Download or read book Indexation et interrogation de chemins de lecture en contexte pour la recherche d information structur e sur le Web written by Mathias Géry (auteur en informatique).) and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: L'explosion du Web représente un nouveau défi pour la recherche d'information (RI). La plupart des systèmes actuels d'accès à l'information sont basés sur des modèles classiques, qui ont été développés pour des documents textuels, atomiques et indépendants et qui ne sont pas adaptés au Web. La structure du Web est un aspect essentiel de la description de l'information. Les travaux qui utilisent cette structure pour la RI simplifient le modèle du Web en un graphe orienté, dont les noeuds sont des pages HTML et les arcs sont des liens hypertextes, sans tenir compte du type des liens. L'objectif de ce travail est de prendre en compte l'impact des liens à la phase d'indexation et la phase d'interrogation d'un système de Recherche d'Information Structurée (SRIS). Le modèle de RI proposé est fondé sur un modèle d'HyperDocument en contexte (HDOCC) considérant quatre facettes de la description d'information sur le Web : le contenu, la structure hiérarchique, la lecture linéaire/déambulatoire et le contexte. U hyperdocument est modélisé par un contenu au sens des documents structurés, un ensemble de chemins de lecture et un contexte (espace d'information accessible et espace d'information référençant). Un processus d'indexation spécifique est proposé pour chaque facette. L'évaluation de notre système SmartWeb montre l'intérêt de l'information accessible combinée avec le contenu. Puis, à l'aide de collections de test structurées construites automatiquement, nous montrons l'intérêt d'une indexation au niveau des documents stucturés et des chemins de lecture. Le modèle est également implanté dans un SRIS complet, montrant ainsi la faisabilité de notre approche dans sa globalité et sur le Web. En particulier, le typage des liens est à la fois un des aspects les plus importants du modèle et une difficulté majeure de sa mise en oeuvre : nous montrons qu'il est possible d'extraire une structure hiérarchique du Web et d'identifier différentes granularités d'information.

Download or read book Extraction et indexation de chemins de lecture pour la recherche d information sur le web written by Saïd Radhouani and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mod lisation indexation et recherche de documents structur s written by Franck Fourel and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Les systèmes actuels de recherche de documents électroniques, que ce soit des systèmes de gestion de bases de données ou des systèmes de recherche d'informations, n'exploitent pas suffisament la richesse des documents. Les uns n'analysent pas le contenu du document et se laissent diriger par la structure du document alors que les autres délaissent l'aspect structurel en s'appuyant sur des méthodes trop peu adaptées aux nouvelles caractéristiques de ces documents. Le but de notre travail, situé à l'intersection de ces deux types de systèmes, est de réconcilier les différentes modalités d'accès aux documents électroniques et de rendre accessible tout document ou toute partie de documents qui peut résoudre le problème d'informations d'un utilisateur. Notre travail comporte plusieurs phases: la définition de modèles de représentation des documents structurés ainsi que de leurs composantes monomédias et multimédias (texte et image fixe) et la mise en place d'un processus d'indexation structurelle support du processus d'interrogation. Le modèle de représentation des documents structurés s'articule autour de trois relations de structure que nous avons particulièrement identifiées dans les documents textuels : la relation de composition, la relation de séquence et la relation de référence. Elles établissent l'organisation syntaxique des parties des documents, appelées éléments de structure, qui comme nous le montrons, possède une organisation duale, la structure sémantique. Nous exploitons les caractéristiques de cette dernière pour définir des propriétés sur les descripteurs des éléments de structure. Ces propriétés sont formalisées dans la notion de portées des attributs et dans la classification des attributs qui s'en suit. Pour chaque attribut d'un élément de structure, sa portée indique quels sont les autres éléments concernés par l'attribut et par sa valeur. C'est en suivant les relations de structure que nous retrouvons les éléments concernés, puis nous leur assignons un attribut et une valeur dépendante de la valeur de l'attribut de l'élément qui est à la source de l'information. L'application des portées fournit une représentation du document au sein de laquelle les informations, si elles ne sont pas modifiées, sont mieux réparties et pour laquelle la plupart des informations sont explicitées pour chaque élément de structure et sont rendues dépendantes les unes des autres. Le processus d'interrogation utilise ces dépendances pour retrouver le ou les éléments de structure pertinents d'un document. Nous avons validé ce travail par le développement du prototype my Personal Daily News qui permet d'interroger des quotidiens d'informations en mêlant dans les requêtes des critères structurels et des critères de contenu. Nous montrons ainsi que notre approche rend des éléments accessibles et augmente la flexibilité d'interrogation en autorisant une connaissance imparfaite de la structure des documents

