Download or read book Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals written by Cédric Julien Poget and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-20 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parallel trade occurs if international price differences for identical products are high and a policy of regional or international exhaustion of the respective property right has been implemented in the high price country. The work by C. Poget analyses how parallel imports of pharmaceuticals are affecting end consumer prices and drug expenditures in three Scandinavian countries, Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Based on his observations he derives proposals for policy reforms in EU member countries and Switzerland.

Download or read book Parallel Trade in Europe written by Christopher Stothers and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2007-04-02 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shortlisted for the 2008 Young Authors Inner Temple Book Prize Are parallel importers the key to free trade, breaking down long-established national barriers for the benefit of all? Or do they instead just operate in a dubious 'grey market' for their own profit, free-loading on the investment of innovators and brand owners to the ultimate detriment of everyone? Parallel trade is in turn lionised and demonised, both in legal commentary and in the mainstream press. As one might expect, the truth lies somewhere between these extremes. Once goods have been manufactured they are put onto the market in one country by the manufacturer. Parallel trade occurs when the goods are subsequently transferred to a second country by another party (the parallel trader, who may be the end consumer). The distinguishing feature of parallel trade is that the manufacturer did not intend those particular goods to end up in the second country. The goods are normally described in that country as 'parallel imports' or 'grey market goods'. The latter term is generally used to suggest that the trade, while not exactly 'black market', is not entirely lawful either. Understanding how European Community law operates to permit or restrict parallel trade involves exploring a complex matrix of rules from the fields of free movement, intellectual property, competition and regulatory law, including both private and public enforcement regimes. Where goods are parallel imported from outside the Community these rules change and new considerations come into play, such as obligations arising from the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization and bilateral free trade agreements. The experience of Europe, which has grappled with the issues on a regional basis for more than four decades, provides a fertile source for examination of parallel trade in other jurisdictions. Christopher Stothers' comprehensive treatment successfully analyses this difficult topic, considering both Community and national decisions.

Download or read book Patent Exhaustion and International Trade Regulation written by Santanu Mukherjee and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-03-13 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book dives into the legal and economic rationale of patent exhaustion, studying its evolution from the beginning in Germany, UK and USA, to Japan and 10 developing countries. The author also analyses exhaustion under TRIPS, GATT, GATS and major regional agreements, including the EU, before assessing the interface of patent exhaustion with competition policy. The book also addresses public policy concerns of Least developed and developing countries linked to their IPR challenges as IP users. It concludes that an appropriate exhaustion mode under relevant legal measures would protect patents while also restraining patents to become non-tariff barriers. The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation.

Download or read book Research Handbook on Intellectual Property Exhaustion and Parallel Imports written by Irene Calboli and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2016-06-24 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Americas to the European Union, Asia-Pacific and Africa, countries around the world are facing increased pressure to clarify the application of intellectual property exhaustion. This wide-ranging Research Handbook explores the questions that pose themselves as a result. Should exhaustion apply at the national, regional, or international level? Should parallel imports be considered lawful imports? Should copyright, patent, and trademark laws follow the same regime? Should countries attempt to harmonize their approaches? To what extent should living matters and self-replicating technologies be subject to the principle of exhaustion? To what extent have the rise of digital goods and the “Internet of things” redefined the concept of exhaustion in cyberspace? The Handbook offers insights to the challenges surrounding these questions and highlights how one answer does not fit all.

Download or read book Des institutions pour les march s Rapport 2002 written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World Development Report, now in its 24th edition, is the standard reference work for international economic data. It contains an appendix of social and economic statistics for more than 200 countries. World Development Report 2001--Institutions for Markets--focuses on the performance of transition countries in their progress toward market economies. This edition is centered around the issues related to market reform and how reforms can improve and sustain living standards. It answers such questions as: How can institutions better support markets? and What are the institutions which make markets effective in delivering inclusive growth?

Download or read book LES Nouvelles written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Parallel Importation written by Gadi Rubin and published by National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. This book was released on 1996 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Price Management written by Hermann Simon and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-11 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, the world’s foremost experts on pricing integrate theoretical rigor and practical application to present a comprehensive resource that covers all areas of the field. This volume brings together quantitative and qualitative approaches and highlights the most current innovations in theory and practice. Going beyond the traditional constraints of “price theory” and “price policy,” the authors coined the term “price management” to represent a holistic approach to pricing strategy and tactical implementation. They remind us that the Ancient Romans used one word, pretium, to mean both price and value. This is the fundamental philosophy that drives successful price management where producer and customer meet. Featuring dozens of examples and case studies drawn from their extensive research, consulting, and teaching around the world, Simon and Fassnacht cover all aspects of pricing following the price management process with its four phases: strategy, analysis, decision, and implementation. Thereby, the authors take into account the nuances across industry sectors, including consumer goods, industrial products, services, and trade/distribution. In particular, they address the implications of technological advancements, such as the Internet and new measurement and sensor technologies that have led to a wealth of price management innovations, such as flat rates, freemium, pay-per-use, or pay-what-you-want. They also address the emergence of new price metrics, Big Data applications, two-sided price systems, negative prices, and the sharing economy, as well as emerging payment systems such as bitcoin. The result is a “bible” for leaders who recognize that price is not only a means to drive profit in the short term, but a tool to generate sustained growth in shareholder value over the longer term, and a primer for researchers, instructors, and students alike. Praise for Price Management “This book is truly state of the art and the most comprehensive work in price management.” - Prof. Philip Kotler, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University “This very important book builds an outstanding bridge between science and practice.“ - Kasper Rorsted, CEO, Adidas “This book provides practical guidelines on value creation, communication and management, which is an imperative for businesses to survive in the coming era of uncertainty.” - Dr. Chang-Gyu Hwang, Chairman and CEO, KT Corporation (Korea Telecom)

Download or read book Overseas Business Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Exchange Controls and Parallel Market Economies in Sub Saharan Africa written by Ernesto May and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides a theoretical framework to understand the way in which exchange controls modify the behavior of the different agents in the economy, leading to the creation of a parallel market economy. It gives the necessary theoretical elements to analyze this parallel market economy and provides a simple methodology to obtain relevant quantitative information about it. Finally, the paper elaborates on some of the policy implications of the existence of a parallel market economy. The model developed shows that the parallel market activities can be explained through the optimizing behavior of exporters and importers, which determines the amount of import and export smuggling, the level of the rent-seeking activity, and the black market exchange rate that is consistent with an equilibrium position where no one has any more incentives to move from their attained position. A method to detect the presence, and assess the magnitude of the parallel market economy, as well as to explain its behavior quantitatively, is then developed and applied to the case of Ghana.

Download or read book United States Imports of Merchandise for Consumption written by and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 884 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Visible Exports Imports written by Emily-Jan Anderson and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2020-05-15 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This interdisciplinary publication brings together new research on medieval and renaissance art, culture and the critical history by established scholars, early career academics and postgraduate students from the University of Glasgow, Queen’s University Belfast, University College Cork, the University of Aberdeen and the University of Warwick. The majority of the articles featured are based on papers given at Gloss, a postgraduate conference on medieval and renaissance art and culture, held at the University of Glasgow, 29 June 2007, organised by Emily Jane Anderson with Sandra Cardarelli and Joanne Anderson; and/or at the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, 9–12 July 2007 (sessions 218, 318 and 518 organised by Emily Jane Anderson and Dr Jill Farquhar). Additional papers by John Richards (University of Glasgow) and Flavio Boggi (University College Cork), which were not given in Glasgow or Leeds, have been added. An introduction to the papers is provided by Robert Gibbs, Emeritus Professor of Pre-Humanist Art History and Codicology at the University of Glasgow, who moderated one of the Leeds sessions, as did John Richards. The papers are historical and art historical in focus and concern art production (wall and panel painting, sculpture, architecture, manuscript illumination and textiles), material and visual culture and literature in various European cities and locales in the 14th and 15th centuries and later criticism associated with these subject areas. There is an emphasis on the transmission and translation of workshop style, the traditional concept of artistic centres and peripheries, the consideration of art works in context, art production and the workshop system, the medieval city, notions of progression and transition pertaining to medieval and renaissance art production, Petrarch and Humanism, Panofsky and the critical history, art theory and practice, patronage, commerce, religion and politics.

Download or read book Drug Importation written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The holy Bible with the parallel passages of Scott and others systematically arranged written by and published by . This book was released on 1846 with total page 1528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book New Parallel Dictionaries of the Russian French German and English Languages written by Anonymous and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2023-06-12 with total page 890 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reprint of the original, first published in 1872. The publishing house Anatiposi publishes historical books as reprints. Due to their age, these books may have missing pages or inferior quality. Our aim is to preserve these books and make them available to the public so that they do not get lost.

Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys Switzerland 2003 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2004-01-30 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: OECD’s 2003 Economic Survey of Switzerland examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects. The special feature covers product market competition and economic performance.

Download or read book The Soviet Union and Egypt 1945 1955 written by Rami Ginat and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-28 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Soviet Union and Egypt, first published in 1993, sheds new light on Soviet policy towards the Middle East after 1945. It seeks to uncover and analyse the events leading to the eventual domination of Egypt and other Arab countries by the Soviet Union. Soviet penetration into the region can only be understood by tracing the roots and motives of Soviet policy after the Second World War. The strengthening of Soviet influence resulted from a process of gradual political and ideological development in Egypt. Special attention is drawn to domestic and foreign developments in both countries, and the book makes extensive use of recently declassified documents and primary sources.