Download or read book Improving Initiation and Mineral Nutrition for Hazelnut Corylus Avellana Micropropagation written by Charles R. Hand and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corylus avellana L. is a global commodity and a valuable crop for the U.S. Pacific Northwest. A tremendous amount of work has been put into the development of healthy disease free, high yielding and tasty hazelnuts for the in-shell and confectionary markets. Clonal propagation is required to provide nursery trees of these improved hazelnut cultivars. The rapid multiplication provided by micropropagation methods is an important part of meeting the demand. One challenge of hazelnuts micropropagation is the wide variation in growth response among the cultivars. The studies described in this thesis were involved in improving the mineral nutrients in the growth medium and to better determine culture initiation procedures. The first study was designed to determine what mineral nutrients are driving C. avellana in vitro shoot growth using a response surface design. Hazelnut genotypes 'Dorris, ' 'Felix, ' 'Jefferson', OSU 880.054, and 'Sacajawea' were used. Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut medium (DKW) mineral nutrients were separated into five factors: NH4NO3, Ca(NO3)2, mesos (MgSO4 and KH2PO4), K2SO4, and minor nutrients (B, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Zn). The concentrations ranged from 0.5x to 2.0x the standard DKW concentrations with 33 treatments for use in modeling. Multifactor response surface analysis projected that optimum shoot proliferation was greatly influenced by the NH4NO3 to Ca(NO3)2 ratios, mesos, and minors. These factors were important to overall quality and shoot length for all genotypes. Improved shoot quality was observed with increased Ca(NO3)2, mesos, and minors for most of the cultivars tested. For 'Sacajawea' only the mesos components significantly improved shoot quality. Lower Ca(NO3)2 improved shoot multiplication while higher amounts increased shoot length for most cultivars. New media formulations will require higher Ca(NO3)2, mesos and minors as well as changes in the NH4NO3 to Ca(NO3)2 ratios. The second study determined the effects of individual minor-mineral nutrients including nickel on hazelnut shoot growth. Three hazelnut cultivars 'Dorris, ' 'Jefferson, ' and 'Sacajawea' were used. Six factors at 0.5x to 4.0x DKW concentrations, H3BO3, CuSO4, MnSO4, Na2MoO4, Zn(NO3)2, and NiSO4, were tested in a response surface design with 39 treatment combinations. Ni, not present in DKW, ranged from 0 to 6 [micro]M. Higher concentrations (4x) of B, Mo, and Zn increased overall shoot quality, length and multiplication. There were many significant interactions. High B concentrations significantly improved shoot quality for 'Jefferson'; shoot quality, length and number for 'Dorris'; and shoot length and number for 'Sacajawea'. Increased Mo improved some responses for each cultivar, and it also interacted with Cu and Zn. Interactions of Ni with other minor nutrients resulted in improved shoot quality and length in 'Sacajawea.' Ni interactions were significant for the other cultivars as well, altered the requirements for other nutrients, but did not necessarily improve the overall shoot response. Improved growth and shoot quality in 'Dorris' and 'Jefferson' required increased amounts of B, Mo, and Zn; 'Sacajawea' required increased B, Cu, Zn, and Ni. The diverse responses of these cultivars further confirmed that nutrient uptake or utilization was genotype dependent. Hazelnuts are generally difficult to initiate into culture due to internal microbial contaminants and a general lack of viability of the explants. The third study was designed to determine the effect of nodal position and collection techniques on the viability and contamination of shoot explants. Explants were collected from scion wood grafted onto seedling rootstocks and grown in the greenhouse. Single-node explants were collected from different locations on the scion wood. After surface sterilization, explants were first held in a liquid contaminant-detection medium for one week and the effect on explant viability was evaluated. Node position influenced the number of viable contaminant-free explants. Bacterial contamination increased with the distance from the shoot tip. The use of liquid detection medium as a part of the initiation procedure did not affect viability. Bacteria sampled from surface sterilized explants were identified as Brevundimonas vesicularis, Brevundimonas sp., and two Pseudomonas sp., by 16S ribosomal DNA sequences and API® 20CHB tests. The best procedure for collecting axenic, viable hazelnut explants was to collect from the first three nodes of actively-growing greenhouse plants and use detection medium to identify contaminant-free tissue. As a result of these studies several suggested growth media formulations are now available for use that may produce improved hazelnut shoot quality, multiplication and elongation for a wide range of C. avellana genotypes. Two base macro nutrient formulations, Hazelnut A and B, are likely to be suitable for many genotypes. Three micronutrient formulations provide options for growth of difficult genotypes with and without Ni. Continued optimization and testing of mesos and N components are needed for final medium formulations.