Download or read book Fran ais Interactif written by Karen Kelton and published by . This book was released on 2019-08-15 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook includes all 13 chapters of Français interactif. It accompanies www.laits.utexas.edu/fi, the web-based French program developed and in use at the University of Texas since 2004, and its companion site, Tex's French Grammar (2000) www.laits.utexas.edu/tex/ Français interactif is an open acess site, a free and open multimedia resources, which requires neither password nor fees. Français interactif has been funded and created by Liberal Arts Instructional Technology Services at the University of Texas, and is currently supported by COERLL, the Center for Open Educational Resources and Language Learning UT-Austin, and the U.S. Department of Education Fund for the Improvement of Post-Secondary Education (FIPSE Grant P116B070251) as an example of the open access initiative.

Download or read book Extraction d information partir de documents Web multilingues written by Dang Tuan Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Les ressources d'information multilingues sur le Web sont devenues de plus en plus des objets d'études importantes pour différents domaines intervenant au traitement de l'information. Néanmoins, nous constatons que la structure des ressources multilingues est très peu explorée par rapport à l'abondance des méthodes de traitement automatique des langues naturelles. L'ignorance des structures multilingues pourrait être à l’origine de divers problèmes de performance tels que : i) la redondance, si le site propose simultanément des traductions en plusieurs langues, ii) les parcours bruités lors d’un passage d’une langue à une autre via les vignettes (génération de graphes, conceptuellement, non signifiant), iii) la perte de l’information par la négligence de la spécificité structurelle (même implicite) de chaque langue. Le cadre de cette thèse s’insère dans le cadre des travaux de recherche sur l'extraction semi-automatique (interactive) d'information à partir d’un grand nombre de documents électroniques (essentiellement des documents web) hétérogènes structurées ou semi-structurées. Extraire une information dans ce contexte est défini comme un processus de repérage, formalisation et de traitements des structures de données pouvant comporter d’information pertinente. Dans notre approche nous observons que la structure d’un document Web incorpore des informations qui sont indispensables pour toute démarche d’optimisation de la recherche d’information ou des fouilles de sites web. Pour expérimenter et valider notre propos nous avons développé une méthode d’analyses structurelles concrétisée par le réalisation du système Hyperling. L’objectif direct de ce dernier étant de déterminer, sans aucune connaissance linguistique préalable et explicite, les langues dominantes sur un site Web multilingues. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons l’aspect multilinguisme dans un contexte de catégorisation des sites Web multilingues. Nous apportons quelques connaissances « expérimentales » - issues des travaux de développement et d’expérimentation - portant sur la représentation de documents multilingues, la modélisation des données en une structure homogène, la qualité de la recherche d’information dans un contexte multilingues et enfin sur les notions de frontière et de centre de gravité pour départager des langues dominantes sans puiser dans des connaissances linguistiques.

Download or read book Expanding the Lexicon written by Sabine Arndt-Lappe and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-01-22 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The creation of new lexical units and patterns has been studied in different research frameworks, focusing on either system-internal or system-external aspects, from which no comprehensive view has emerged. The volume aims to fill this gap by studying dynamic processes in the lexicon – understood in a wide sense as not being necessarily limited to the word level – by bringing together approaches directed to morphological productivity as well as approaches analyzing general types of lexical innovation and the role of discourse-related factors. The papers deal with ongoing changes as well as with historical processes of change in different languages and reflect on patterns and specific subtypes of lexical innovation as well as on their external conditions and the speakers’ motivations for innovating. Moreover, the diffusion and conventionalization of innovations will be addressed. In this way, the volume contributes to understanding the complex interplay of structural, cognitive and functional factors in the lexicon as a highly dynamic domain.

