Download or read book IMPACTS OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING WASTEWATER ON DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT FORMATION DURING WATER CHLORINATION written by Kuan Huang and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shale gas extraction based on unconventional horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing for nature gas recovery from low-permeable gas formation has greatly increased oil and gas production around the country in the past ten years. However, it also triggered environmental and human health concerns due to its impact on water resources, especially on disinfection by-product (DBP) formation upon chlorination. Increased bromide levels have been reported in several surface waters in Pennsylvania that accounted for the increased formation of DBPs in downstream water utilities. However, the effects of non-bromide ions in production wastewater at extremely high levels are vaguely defined. In this study, we investigated the effects of production wastewater, with bromide and non-bromide species, on the formation of DBPs when spiked into surface waters at different percentages. Results showed that the spiking of production wastewater dramatically increased DBP formation and shifted its speciation towards brominated species. Brominated DBPs increased at the expenses of chlorinated species as more production wastewater was added, while mixed bromochloro-DBPs rose and then declined. However, the introduction of debrominated production wastewater led to increased formation of some chlorinated DBP species in selected surface water and wastewater. As the spiking percentage of debrominated production wastewater increased, the chlorinated DBP species increased. The study of individual cations suggested that their contributions to DBP formation followed a sequence of magnesium > calcium > barium at high spiking percentage due to the different catalytic effects of their chelates with organic precursors. The study of anions suggested that the discharge of treated production wastewater containing elevated sulfate may further enhance DBP formation. The significance of this study lies in the fact that while bromide concerns from production wastewater are important, non-bromide species also contributed to DBP formation. The gas production wastewater management decision should consider the negative impacts from both bromide and non-bromide species to better protect drinking water resources.

Download or read book Disinfection By Products in Water TreatmentThe Chemistry of Their Formation and Control written by Roger A. Minear and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1995-12-18 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection By-Products in Water Treatment describes new government regulations related to disinfection by-products. It explains the formation of microorganism by-products during water treatment and the methods employed to control them. The book includes several chapters on chlorine by-products and discusses techniques for the removal of chloroform from drinking water. It also describes gamma radiation techniques for removing microorganic by-product precursors from natural waters and the removal of bromate from drinking water.

Download or read book Impact of Wastewater to Disinfection Byproduct Formation in Drinking Water written by Baiyang Chen and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effects of Induced Hydraulic Fracturing on the Environment written by Matthew McBroom and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-12-07 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title includes a number of Open Access chapters.Hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking" as it is commonly known, refers to the practice of using liquids at very high pressures to fragment rock, thereby allowing natural gas to be harvested. This process increases energy resources but also has some negative environmental impacts as well. This book l

Download or read book Disinfection By products in Drinking Water written by Tanju Karanfil and published by Academic. This book was released on 2008 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a collection of chapters on the latest international research findings, including emerging issues and state-of-the-art studies, related to disinfection by-product formation and control in drinking waters and treated wastewaters.

Download or read book Drinking Water Disinfection By products written by Sughosh Madhav and published by Springer. This book was released on 2024-02-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to water treatment and it outlines the historical context and regulatory framework surrounding drinking water chlorination, addressing disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation, associated challenges and implications on water quality and human health. In this book, readers will find an overview of various disinfection processes and the latest strategies in DBPs detection and remediation. Divided into 14 chapters, the book begins by offering a background analysis of water disinfection and comparing different disinfection processes and management strategies to mitigate the formation of DBPs. Particular attention is given to both conventional and non-conventional methods used to treat potable water, comparing their effectiveness and potential risks. In subsequent chapters, expert contributors outline the route of exposure and mechanism of action of DBPs, and the toxicological impact of DBPs on human health, providing essential insights for effective risk management strategies. This book also showcases the latest advancements in chlorine applications for water quality control and explores innovative physicochemical and nanotechnology-based approaches to remove DBPs and minimize their formation. Readers will also find in this book a case study of the GIS-based trends analysis of THMs compounds in Indian drinking water supplies. Given its breadth, this book is a valuable resource for researchers, academics, professionals, and policymakers working in environmental sciences, public health and water management, and interested in safer and sustainable drinking water practices.