Download or read book Micropropagation and Regeneration of Hazelnut Corylus Species written by Xiaoling Yu and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A micropropagation system was developed for hazelnut cultivars and rootstocks. Culture establishment was affected by explant source, explant collecting season, and type of explant. The highest frequency of culture initiation and lowest tissue oxidation and contamination were obtained from internodes with single axillary buds from grafted greenhouse-grown plants early in the growing season (March). Nodal explants had a higher percentage of growth than shoot tips. For field collected materials, suckers collected in mid-season were the best option. Tissue contamination and oxidation were the main problems for the in vitro establishment of explants from mature field-grown trees. Attempts to decrease tissue oxidation by using forced outgrowth from field-grown trees and treatment of explants with antioxidants were not successful. There was a correlation between explant oxidation and phenolic content. Shoot multiplication was the best on a modified DKW medium (NCGR-COR medium) supplemented with N6-benzyladenine (BA) (1.5-3 mg*1−1). Plants grown on medium with 3% glucose or fructose produced more and longer shoots than those on medium with sucrose. The general appearance and growth habit of shoots were better on medium with glucose than fructose. Shoot elongation varied with genotype. Changes in medium pH from 4.7 to 5.7 did not significantly affect the multiplication rate. Root formation was induced either in vitro by culturing shoots on NCGR-COR medium with half strength mineral salts and 1 mg*1−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for four weeks or ex vitro by a brief dip in 0.2 or 1 g*1−1 IBA and acclimatization. High transplant survival of plants was obtained. Internal bacterial contamination was present in micropropagated shoots. A combination of the antibiotics streptomycin and gentamicin was effective in eliminating contaminants from micropropagated shoots, but some phytotoxicity was noted. Adventitious shoots were induced at a low frequency from stem segments of 'Nonpareil', 'Willamette', and 'Tonda Gentile Romana' and leaf discs of 'Dundee' on medium containing glutamine, thidiazuron (TDZ), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Adventitious roots were produced from stem segments and leaf discs cultured on medium with NAA alone or high concentrations of a-NAA or IBA combined with low concentrations of BA.

Download or read book Statistical Methods for Tissue Culture Medium Optimization and A Multiplexed Fingerprinting Set for Hazelnuts written by Meleks̜en Akin and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hazelnut is one of the most important nuts in worldwide production and the European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is the most economically important of the 11 recognized hazelnut species. Development of new cultivars is continuous, with emphasis on better nut quality, high yield and disease resistance. Hazelnuts are highly heterozygous, and clonally propagated. Traditional propagation methods in hazelnut are not rapid enough to provide the required nursery stock for newly released hazelnut cultivars, but micropropagation can provide rapid production of hazelnut planting stock. Several growth media are available for specific cultivars, but many are not suitable for the wide range of germplasm used in new cultivars. Micropropagation of hazelnuts remains challenging due to the various responses of diverse genotypes to in vitro growth. Several studies incrimentally improved the growth medium, but determining exact nutrient requirements was difficult. The aim of this study was to determine which statistical methods would make the growth medium optimization process more practical and to develop an optimal micropropagation medium for diverse hazelnuts by testing salts and ions as factors within the experimental design. In addition an SSR fingerprinting set suitable for a diverse group of hazelnuts was developed. The first study was designed to test the effect of salts on three hazelnut genotypes and compare two methods of data analysis. Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut medium (DKW) macro-salts (NH4NO3, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, CaCl2·2H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, KH2PO4 and K2SO4) were varied from 0.5x to 3x DKW concentrations with 42 combinations in a IV-optimal design. Shoot quality, shoot length, multiplication and callus formation were rated and analyzed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) data mining algorithm. Both analyses indicated that NH4NO3 was a predominant nutrient factor. RSM results were genotype dependent while CHAID included genotype as a factor in the analysis, allowing development of a common medium rather than several genotype-specific media. Overall, CHAID results were more specific and easier to interpret than RSM graphs. The optimal growth medium for diverse hazelnut genotypes was formulated as: 0.5× NH4NO3, 3x KH2PO4, 1.5x Ca(NO3)2 and and the rest of the macro salts set at 1x DKW with modified minor nutrients [4× H3BO3, 4x Na2MoO4·2H2O, 4x Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, 0.5× MnSO4·H2O, 0.5x CuSO4·5H2O]. The second study was to determine the effects of ions on tissue culture medium optimization. NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42− and PO43− ions were used as factors in a D-optimal design. K+ and NO3− ions were used to bring the pH level to neutral, and as factors in the statistical analysis. The CHAID data mining algorithm was used to analyze shoot growth responses of three hazelnut genotypes. The algorithm trees revealed significant variables and their interactions, and provided exact cut-off amounts for each of the ions for the related growth response by incorporating genotype as an independent factor. The critical cut-off values for good shoot quality, elongation, multiplication and medium callus formation were suggested to be: NO3− 88 mM, NH4+