Download or read book Ethics and Sport in Europe written by Dominique Bodin and published by Council of Europe. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Defending ethics in sport is vital in order to combat the problems of corruption, violence, drugs, extremism and other forms of discrimination it is currently facing. Sport reflects nothing more and nothing less than the societies in which it takes place. However, if sport is to continue to bring benefits for individuals and societies, it cannot afford to neglect its ethical values or ignore these scourges. The major role of the Council of Europe and the Enlarged Partial Agreement on Sport (EPAS) in addressing the new challenges to sports ethics was confirmed by the 11th Council of Europe Conference of Ministers responsible for Sport, held in Athens on 11 and 12 December 2008. A political impetus was given on 16 June 2010 by the Committee of Ministers, with the adoption of an updated version of the Code of Sports Ethics (Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)9), emphasising the requisite co-ordination between governments and sports organisations. The EPAS prepared the ministerial conference and stepped up its work in an international conference organised with the University of Rennes, which was attended by political leaders, athletes, researchers and officials from the voluntary sector. The key experiences described in the conference and the thoughts that it prompted are described in this publication. All the writers share the concern that the end result should be practical action - particularly in terms of the setting of standards - that falls within the remit of the EPAS and promotes the Council of Europe's core values.

Download or read book The Reader friendly Library Service written by Rachel Van Riel and published by . This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Reader-friendly Library Service.

Download or read book Terra 2008 written by Leslie Rainer and published by Getty Publications. This book was released on 2011-06-14 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earthen architecture constitutes one of the most diverse forms of cultural heritage and one of the most challenging to preserve. It dates from all periods and is found on all continents but is particularly prevalent in Africa, where it has been a building tradition for centuries. Sites range from ancestral cities in Mali to the palaces of Abomey in Benin, from monuments and mosques in Iran and Buddhist temples on the Silk Road to Spanish missions in California. This volume's sixty-four papers address such themes as earthen architecture in Mali, the conservation of living sites, local knowledge systems and intangible aspects, seismic and other natural forces, the conservation and management of archaeological sites, research advances, and training.

Download or read book Handbook of Data Visualization written by Chun-houh Chen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-18 with total page 932 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Visualizing the data is an essential part of any data analysis. Modern computing developments have led to big improvements in graphic capabilities and there are many new possibilities for data displays. This book gives an overview of modern data visualization methods, both in theory and practice. It details modern graphical tools such as mosaic plots, parallel coordinate plots, and linked views. Coverage also examines graphical methodology for particular areas of statistics, for example Bayesian analysis, genomic data and cluster analysis, as well software for graphics.

Download or read book Interculturalism at the crossroads written by Mansouri, Fethi and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2017-05-08 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Why We Play written by Roberte Hamayon and published by Hau. This book was released on 2016 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Play is one of humanity's straightforward yet deceitful ideas: though the notion is unanimously agreed upon to be universal, used for man and animal alike, nothing defines what all its manifestations share, from childish playtime to on stage drama, from sporting events to market speculation. Within the author's anthropological field of work (Mongolia and Siberia), playing holds a core position: national holidays are called "Games," echoing in that way the circus games in Ancient Rome and today's Olympics. These games convey ethical values and local identity. Roberte Hamayon bases her analysis of the playing spectrum on their scrutiny. Starting from fighting and dancing, encompassing learning, interaction, emotion and strategy, this study heads towards luck and belief as well as the ambiguity of the relation to fiction and reality. It closes by indicating two features of play: its margin and its metaphorical structure. Ultimately revealing its consistency and coherence, the author displays play as a modality of action of its own. "Playing is no 'doing' in the ordinary sense" once wrote Johan Huizinga. Isn't playing doing something else, elswhere and otherwise ?

Download or read book Spaces and Identities in Border Regions written by Christian Wille and published by transcript Verlag. This book was released on 2015-11-30 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spatial and identity research operates with differentiations and relations. These are particularly useful heuristic tools when examining border regions where social and geopolitical demarcations diverge. Applying this approach, the authors of this volume investigate spatial and identity constructions in cross-border contexts as they appear in everyday, institutional and media practices. The results are discussed with a keen eye for obliquely aligned spaces and identities and relinked to governmental issues of normalization and subjectivation. The studies base upon empirical surveys conducted in Germany, France, Belgium and Luxembourg.

