Download or read book Improved Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage SAGD Performance with Solvent as Steam Additive written by Weiqiang Li and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is used widely as a thermal recovery technique in Canada to produce a very viscous bitumen formation. The main research objectives of this simulation and experimental study are to investigate oil recovery mechanisms under SAGD process with different injection fluids, including steam, solvent or steam with solvent. 2D simulation studies based on typical Athabasca reservoir properties have been performed. Results show that a successful solvent co-injection design can utilize the advantages of solvent and steam. There is an optimal solvent type and concentration ratio range for a particular reservoir and operating condition. Long, continuous shale barriers located vertically above or near the wellbore delay production performance significantly. Co-injecting a multi-component solvent can flush out the oil in different areas with different drainage mechanisms from vaporized and liquid components. Placing an additional injector at the top of the reservoir results only in marginal improvement. The pure high-temperature diluent injection appears feasible, although further technical and economic evaluation of the process is required. A 2D scaled physical model was fabricated that represented in cross-section a half symmetry element of a typical SAGD drainage volume in Athabasca. The experimental results show co-injecting a solvent mixture of C7 and xylene with steam gives better production performance than the injection of pure steam or steam with C7 at the study condition. Compared to pure steam injection runs (Run 0 and 1), coinjecting C7 (Run 2) with steam increases the ultimate recovery factor of oil inside the cell from 25 percent to 29 percent and decreases the ultimate CSOR from 2.2 to 1.9 and the ultimate CEOR from 4892 J/cm 3 to 4326 J/cm 3 ; coinjecting C7 and Xylene (Run 3) increases the ultimate recovery factor of oil from 25 percent to 34 percent, and decreases the ultimate CSOR 2.2 to 1.6 and the ultimate CEOR from 4892 J/cm 3 to 3629 J/cm 3 . Analyses of the experimental results indicate that partial pressure and the near wellbore flow play important roles in production performance. In conclusion, a successful solvent injection design can effectively improve the production performance of SAGD. Further research on evaluating the performance of various hydrocarbon types as steam additives is desirable and recommended.
Download or read book Experimental Studies on the Use of Chemical Additives for Steam assisted Gravity Drainage written by Litan Li and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is a mature technique for bitumen recovery from oil sand reservoirs; however, it is an energy intensive process that requires large amounts of steam to heat and mobilize the bitumen. The purpose of this work was to find ways to improve SAGD performance using chemical additives. Key mechanisms were identified, a suite of high-temperature additive characterization tests was developed, and promising additives were tested in porous media. Based on the results, experimenters concluded that oil-water interfacial tension reduction held the most potential for improved recovery. A preliminary field-scale study was attempted using numerical simulation, which showed that wettability alteration and oil-water interfacial tension reduction had a positive impact on SAGD performance.
Download or read book Improved Modeling of the Steam assisted Gravity Drainage SAGD Process written by Prince Nnamdi Azom and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) Process involves the injection of steam through a horizontal well and the production of heavy oil through a lower horizontal well. Several authors have tried to model this process using analytical, semi-analytical and fully numerical means. In this dissertation, we improve the predictive ability of previous models by accounting for the effect of anisotropy, the effect of heat transfer on capillarity and the effect of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion formation and transport which serves to enhance heat transfer during SAGD. We account for the effect of anisotropy during SAGD by performing elliptical transformation of the resultant gravity head and resultant oil drainage vectors on to a space described by the vertical and horizontal permeabilities. Our results, show that unlike for the isotropic case, the effect of anisotropy is time dependent and there exists a given time beyond which it ceases to have any effect on SAGD rates. This result will impact well spacing design and optimization during SAGD. Butler et al. (1981) derived their classical SAGD model by solving a 1-D heat conservation equation for single phase flow. This model has excellent predictive capability at experimental scales but performs poorly at field scales. By assuming a linear saturation -- temperature relationship, Sharma and Gates (2010b) developed a model that accounts for multiphase flow ahead of the steam chamber interface. In this work, by decomposing capillary pressure into its saturation and temperature components, we coupled the mass and energy conservation equations and showed that the multi-scale, multiphase flow phenomenon occurring during SAGD is the classical Marangoni (or thermo-capillary) effect which can be characterized by the Marangoni number. At low Marangoni numbers (typical of experimental scales) we get the Butler solution while at high Marangoni numbers (typical of field scales), we approximate the Sharma and Gates solution. The Marangoni flow concept was extended to the Expanding Solvent SAGD (ES-SAGD) process and our results show that there exists a given Marangoni number threshold below which the ES-SAGD process will not fare better than the SAGD process. Experimental results presented in Sasaki et al. (2002) demonstrate the existence of water-in-oil emulsions adjacent to the steam chamber wall during SAGD. In this work we show that these emulsions enhanced heat transfer at the chamber wall and hence oil recovery. We postulate that these W/O emulsions are principally hot water droplets that carry convective heat energy. We perform calculations to show that their presence can practically double the effective heat transfer coefficient across the steam chamber interface which overcomes the effect of reduced oil rates due to the increased emulsified phase viscosity. Our results also compared well with published experimental data. The SAGD (and ES-SAGD) process is a short length-scaled process and hence, short length-scaled phenomena (typically ignored in other EOR or conventional processes) such as thermo-capillarity and in-situ emulsification should not be ignored in predicting SAGD recoveries. This work will find unique application in predictive models used as fast proxies for predicting SAGD recovery and for history matching purposes.