Download or read book Improving the Ex Vitro Acclimation Efficiency of Hybrid Hazelnuts Corylus Avellana L X C Americana Marshall written by James Nicholson and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Micropropagation of hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L. X C. americana Marshall) commercially has been limited due to their poor rooting ability plus low survival and slow growth within the greenhouse. The objective of this study was to develop an efficient and cost-effective commercial in vitro rooting and acclimation protocol. Rooting hazelnuts in vitro within a Temporary Immersion System (TIS) induced a higher rooting (91.7%) than semi-solid rooting (27.2%) after 3 weeks. The TIS rooting technique was found to support a high in vitro density of 36 explants/vessel and plantlets exhibited a >90% survival in the greenhouse. Plantlets transplanted into a high organic matter growth medium, grown under low light (100 μmol/m2/s) and repotted after 9 weeks allowed a greater shoot growth (145.4 mm) after 12 weeks than plantlets repotted and grown under 250 μmol/m2/s (80.5 mm). This study allows for the rapid production of high quality hazelnut trees year round.

Download or read book RSM Simplified written by Mark J. Anderson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-08-05 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book continues where DOE Simplified leaves off in Chapter 8 with an introduction to "Response Surface Methods [RSM] for Optimization." It presents this advanced tool for design of experiments (DOE) in a way that anyone with a minimum of technical training can understand and appreciate. Unlike any other book of its kind, RSM Simplified keeps formulas to a minimum—making liberal use of figures, charts, graphs and checklists. It also offers many relevant examples, amusing and fun do-it-yourself exercises.

Download or read book Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies Nut and Beverage Crops written by Jameel M. Al-Khayri and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the development of innovative modern methodologies towards augmenting conventional plant breeding, in individual crops, for the production of new crop varieties under the increasingly limiting environmental and cultivation factors to achieve sustainable agricultural production, enhanced food security, in addition to providing raw materials for innovative industrial products and pharmaceuticals. This Volume 4, subtitled Nut and Beverage Crops, focuses on advances in breeding strategies using both traditional and modern approaches for the improvement of individual plantation crops. Included in Part I, eleven important nut species recognized for their economical and nutritional importance including Almond, Argan, Brazil nut, Cashew nut, Chestnut, Hazelnut, Macadamia, Peanut, Pine nut, Pistachio and Walnut. Part II covers two popular beverage species, coffee and tea. This volume is contributed by 53 internationally reputable scientists from 13 countries. Each chapter comprehensively reviews the modern literature on the subject and reflects the authors own experience.

Download or read book Meta topolin A Growth Regulator for Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture written by Naseem Ahmad and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-02 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant tissue culture (PTC) technology has gained unassailable success for its various commercial and research applications in plant sciences. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are an essential part of any plant tissue culture intervention for propagation or modification of plants. A wide range of PGRs are available, including aromatic compounds that show cytokinin activities, promote cell division and micro-propagation, viz. kinetin, N6-benzyladenine and topolins. Topolins are naturally occurring aromatic compounds that have gained popularity as an effective alternative for other frequently used cytokinins in in vitro culture of plants. Among them, meta-topolin [6-(3-hydroxybenzlyamino) purine] is the most popular and its use in plant tissue culture has amplified swiftly. During the last few decades, there have been numerous reports highlighting the effectiveness of meta-topolin in micropropagation and alleviation of various physiological disorders, rooting and acclimatization of tissue culture raised plants.

Download or read book Plant Cryopreservation A Practical Guide written by Barbara B.M. Reed and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cryopreservation has proven to be an important tool for the storage and conservation of plant genetic resources. This book is a unique resource for plant scientists, providing more than 100 ready-to-use cryopreservation protocols for plant types from algae and bryophytes to a range of flowering plants. It includes techniques for diverse plant parts such as dormant buds, pollen, and apical meristems and for cell types such as suspension and callus cultures.

Download or read book Pathogen and Microbial Contamination Management in Micropropagation written by Alan C. Cassells and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is based mainly on invited and offered papers presented at the Second International Symposium on Bacterial and Bacteria-like Contaminants of Plant Tissue Cultures held at University College, Cork, Ireland in September 1996, with additional invited papers. The First International Symposium on Bacterial and Bacteria-like Contaminants of Plant Tissue Cultures was held at the same venue in 1987 and was published as Acta Horticulturae volume 225, 1988. In the intervening years there have been considerable advances in both plant disease diagnostics and in the development of structured approaches to the management of disease and microbial contamination in micropropagation. These approaches have centred on attempts to separate, spatially, the problems of disease transmission and laboratory contamination. Disease-control is best achieved by establishing pathogen-free cultures while laboratory contamination is based on subsequent good working practice. Control of losses due to pathogens and microbial contamination in vitro addresses, arguably, the most importance causes of losses in the industry; nevertheless, losses at and post establishment can also be considerable due to poor quality microplants or micro-shoots. In this symposium, a holistic approach to pathogen and microbial contamination control is evident with the recognition that micropropagators must address pathogen and microbial contamination in vitro, and diseases and microplant failure at establishment. There is increasing interest in establishing beneficial bacterial and mycorrhizal association with microplants in vitro and in vivo.

Download or read book Edible Nuts written by G. E. Wickens and published by Fao. This book was released on 1995 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nut Grower s Guide written by Jennifer Wilkinson and published by Landlinks Press. This book was released on 2005-10-20 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nut growing has become more popular and technology has developed significantly over the last 5 years. This book is the starting point for prospective commercial nut growers – large or small scale, for farmers who want to diversify and also for gardeners interested in growing nut trees in their back yards. Nut Grower's Guide is the first comprehensive book to growing almonds, cashews, chestnuts, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans, pistachios and walnuts. All aspects of site selection are covered, from soil and climate to aspect and topography through to previous land use and local pest species. Soil preparation, irrigation, planting and propagating trees are also covered. It covers the cultivation and processing of each of the major nut species and also provides guidance on packaging and the wholesale and retail marketing of nuts in Australia and overseas.

Download or read book Physiology Growth and Development of Plants in Culture written by P.J. Lumsden and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over recent years, progress in micropropagation has not been as rapid as many expected and, even now, relatively few crops are produced commercially. One reason for this is that the biology of material growing in vitro has been insufficiently understood for modifications to standard methods to be made based on sound physiological principles. However, during the past decade, tissue culture companies and others have invested considerable effort to reduce the empirical nature of the production process. The idea of the conference `Physiology, Growth and Development of Plants and Cells in Culture' (Lancaster, 1992) was to introduce specialists in different areas of plant physiology to micropropagators, with the express aims of disseminating as wide a range of information to as large a number of participants as possible, and beginning new discussions on the constraints and potentials affecting the development of in vitro plant production methods. This book is based on presentations from the conference and has been divided into two main sections, dealing with either aspects of the in vitro environment -- light, nutrients, water, gas -- or with applied aspects of the culture process -- morphogenesis, acclimation, rejuvenation, contamination.