Download or read book Factors Affecting Disinfection By product Formation During Chloramination written by James M. Symons and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 1998 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Disinfection By product Formation in Drinking Water Treated with Chlorine Following UV Photolysis UV H2O2 written by Remilekun Yetunde Adedapo and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As far back as the early 1900's when it was discovered that water could be a mode of transmitting diseases, chlorine was used to disinfect water. In the 1970's, the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) from the reaction of chlorine with natural organic matter was discovered. Since then there have been various studies on alternative disinfectants that could inactivate microorganisms and at the same time form less or no disinfection by-products. More recently the ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been used to both disinfect and remove organic contaminants in drinking water. Though the use of UV irradiation has been found to be very effective in the inactivation of microorganisms, it does not provide a residual effect to maintain the water's microbial quality in the distribution system. Due to this, a secondary disinfectant such as chlorine has to be used to achieve microbial stability, suggesting that the formation of chlorination disinfection by-products would still occur but perhaps in different quantities and with different chemical species. In this research, the use of factorial experiments and single factor experiments were used to determine the effects of pH, alkalinity and UV-fluence (dose) on the formation of three classes of disinfection by-products; haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and trihalomethanes (THMs). These disinfection by-products were measured in water samples following post-UV chlorination and the UV treatment was either UV photolysis or UV/H2O2. From the factorial experiment results, treatment of synthetic water with UV/H2O2, an advanced oxidation process (AOP), produced fewer post-UV chlorination disinfection by-products (PCDBPs) than UV photolysis. For chlorinated PCDBPs, the percentage difference between UV photolysis and UV/H2O2 was 55, 65 and 38% for total HAAs (HAA9), total HANs (THANs) and total THMs (TTHMs) respectively. The percentage difference between UV photolysis and UV/H2O2 for brominated PCDBPs was 41 and 42% for HAA9 and TTHMs respectively. Both the use of pH and alkalinity proved to be factors that were significant in affecting the yields of the PCDBPs studied. Increases in alkalinity were found to increase the formation of PCDBPs in the treatment of synthetic water with UV/H2O2. Alkalinity had the opposite effect for PCDBP formed under UV photolysis conditions. Increases in pH always decreased the formation of PCDBPs. In the single factor experiments, haloacetic acid concentrations were unaffected as alkalinity was increased but dichloroacetonitrile and chloroform increased in concentration under treatment conditions of UV photolysis followed by chlorination. The UV/H2O2 treatment resulted in a decrease in concentration of the PCDBPs. In the pH studies, water samples were subjected only to the UV/H2O2 treatments and a reduction in concentration of PCDBPs occurred between pH 7 and 9.

Download or read book Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Environmental Impact and Health Effects of Wastewater Chlorination written by Gary R. Brenniman and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Long Term Effects of Disinfection Changes on Water Quality written by J. Dyksen and published by International Water Assn. This book was released on 2007 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this project was to document the

Download or read book Disinfection of Wastewater and Water for Reuse written by George Clifford White and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effect of Natural Organic Matter Variation and Pipe Deposit Material on Disinfection Byproduct Formation written by Nicholas Golden and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation bottle tests were performed on municipally treated drinking water samples obtained during the period from 9/15/03 to 11/24/03 with samples being taken post-filtration but before final chlorination from the City of Akron water treatment plant. Samples were chlorinated under two conditions in small amber bottles; aqueous-only system and in the presence of powdered goethite, a representative pipe deposit material, under the same pH and initial chlorine dose. The natural organic matter (NOM) in each of the water samples was analyzed for initial values of TOC, UV254, SUVA, and six relative fluorescence fractions and for the six relative fluorescence fractions after adsorption equilibrium with the powdered goethite. Disinfection byproduct formation was then correlated to these natural organic matter measurements. The NOM measurements were shown to vary, sometimes greatly, even within very short sampling periods suggesting that the nature and reactivity of the NOM can fluctuate over relatively short periods of time. TOC, UV254, and SUVA values did not correlate well with DBP formation, individually. The six relative fluorescence fractions when used along with SUVA correlated well with DBP formation for the aqueous-only system and were correlated well with trihalomethane (THM) formation for the goethite system. Disinfection byproduct formation was impacted greatly with the presence of the representative pipe deposit material, goethite. Average increases of 44 ppb, 39 ppb, and 40 ppb were found for total DBP, total THM, and chloroform formation with the goethite system having a much greater efficiency of DBP formation with equal amounts of TOC as the aqueous-only system. The goethite also impacted speciation of the THM and haloacetic acids (HAA) with the goethite system showing large increases in chloroform with little changes in bromodichloromethane (BDCM) formation. HAA species also changed significantly with the majority of the sample waters showing an increase in dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and a decrease in trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) yielding little to no change in total HAA formation. Correlation of HAA formation with NOM measurements yielded little results possibly due to competitive degradation reactions of TCAA and DCAA."--Abstract.