Download or read book Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the Context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention written by Clive L. N. Ruggles and published by . This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This joint venture between ICOMOS, the advisory body to UNESCO on cultural sites, and the International Astronomical Union is the second volume in an ongoing exploration of themes and issues relating to astronomical heritage in particular and to science and technology heritage in general. It examines a number of key questions relating to astronomical heritage sites and their potential recognition as World Heritage, attempting to identify what might constitute "outstanding universal value" in relation to astronomy. "Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy--Volume 2" represents the culmination of several years' work to address some of the most challenging issues raised in the first ICOMOS-IAU Thematic Study, published in 2010. These include the recognition and preservation of the value of dark skies at both cultural and natural sites and landscapes; balancing archaeoastronomical considerations in the context of broader archaeological and cultural values; the potential for serial nominations; and management issues such as preserving the integrity of astronomical sightlines through the landscape.Its case studies are developed in greater depth than those in volume 1, and generally structured as segments of draft nomination dossiers. They include seven-stone antas (prehistoric dolmens) in Portugal and Spain, the thirteen towers of Chankillo in Peru, the astronomical timing of irrigation in Oman, Pic du Midi de Bigorre Observatory in France, Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, and Aoraki-Mackenzie International Dark Sky Reserve in New Zealand. A case study on Stonehenge, already a World Heritage Site, focuses on preserving the integrity of the solstitial sightlines.As for the first ICOMOS-IAU Thematic Study, a international team of authors including historians, astronomers and heritage professionals is led by Professor Clive Ruggles for the IAU and Professor Michel Cotte for ICOMOS.

Download or read book Power Knowledge written by Michel Foucault and published by Vintage. This book was released on 1980-11-12 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Michel Foucault has become famous for a series of books that have permanently altered our understanding of many institutions of Western society. He analyzed mental institutions in the remarkable Madness and Civilization; hospitals in The Birth of the Clinic; prisons in Discipline and Punish; and schools and families in The History of Sexuality. But the general reader as well as the specialist is apt to miss the consistent purposes that lay behind these difficult individual studies, thus losing sight of the broad social vision and political aims that unified them. Now, in this superb set of essays and interviews, Foucault has provided a much-needed guide to Foucault. These pieces, ranging over the entire spectrum of his concerns, enabled Foucault, in his most intimate and accessible voice, to interpret the conclusions of his research in each area and to demonstrate the contribution of each to the magnificent -- and terrifying -- portrait of society that he was patiently compiling. For, as Foucault shows, what he was always describing was the nature of power in society; not the conventional treatment of power that concentrates on powerful individuals and repressive institutions, but the much more pervasive and insidious mechanisms by which power "reaches into the very grain of individuals, touches their bodies and inserts itself into their actions and attitudes, their discourses, learning processes and everyday lives" Foucault's investigations of prisons, schools, barracks, hospitals, factories, cities, lodgings, families, and other organized forms of social life are each a segment of one of the most astonishing intellectual enterprises of all time -- and, as this book proves, one which possesses profound implications for understanding the social control of our bodies and our minds.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases written by Michel Tibayrenc and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-07-31 with total page 807 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover how the application of novel multidisciplinary, integrative approaches and technologies are dramatically changing our understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and their treatments. Each article presents the state of the science, with a strong emphasis on new and emerging medical applications. The Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases is organized into five parts. The first part examines current threats such as AIDS, malaria, SARS, and influenza. The second part addresses the evolution of pathogens and the relationship between human genetic diversity and the spread of infectious diseases. The next two parts highlight the most promising uses of molecular identification, vector control, satellite detection, surveillance, modeling, and high-throughput technologies. The final part explores specialized topics of current concern, including bioterrorism, world market and infectious diseases, and antibiotics for public health. Each article is written by one or more leading experts in the field of infectious diseases. These experts place all the latest findings from various disciplines in context, helping readers understand what is currently known, what the next generation of breakthroughs is likely to be, and where more research is needed. Several features facilitate research and deepen readers' understanding of infectious diseases: Illustrations help readers understand the pathogenesis and diagnosis of infectious diseases Lists of Web resources serve as a gateway to important research centers, government agencies, and other sources of information from around the world Information boxes highlight basic principles and specialized terminology International contributions offer perspectives on how infectious diseases are viewed by different cultures A special chapter discusses the representation of infectious diseases in art With its multidisciplinary approach, this encyclopedia helps point researchers in new promising directions and helps health professionals better understand the nature and treatment of infectious diseases.

Download or read book The Arcades Project written by Walter Benjamin and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 1100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the arcades of 19th-century Paris--glass-roofed rows of shops that were early centers of consumerism--Benjamin presents a montage of quotations from, and reflections on, hundreds of published sources. 46 illustrations.