Download or read book How to Grow Your Own Nuts written by Martin Crawford and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2016-10-06 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive guide to growing, harvesting and processing nuts, written by forest gardening expert Martin Crawford. Nut trees are perennials, requiring little maintenance or soil cultivation, so it is no surprise that nuts are such a popular forest garden crop. A crucial source of protein and a delicious snack, nuts also have a number of surprising health benefits. They lower blood pressure, are full of antioxidants, and decrease the risk of heart and neurodegenerative diseases. Filled with gorgeous illustrations of trees and nuts, How to Grow Your Own Nuts contains old favourites like hazelnuts and walnuts alongside less common varieties such as hickories and butternuts and the exotically named chinkapin. It considers how nuts can be planted in a variety of ways: singly in a small area, in an orchard or nuttery, as silvopasture around grazing animals, in alley cropping between cereal crops or intercropping between fruit bushes. This beautiful guide also features a handy A-Z, which details nut trees' many secondary uses from timber, oil, dyes, fodder and cosmetics to medicines and honey. Martin also discusses how the beautiful spring blossom is attractive to bees, particularly from almond and sweet chestnut trees, making them excellent for supporting pollinators. Whether you are planning to grow nuts at home or commercially, this book is essential reading.

Download or read book Plant Aging written by Roberto Rodríguez and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many, the terms aging, maturation and senescence are synonymous and used interchangeably, but they should not be. Whereas senescence represents an endogenously controlled degenerative programme leading to plant or organ death, genetiC aging encompasses a wide array of passive degenerative genetiC processes driven primarily by exogenous factors (Leopold, 1975). Aging is therefore considered a consequence of genetiC lesions that accumulate over time, but by themselves do not necessarily cause death. These lesions are probably made more severe by the increase in size and complexity in trees and their attendant physiology. Thus while the withering of flower petals following pollination can be considered senescence, the loss of viability of stored seeds more clearly represents aging (Norden, 1988). The very recent book "Senescence and Aging in Plants" does not discuss trees, the most dominant group of plants on the earth. Yet both angiospermic and gymnospermic trees also undergo the above phenomena but less is known about them. Do woody plants senesce or do they just age? What is phase change? Is this synonymous with maturation? While it is now becoming recognized that there is no programmed senescence in trees, senescence of their parts, even in gymnosperms (e. g. , needles of temperate conifers las t an average of 3. 5 years), is common; but aging is a readily acknowledged phenomenon. In theory, at least, in the absence of any programmed senescence trees should -live forever, but in practice they do not.

Download or read book Agrindex written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 1052 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book In Vitro Culture of Trees written by J.M. Bonga and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Woody plants provide many challenges to the tissue culturist. Although there are many excellent tissue culture books and manuals available, these are generally strongly biased towards herbacious crops. Consequently, they often do not pay sufficient attention to the problems that specifically apply to in vitro culture of tree species. Culture of the latter often poses problems which are either absent or of lesser significance when culturing herbacious species. When trees in the field are used as explant source, the problems can be especially severe. For example, the physiological condition of the explants is difficult to control because of variation in weather and biotic factors. Furthermore, it is often difficult to obtain explants free of contaminants from field grown trees. Lack of genetic uniformity and maturation are additional problems one often has to deal with when culturing tree cells or tissues. These problems are emphasized in this text. In vitro culture of trees is not viewed in isolation. It is considered in conjunction with breeding, traditional cloning and other common tree improvement techniques. The text discusses theoretical as well as practical aspects of the in vitro culture of trees.

Download or read book Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems written by Klaus Lorenz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-25 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems is a comprehensive book describing the basic processes of carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems, their contribution to carbon sequestration and implications for mitigating abrupt climate change. This book provides the information on processes, factors and causes influencing carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. Drawing upon most up-to-date references, this book summarizes the current understanding of carbon sequestration processes in forest ecosystems while identifying knowledge gaps for future research, Thus, this book is a valuable knowledge source for students, scientists, forest managers and policy makers.