Download or read book Investigation of Hybrid Steam Solvent Injection to Improve the Efficiency of the SAGD Process written by Mojtaba Ardali and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) has been demonstrated as a proven technology to unlock heavy oil and bitumen in Canadian reservoirs. Given the large energy requirements and volumes of emitted greenhouse gases from SAGD processes, there is a strong motivation to develop enhanced oil recovery processes with lower energy and emission intensities. In this study, the addition of solvents to steam has been examined to reduce the energy intensity of the SAGD process. Higher oil recovery, accelerated oil production rate, reduced steam-to-oil ratio, and more favorable economics are expected from the addition of suitable hydrocarbon additives to steam. A systematic approach was used to develop an effective hybrid steam/solvent injection to improve the SAGD process. Initially, an extensive parametric simulation study was carried out to find the suitable hydrocarbon additives and injection strategies. Simulation studies aim to narrow down hybrid steam/solvent processes, design suitable solvent type and concentration, and explain the mechanism of solvent addition to steam. In the experimental phase, the most promising solvents (n-hexane and n-heptane) were used with different injection strategies. Steam and hydrocarbon additives were injected in continuous or alternating schemes. The results of the integrated experimental and simulation study were used to better understand the mechanism of hybrid steam/solvent processes. Experimental and simulation results show that solvent co-injection with steam leads to a process with higher oil production, better oil recovery, and less energy intensity with more favorable economy. Solvent choice for hybrid steam/solvent injection is not solely dependent on the mobility improvement capability of the solvents but also reservoir properties and operational conditions such as operating pressure and injection strategy. Pure heated solvent injection requires significant quantities. A vaporized solvent chamber is not sustainable due to low latent heat of the solvents. Alternating steam and solvent injection provides heat for the solvent cycles and increases oil recovery. Co-injection of small volumes (5-15% by volume) of suitable solvents at the early times of the SAGD operation considerably improves the economics of the SAGD process. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149633
Download or read book Sustainable In Situ Heavy Oil and Bitumen Recovery written by Mohammadali Ahmadi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-03-24 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable In-Situ Heavy Oil and Bitumen Recovery: Techniques, Case Studies, and Environmental Considerations delivers a critical reference for today's energy engineers who want to gain an accurate understanding of anticipated GHG emissions in heavy oil recovery. Structured to break down every method with introductions, case studies, technical limitations and summaries, this reference gives engineers a look at the latest hybrid approaches needed to tackle heavy oil recoveries while calculating carbon footprints. Starting from basic definitions and rounding out with future challenges, this book will help energy engineers collectively evolve heavy oil recovery with sustainability applications in mind. - Explains environmental footprint considerations within each recovery method - Includes the latest hybrid methods such as Hybrid of Air-CO2N2 and Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) - Bridges practical knowledge through case studies, summaries and remaining technical challenges
Download or read book Thermal Methods written by Abdolhossein Hemmati-Sarapardeh and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2023-04-18 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermal Methods, Volume Two, the latest release in the Enhanced Oil Recovery series, helps engineers focus on the latest developments in this fast-growing area. In the book, different techniques are described in addition to the latest technologies in data mining and hybrid processes. Supported field case studies are included to illustrate a bridge between research and practical applications, making it useful for both academics and practicing engineers. Structured to start with thermal concepts and steam flooding, the book's editors then advance to more complex content, guiding engineers into areas such as hybrid thermal methods and edgier technologies that bridge solar and nuclear energy. Supported by a full spectrum of contributors, this book gives petroleum engineers and researchers the latest research developments and field applications to drive innovation for the future of energy. - Presents the latest understanding surrounding the updated research and practical applications specific to thermal enhanced oil recovery methods - Provides an analysis of editors' research on available technology, including hybrid thermal-solvent processes and dual pipe configurations - Teaches about additional methods, such as data mining applications, and economic and environmental considerations