Download or read book Chemistry of Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Clemens von Sonntag and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2012-08-31 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even though ozone has been applied for a long time for disinfection and oxidation in water treatment, there is lack of critical information related to transformation of organic compounds. This has become more important in recent years, because there is considerable concern about the formation of potentially harmful degradation products as well as oxidation products from the reaction with the matrix components. In recent years, a wealth of information on the products that are formed has accumulated, and substantial progress in understanding mechanistic details of ozone reactions in aqueous solution has been made. Based on the latter, this may allow us to predict the products of as yet not studied systems and assist in evaluating toxic potentials in case certain classes are known to show such effects. Keeping this in mind, Chemistry of Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment: From Basic Principles to Applications discusses mechanistic details of ozone reactions as much as they are known to date and applies them to the large body of studies on micropollutant degradation (such as pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors) that is already available. Extensively quoting the literature and updating the available compilation of ozone rate constants gives the reader a text at hand on which his research can be based. Moreover, those that are responsible for planning or operation of ozonation steps in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants will find salient information in a compact form that otherwise is quite disperse. A critical compilation of rate constants for the various classes of compounds is given in each chapter, including all the recent publications. This is a very useful source of information for researchers and practitioners who need kinetic information on emerging contaminants. Furthermore, each chapter contains a large selection of examples of reaction mechanisms for the transformation of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fuel additives, solvents, taste and odor compounds, cyanotoxins. Authors: Prof. Dr. Clemens von Sonntag, Max-Planck-Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie, Mülheim an der Ruhr, and Instrumentelle Analytische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany and Prof. Dr. Urs von Gunten, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, and Ecole Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Download or read book Drinking Water Disinfection Byproduct Formation Assessment Using Natural Organic Matter Fractionation and Excitation emission Matrices written by David W. Johnstone and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Disinfection byproducts (DBP) pose a major problem for the drinking water industry due to their carcinogenic nature and formation when natural organic matter (NOM) reacts with chlorine. This study investigates the formation of individual DBP compounds within waters containing various NOM characteristics. Water from the Iowa River was concentrated through reverse osmosis and NOM fractions were isolated using resin separation. In addition, waters from the city of Barberton water treatment plant were collected prior to and subsequent to coagulation. Experiments were conducted on each water source under variable chlorine doses and pH, with and without the presence of model iron oxides. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of NOM and the surrounding environment on DBP formation and develop measures for the prediction of byproduct formation. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEM) of NOM were quantified and characterized using fluorescence regional integration (FRI) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Changes in FRI of five operationally defined regions coupled with chlorine consumption showed strong linear relationships to the formation of chloroform (CHCl3), dichloroacetic acid (Cl2AA), and trichloroacetic acid (Cl3AA). Stepwise regression of fluorescence regions revealed the use of only one region coupled with chlorine consumption to predict DBP formation, yet this region varied depending upon the individual compound assessed. This technique provides an effective tool that can utilize both chlorine reactivity and functional group properties of the NOM to predict DBP formation. PARAFAC analysis of EEM yielded three statistically significant components providing relative concentrations of fluorophores within each sample. While this technique has previously been used for NOM characterization, it has yet to be utilized to assess DBP formation. Multi-factor linear regression of select component scores showed strong linear relationships to individual DBP compounds providing insight to organic compound characteristics responsible for DBP formation. These finding suggest that fluorophore component scores may be an effective parameter used to estimate DBP precursor concentration. In doing so, water plants can evaluate the fluorescence components and assess the effects of various treatment schemes on NOM, providing a more specific approach to precursor removal and a better understanding of DBP formation."--Abstract.

Download or read book Water Quality Impacts of the Energy Water Nexus written by Avner Vengosh and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-02-24 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy and water have been fundamental to powering the global economy and building modern society. This cross-disciplinary book provides an integrated assessment of the different scientific and policy tools around the energy-water nexus. It focuses on how water use, and wastewater and waste solids produced from fossil fuel energy production affect water quality and quantity. Summarizing cutting edge research, it describes the scientific methods for detecting contamination sources in the context of policy and regulations. The authors highlight the growing evidence that fossil fuel production, from both conventional and unconventional sources, leads to water quality degradation, while regulations for the water and energy sector remain fractured and highly variable across and within countries. This volume will be a key reference for scholars, industry professionals, environmental consultants and policy makers seeking information on the risks associated with the energy cycle and its impact on the environment, particularly water resources.

Download or read book Halogenated Organic Byproduct Formation in Wastewater Treatment Using Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide written by Bruce Merritt Chow and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: