameworks based on compressive sampling, subspace learning techniques for machine condition monitoring, and much more. Covers the fundamental as well as the state-of-the-art approaches to machine condition monitoringguiding readers from the basics of rotating machines to the generation of knowledge using vibration signals Provides new methods, including machine learning and compressive sampling, which offer significant improvements in accuracy with reduced computational costs Features learning algorithms that can be used for fault diagnosis and prognosis Includes previously and recently developed dimensionality reduction techniques and classification algorithms Condition Monitoring with Vibration Signals: Compressive Sampling and Learning Algorithms for Rotating Machines is an excellent book for research students, postgraduate students, industrial practitioners, and researchers.

Book Mechanical Vibrations and Condition Monitoring

Download or read book Mechanical Vibrations and Condition Monitoring written by Juan Carlos A. Jauregui Correa and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-03-18 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanical Vibrations and Condition Monitoring presents a collection of data and insights on the study of mechanical vibrations for the predictive maintenance of machinery. Seven chapters cover the foundations of mechanical vibrations, spectrum analysis, instruments, causes and effects of vibration, alignment and balancing methods, practical cases, and guidelines for the implementation of a predictive maintenance program. Readers will be able to use the book to make predictive maintenance decisions based on vibration analysis. This title will be useful to senior engineers and technicians looking for practical solutions to predictive maintenance problems. However, the book will also be useful to technicians looking to ground maintenance observations and decisions in the vibratory behavior of machine components. Presents data and insights into mechanical vibrations in condition monitoring and the predictive maintenance of industrial machinery Defines the key concepts related to mechanical vibration and its application for predicting mechanical failure Describes the dynamic behavior of most important mechanical components found in industrial machinery Explains fundamental concepts such as signal analysis and the Fourier transform necessary to understand mechanical vibration Provides analysis of most sources of failure in mechanical systems, affording an introduction to more complex signal analysis

Book Vibration based Techniques For Damage Detection And Localization In Engineering Structures

Download or read book Vibration based Techniques For Damage Detection And Localization In Engineering Structures written by Nobari Ali Salehzadeh and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the oil and gas industries, large companies are endeavoring to find and utilize efficient structural health monitoring methods in order to reduce maintenance costs and time. Through an examination of the vibration-based techniques, this title addresses theoretical, computational and experimental methods used within this trend. By providing comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of established and emerging processes, this book enables the reader to draw their own conclusions about the field of vibration-controlled damage detection in comparison with other available techniques. The chapters offer a balance between laboratory and practical applications, in addition to detailed case studies, strengths and weakness are drawn from a broad spectrum of information. Contents: Machine Learning Algorithms for Damage Detection (Eloi Figueiredo and Adam Santos)Data-Driven Methods for Vibration-Based Monitoring Based on the Singular Spectrum Analysis (Irina Trendafilova, David Garcia and Hussein Al-Bugharbee)Experimental Investigation of Delamination Effects on Modal Damping of a CFRP Laminate, Using a Statistical Rationalization Approach (Majid Khazaee, Ali Salehzadeh Nobari and M H Ferri Aliabadi)Problem of Detecting Damage Through Natural Frequency Changes (Gilbert-Rainer Gillich, Nuno N N Maia and Ion Cornel Mituletu)Damage Localization Based on Modal Response Measured with Shearography (J V Araújo dos Santos and H Lopes)Novel Techniques for Damage Detection Based on Mode Shape Analysis (Wieslaw Ostachowicz, Maciej Radzieński, Maosen Cao and Wei Xu)Damage Identification Based on Response Functions in Time and Frequency Domains (R P C Sampaio, T A N Silva, N M M Maia and S Zhong) Readership: Engineers, technicians, researchers working in the field of vibration-based techniques. Keywords: Structural Health Monitoring;SHM;Vibration-based SHM;Machine Learning;Time Domain Data Analysis;Frequency Domain Data Analysis;Damage IndexReview: Key Features: The 1st book to address theoretical, computational and experimental methodsThe book provides an up to date and comprehensive coverage of established and emerging techniques within the field of vibration-controlled damage detectionExcellent balance between laboratory and practical applicationsMany case studies in various chapters that help the reader to identify weak and strong points of various techniques

Book Condition Monitoring and Control for Intelligent Manufacturing

Download or read book Condition Monitoring and Control for Intelligent Manufacturing written by Lihui Wang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-08-02 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Condition modelling and control is a technique used to enable decision-making in manufacturing processes of interest to researchers and practising engineering. Condition Monitoring and Control for Intelligent Manufacturing will be bought by researchers and graduate students in manufacturing and control and engineering, as well as practising engineers in industries such as automotive and packaging manufacturing.