Download or read book A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SINGLE WELL STEAM ASSISTED GRAVITY DRAINAGE SW SAGD PROCESS written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is an effective method to produce heavy oil and bitumen which are important energy resources. In a typical SAGD approach, steam is injected into a horizontal well located directly above a horizontal producer helping to displace heated oil. Single-well (SW) SAGD attempts to create a similar process using only one horizontal well. To improve early-time response of SW-SAGD, it is necessary to heat the near-wellbore area to reduce oil viscosity and allow gravity drainage to begin. Ideally heating should occur with minimal circulation or bypassing of steam. We have investigated early-time processes to improve reservoir heating. A numerical simulation study was performed to gauge combinations of cyclic steam injection and steam circulation prior to SAGD in an effort to better understand and improve early-time performance. Results from this study, include cumulative recoveries, temperature distributions, and production rates. It is found that cyclic steaming of the reservoir offers the most favorable option for heating the near-wellbore area to create conditions that improve initial SAGD response. More favorable reservoir conditions such as low viscosity, thick oil zones, and solution gas, improved reservoir response. Under unfavorable conditions, response was limited.
Download or read book Energy Gain Efficiency in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage SAGD written by Najeeb Alharthy and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Improved Upscaling Scheme for Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage SAGD and Semi Analytical Modeling of the SAGD Rising Phase written by Mayuri Murugesu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process commonly applied for heavy oil and bitumen recovery consists of two production phases: a steam rising phase and a spreading phase. Extensive research has been done on modeling the SAGD spreading phase, but fewer analytical/semi-analytical models exist for the unstable rising phase. This thesis presents a semi-analytical method, MS-SAGD, to model the SAGD rising phase. In addition, an improved upscaling technique that takes into account the unique flow geometry observed during SAGD is presented that enables more accurate predictions of oil recovery rates in heterogeneous reservoirs during both phases. The MS-SAGD semi analytical method, based on the Myhill and Stegemeier frontal advance model for steam drive processes, tracks the growth of the steam chamber as a function of time. Two different oil production rate models are proposed and the comparison of results from flow and transport simulations is presented. Model 1 is similar to Butler's approach using the rising steam finger theory. Model 2 is obtained by modifying Butler's spreading phase model and applying it to the rising phase. Both models use the outputs of the MS-SAGD model to estimate the oil production rates during the SAGD rising phase. The application of the MS-SAGD model is extended to heterogeneous reservoirs by treating the heated volume estimated by the original MS-SAGD model as an effective heated volume. In addition, the homogeneous permeability in the proposed oil production rate model is replaced with an upscaled effective permeability that is a function of time. The improved upscaling technique is based on a global approach that minimizes the differences between the fine scale and upscaled model pressure solutions. Sources and sinks by means of wells are used in the upscaling to simulate the convergent flow pattern observed during the SAGD process. The proposed models outperform existing analytical/semi-analytical methods and are in good agreement with the results obtained from CMG-STARSTM reservoir simulation. Both oil production rate models perform comparatively well, producing similar results in terms of cumulative oil production. However, Model 2 performs better than Model 1 in describing the overall behavior of the oil production observed in the reservoir simulation and is thus a better model for the SAGD rising phase.
Download or read book Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes for Heavy Oil Reservoirs written by Xiaohu Dong and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-10-27 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes for Heavy Oil Reservoirs, Volume 73 systematically introduces these technologies. As the development of heavy oil reservoirs is emphasized, the petroleum industry is faced with the challenges of selecting cost-effective and environmentally friendly recovery processes. This book tackles these challenges with the introduction and investigation of a variety of hybrid EOR processes. In addition, it addresses the application of these hybrid EOR processes in onshore and offshore heavy oil reservoirs, including theoretical, experimental and simulation approaches. This book will be very useful for petroleum engineers, technicians, academics and students who need to study the hybrid EOR processes, In addition, it will provide an excellent reference for field operations by the petroleum industry. Introduces emerging hybrid EOR processes and their technical details Includes case studies to help readers understand the application potential of hybrid EOR processes from different points-of-view Features theoretical, experimental and simulation studies to help readers understand the advantages and challenges of each process
Download or read book The Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Reducing the Environmental Impact of Bitumen Extraction with ES SAGD Process written by Albina Mukhametshina and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is a proven enhanced oil recovery technique for oil sand extraction. However, the environmental and economic challenges associated with excessive greenhouse gas emissions due to the combustion of significant amount of natural gas and consumption of large amount of fresh water for steam generation limit the application of this technology. To address these issues, various SAGD modifications have been developed, among those, SAGD with solvent co-injection is one of the most prospective techniques. In this experimental study, the effectiveness of base SAGD and Expanding Solvent SAGD (ES-SAGD) was tested on a Peace River bitumen. All experiments were conducted using a two-dimensional cylindrical physical model. In order to investigate the influence of in-situ asphaltene precipitation on the performance of ES-SAGD process, three different types of solvent were considered as hydrocarbon additives; asphaltene soluble (toluene), asphaltene insoluble (n-hexane), and solvent with intermediate solubility parameter (cyclohexane). Different strategies for solvent injection were examined. In all experiments, temperature profiles at 47 different positions, produces oil and water were monitored continuously. Viscosity and API gravity of original and produced oil samples were measured. This study reveals that co-injection of hydrocarbon solvents with steam enhances the efficiency of SAGD process in terms of oil production, level of oil upgrading, steam to oil ratio and energy consumption. It was also concluded that selection the solvent type and injection strategy are important parameters for the design of hybrid SAGD process. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/151788
Download or read book Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage SAGD Process written by Faisal F. Khan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report details the theory and the importance of the steam chamber in a Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process. An accurate understanding of the steam chamber is critical in determining the oil recovery from a heavy oil reservoir.
Download or read book A New Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Process Utilizing Vertical Wells written by Mohamed Ezeddin Shirif and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A novel process utilizing vertical wells to enhance heavy oil recovery during steam assisted gravity drainage has been developed. In the vertical well steam assisted gravity drainage (VWSAGD) process, the vertical well includes two production strings which are separated by three packers (one dual and two single packers): the short injection string (SIS) is attached to the bottom of the annulus and completed in the top quarter of the perforated formation, while the long production string (LPS) is attached to the bottom of the production tubing and completed in the bottom quarter of the perforated formation. The new process (VWSAGD) requires an initial start-up period (warm-up stage) where the steam is injected into both of the injection strings and production string for a specified period of time of about 14-30 days; then both strings are closed to injection for a specified time period of approximately 7-10 days (soaking period). After the initial warm-up and the soaking period, the long production string is opened for production, and the short injection string is opened to continuous steam injection for the rest of the specified simulation time. A numerical simulation study using the CMG-STAR Simulator was performed to compare the performance of the new VWSAGD process against the conventional steam assisted gravity drainage (HWSAGD) process under the same operating conditions. Two identical reservoir models were simulated for the two processes using 3-Dimensional, black heavy oil model (14°API). Each reservoir type consists of 49x49x20 grid blocks on a 5 Acre model which incorporated a typical heavy oil reservoir rock and fluid properties taken from the SPE case study, stspe001.dat (CMG 2014 release). A sensitivity analysis for both processes was performed for the grid density, soaking time, steam quality, bottom hole producing pressure, steam injection rate, reservoir thickness, reservoir area, and horizontal to vertical permeability anisotropy. More preferable reservoir conditions are those such as high horizontal to vertical permeability ratio, thick reservoir oil zones, as well as improved reservoir recovery for the VWSAGD process. Under unfavorable conditions such as thin reservoir oil zones, an improved reservoir recovery response was limited for the VWSAGD process and could be uneconomical in real field cases. Finally, the simulation results from this study include cumulative recoveries, Steam oil ratios, produced water-oil ratios, pressure and temperature distributions, and production rates. Also, the results from this study have shown that the new VWSAGD process is more favorable than the conventional HWSAGD process.
Download or read book Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage written by Lance A. Hobbs and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Computer Simulation of Single well Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage SW SAGD written by Keith T. Elliot and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bakteriologisch m glichst fehlerfreies Tessiner Engadiner Oberwalliser und andern Alpk sereien written by and published by . This book was released on 1943 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