Book Machinery Condition Monitoring

Download or read book Machinery Condition Monitoring written by Amiya Ranjan Mohanty and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-12-22 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Find the Fault in the Machines Drawing on the author’s more than two decades of experience with machinery condition monitoring and consulting for industries in India and abroad, Machinery Condition Monitoring: Principles and Practices introduces the practicing engineer to the techniques used to effectively detect and diagnose faults in machines. Providing the working principle behind the instruments, the important elements of machines as well as the technique to understand their conditions, this text presents every available method of machine fault detection occurring in machines in general, and rotating machines in particular. A Single-Source Solution for Practice Machinery Conditioning Monitoring Since vibration is one of the most widely used fault detection techniques, the book offers an assessment of vibration analysis and rotor-dynamics. It also covers the techniques of wear and debris analysis, and motor current signature analysis to detect faults in rotating mechanical systems as well as thermography, the nondestructive test NDT techniques (ultrasonics and radiography), and additional methods. The author includes relevant case studies from his own experience spanning over the past 20 years, and detailing practical fault diagnosis exercises involving various industries ranging from steel and cement plants to gas turbine driven frigates. While mathematics is kept to a minimum, he also provides worked examples and MATLAB® codes. This book contains 15 chapters and provides topical information that includes: A brief overview of the maintenance techniques Fundamentals of machinery vibration and rotor dynamics Basics of signal processing and instrumentation, which are essential for monitoring the health of machines Requirements of vibration monitoring and noise monitoring Electrical machinery faults Thermography for condition monitoring Techniques of wear debris analysis and some of the nondestructive test (NDT) techniques for condition monitoring like ultrasonics and radiography Machine tool condition monitoring Engineering failure analysis Several case studies, mostly on failure analysis, from the author’s consulting experience Machinery Condition Monitoring: Principles and Practices presents the latest techniques in fault diagnosis and prognosis, provides many real-life practical examples, and empowers you to diagnose the faults in machines all on your own.

Book Machine Learning in Python for Process and Equipment Condition Monitoring  and Predictive Maintenance

Download or read book Machine Learning in Python for Process and Equipment Condition Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance written by Ankur Kumar and published by MLforPSE. This book was released on 2024-01-12 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is designed to help readers quickly gain a working knowledge of machine learning-based techniques that are widely employed for building equipment condition monitoring, plantwide monitoring , and predictive maintenance solutions in process industry . The book covers a broad spectrum of techniques ranging from univariate control charts to deep learning-based prediction of remaining useful life. Consequently, the readers can leverage the concepts learned to build advanced solutions for fault detection, fault diagnosis, and fault prognosis. The application focused approach of the book is reader friendly and easily digestible to the practicing and aspiring process engineers and data scientists. Upon completion, readers will be able to confidently navigate the Prognostics and Health Management literature and make judicious selection of modeling approaches suitable for their problems. This book has been divided into seven parts. Part 1 lays down the basic foundations of ML-assisted process and equipment condition monitoring, and predictive maintenance. Part 2 provides in-detail presentation of classical ML techniques for univariate signal monitoring. Different types of control charts and time-series pattern matching methodologies are discussed. Part 3 is focused on the widely popular multivariate statistical process monitoring (MSPM) techniques. Emphasis is paid to both the fault detection and fault isolation/diagnosis aspects. Part 4 covers the process monitoring applications of classical machine learning techniques such as k-NN, isolation forests, support vector machines, etc. These techniques come in handy for processes that cannot be satisfactorily handled via MSPM techniques. Part 5 navigates the world of artificial neural networks (ANN) and studies the different ANN structures that are commonly employed for fault detection and diagnosis in process industry. Part 6 focusses on vibration-based monitoring of rotating machinery and Part 7 deals with prognostic techniques for predictive maintenance applications. Broadly, the book covers the following: Exploratory analysis of process data Best practices for process monitoring and predictive maintenance solutions Univariate monitoring via control charts and time series data mining Multivariate statistical process monitoring techniques (PCA, PLS, FDA, etc.) Machine learning and deep learning techniques to handle dynamic, nonlinear, and multimodal processes Fault detection and diagnosis of rotating machinery using vibration data Remaining useful life predictions for predictive maintenance

Book Practical Machinery Vibration Analysis and Predictive Maintenance

Download or read book Practical Machinery Vibration Analysis and Predictive Maintenance written by Paresh Girdhar and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2004 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Machinery Vibration Analysis and Predictive Maintenance provides a detailed examination of the detection, location and diagnosis of faults in rotating and reciprocating machinery using vibration analysis. The basics and underlying physics of vibration signals are first examined. The acquisition and processing of signals is then reviewed followed by a discussion of machinery fault diagnosis using vibration analysis. Hereafter the important issue of rectifying faults that have been identified using vibration analysis is covered. The book also covers the other techniques of predictive maintenance such as oil and particle analysis, ultrasound and infrared thermography. The latest approaches and equipment used together with the latest techniques in vibration analysis emerging from current research are also highlighted. 1. Understand the basics of vibration measurement 2. Apply vibration analysis for different machinery faults 3. Diagnose machinery-related problems with vibration analysis techniques

Book Vibration based Condition Monitoring

Download or read book Vibration based Condition Monitoring written by Robert Bond Randall and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-06-08 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vibration-based Condition Monitoring Stay up to date on the newest developments in machine condition monitoring with this brand-new resource from an industry leader The newly revised Second Edition of Vibration-based Condition Monitoring: Industrial, Automotive and Aerospace Applications delivers a thorough update to the most complete discussion of the field of machine condition monitoring. The distinguished author offers readers new sections on diagnostics of variable speed machines, including wind turbines, as well as new material on the application of cepstrum analysis to the separation of forcing functions, structural model properties, and the simulation of machines and faults. The book provides improved methods of order tracking based on phase demodulation of reference signals and new methods of determining instantaneous machine speed from the vibration response signal. Readers will also benefit from an insightful discussion of new methods of calculating the Teager Kaiser Energy Operator (TKEO) using Hilbert transform methods in the frequency domain. With a renewed emphasis on the newly realized possibility of making virtual instruments, readers of Vibration-based Condition Monitoring will benefit from the wide variety of new and updated topics, like: A comprehensive introduction to machine condition monitoring, including maintenance strategies, condition monitoring methods, and an explanation of the basic problem of condition monitoring An exploration of vibration signals from rotating and reciprocating machines, including signal classification and torsional vibrations An examination of basic and newly developed signal processing techniques, including statistical measures, Fourier analysis, Hilbert transform and demodulation, and digital filtering, pointing out the considerable advantages of non-causal processing, since causal processing gives no benefit for condition monitoring A discussion of fault detection, diagnosis and prognosis in rotating and reciprocating machines, in particular new methods using fault simulation, since “big data” cannot provide sufficient data for late-stage fault development Perfect for machine manufacturers who want to include a machine monitoring service with their product, Vibration-based Condition Monitoring: Industrial, Automotive and Aerospace Applications will also earn a place in university and research institute libraries where there is an interest in machine condition monitoring and diagnostics.

Book International Congress and Workshop on Industrial AI and eMaintenance 2023

Download or read book International Congress and Workshop on Industrial AI and eMaintenance 2023 written by Uday Kumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-01 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings brings together the papers presented at the International Congress and Workshop on Industrial AI and eMaintenance 2023 (IAI2023). The conference integrates the themes and topics of three conferences: Industrial AI & eMaintenance, Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM) and, Advances in Reliability, Maintainability and Supportability (ARMS) on a single platform. This proceedings serves both academy and industry in providing an excellent platform for collaboration by providing a forum for exchange of ideas and networking. The 21st century has seen remarkable progress in Artificial Intelligence, with application to a variety of fields (computer vision, automatic translation, sentiment analysis in social networks, robotics, etc.) The IAI2023 focuses on Industrial Artificial Intelligence, or IAI. The emergence of industrial AI applications holds tremendous promises in terms of achieving excellence and cost-effectiveness in the operation and maintenance of industrial assets. Opportunities in Industrial AI exist in many industries such as aerospace, railways, mining, construction, process industry, etc. Its development is powered by several trends: the Internet of Things (IoT); the increasing convergence between OT (operational technologies) and IT (information technologies); last but not least, the unabated fast-paced developments of advanced analytics. However, numerous technical and organizational challenges to the widespread development of industrial AI still exist. The IAI2023 conference and its proceedings foster fruitful discussions between AI creators and industrial practitioners.

Book Vibration Based Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines

Download or read book Vibration Based Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines written by Tomasz Barszcz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-04 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes in detail different types of vibration signals and the signal processing methods, including signal resampling and signal envelope, used for condition monitoring of drivetrains. A special emphasis is placed on wind turbines and on the fact that they work in highly varying operational conditions. The core of the book is devoted to cutting-edge methods used to validate and process vibration data in these conditions. Key case studies, where advanced signal processing methods are used to detect failures of gearboxes and bearings of wind turbines, are described and discussed in detail. Vibration sensors, SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), portable data analyzers and online condition monitoring systems, are also covered. This book offers a timely guide to both researchers and professionals working with wind turbines (but also other machines), and to graduate students willing to extend their knowledge in the field of vibration analysis.

Book Advances in Condition Monitoring of Machinery in Non Stationary Operations

Download or read book Advances in Condition Monitoring of Machinery in Non Stationary Operations written by Anna Timofiejczuk and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-20 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with a snapshot of recent methods for non-stationary vibration analysis of machinery. It covers a broad range of advanced techniques in condition monitoring of machinery, such as mathematical models, signal processing and pattern recognition methods and artificial intelligence methods, and their practical applications to the analysis of nonstationarities. Each chapter, accepted after a rigorous peer-review process, reports on a selected, original piece of work presented and discussed at the International Conference on Condition Monitoring of Machinery in Non-Stationary Operations, CMMNO’2016, held on September 12 – 16, 2016, in Gliwice, Poland. The contributions cover advances in both theory and practice in a variety of subfields, such as: smart materials and structures; fluid-structure interaction; structural acoustics as well as computational vibro-acoustics and numerical methods. Further topics include: engines control, noise identification, robust design, flow-induced vibration and many others. By presenting state-of-the-art in predictive maintenance solutions and discussing important industrial issues the book offers a valuable resource to both academics and professionals and is expected to facilitate communication and collaboration between the two groups.

Book Modelling and Simulation of Complex Systems for Sustainable Energy Efficiency

Download or read book Modelling and Simulation of Complex Systems for Sustainable Energy Efficiency written by Ahmed Hammami and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-21 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with an overview of recent theories and methods for studying complex mechanical systems used in energy production, such as wind turbines, but not limited to them. The emphasis is put on strategies for increasing energy efficiency, and on recent industrial applications. Topics cover dynamics and vibration, vibroacoustics, engineering design, modelling and simulation, fault diagnostics, signal processing and prognostics. The book is based on peer-review contributions and invited talks presented at the first International Workshop on MOdelling and Simulation of COmplex Systems for Sustainable Energy Efficiency, MOSCOSSEE 2021, held online on February 25-26, 2021, and organized by the LAboratory of Mechanics, Modelling and Production (LA2MP) from University of Sfax, Tunisia and the Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical engineering, Centre of Asset Integrity Management (C-AIM) from University of Pretoria, South Africa. By offering authoritative information on innovative methods and tools for application in renewable energy production, it provides a valuable resource to both academics and professionals, and a bridge to facilitate communication between the two groups.

Book Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management

Download or read book Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management written by A. Starr and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-09-14 with total page 1020 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Proceedings contains the papers presented at the 14th International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM 2001), held in Manchester, UK, on 4-6 September 2001. COMADEM 2001 builds on the excellent reputation of previous conferences in this series, and is essential for anyone working in the field of condition monitoring and maintenance management. The scope of the conference is truly interdisciplinary. The Proceedings contains papers from six continents, written by experts in industry and academia the world over, bringing together the latest thoughts on topics including: Condition-based maintenance Reliability centred maintenance Asset management Industrial case studies Fault detection and diagnosis Prognostics Non-destructive evaluation Integrated diagnostics Vibration Oil and debris analysis Tribology Thermal techniques Risk assessment Structural health monitoring Sensor technology Advanced signal processing Neural networks Multivariate statistics Data compression and fusion This Proceedings also contains a wealth of industrial case studies, and the latest developments in education, training and certification. For more information on COMADEM's aims and scope, please visit http://www.comadem.com

Book Vibratory Condition Monitoring of Machines

Download or read book Vibratory Condition Monitoring of Machines written by J. S. Rao and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vibratory Condition Monitoring of Machines discusses the basic principles applicable in understanding the vibratory phenomena of rotating and reciprocating machines. It also addresses the defects that influence vibratory phenomenon, instruments and analysis procedures for maintenance, vibration related standards, and the expert systems that help ensure good maintenance programs. The author offers a minimal treatment of the mathematical aspects of the subject, focusing instead on imparting a physical understanding to help practicing engineers develop maintenance programs and operate machines efficiently.