Download or read book Impact of Water Heating on Disinfection Byproducts Concentration written by Boning Liu and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBP) are a group of inorganic and organic compounds formed during water disinfection. Epidemiologic studies suggest an association between rectal, and colon cancer and exposure to DBPs in chlorinated surface water. Therefore, DBPs are a growing public health concern; one that has been mitigated by multiple regulations of US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) including the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBPR). Tremendous efforts and cost have been spent on controlling DBPs in drinking water; however, human exposure has been poorly characterized. In addition to ingestion exposure, inhalation and dermal absorption during showering for example could also be significant exposure pathways. This dissertation focuses on investigating DBP formation and degradation in heated water (~50oC) in both lab simulated tests and field studies. The first objective of this dissertation was to investigate the temporal variability of regulated DBPs and non-regulated DBPs in cold and hot tap water at a residential home, in a water plant and in a simulated distribution system test. The results showed that the residence time of water in hot water tanks plays an important role on the formation and degradation of DBPs in the hot water plumbing. There was no obvious difference between the concentrations of TCAA (trichloroacetic acid) in long-heated hot tap water and cold tap water. The terminal DBPs for cold and hot tap water were measured and compared to the instantaneous DBP formation in cold and hot tap water. The heating of tap water in the water tank was found to increase the extent of THM formation. The second objective of this dissertation was to investigate the impact of heating scenarios on the formation and degradation of DBPs. A field study involving homes equipped with either tankless heaters or tank heaters was conducted. The concentrations of DBPs were measured for cold and hot tap water of each home. A lab-controlled heating test was later on set up to investigate the formation and degradation of DBPs in short term and long term heating to understand the difference in DBP concentrations in the hot tap water out of different types of water heaters. The results from the field study revealed that the differences in DBP levels in the hot tap water out of the two types of heaters were statistically significant for chlorine residual, total trihalomethanes (TTHMs), dichloroacetic acids (DCAA), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroproprane (TCP) and chloropicrin (CP). Bench scale heating tests showed that long term heating changed the concentrations of DBPs significantly. The third objective of this dissertation was to investigate the thermal formation and degradation in various conditions. Especially, the impact of water age on DBP formation and degradation in cold and heated water was investigated. The results of this study demonstrate that DBP concentration profiles in heated water were quite different from the DBP concentrations in the cold tap water. Chloroform concentrations in the heated water remained constant or even decreased slightly with increasing distribution system water age, despite the fact that its levels always increased with water age in the cold water. The final objective of this dissertation was to propose a method to model chlorine decay, not only in the distribution system, but also applicable to home heating scenarios. A robust two-site chlorine decay model of combined effects of pH, temperature in water distribution system and heating condition was proposed. A single set of readily interpretable parameters were estimated by stochastic search using differential evolution.
Download or read book Disinfection By Products in Water TreatmentThe Chemistry of Their Formation and Control written by Roger A. Minear and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 519 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection By-Products in Water Treatment describes new government regulations related to disinfection by-products. It explains the formation of microorganism by-products during water treatment and the methods employed to control them. The book includes several chapters on chlorine by-products and discusses techniques for the removal of chloroform from drinking water. It also describes gamma radiation techniques for removing microorganic by-product precursors from natural waters and the removal of bromate from drinking water.
Download or read book Controlling Disinfection By products and Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water written by Robert M. Clark and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2001 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Management of Legionella in Water Systems written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-02-20 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.
Download or read book Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water written by Yuefeng Xie and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-08-27 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The EPA has established regulations which classify four types of disinfection byproducts - TTHMs, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite - and requires public water systems limit these byproducts to specific levels. Most of the information required to comply with these standards is either scattered throughout the literature or derived from confere
Download or read book Health Effects of Disinfectants and Disinfection By products written by Richard J. Bull and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A state-of-the-science review of the toxicological effects of disinfectants and their by-products, this report considers the implications of these effects upon anticipated regulations. It considers both the residual concentrations of disinfectants that remain when water is consumed and the formation of disinfection by- products, focusing on factors most likely to affect the development of maximum contaminant levels and the consequential effect on the use of disinfectants. Order by catalog number: 90577 DJ. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Download or read book Disinfection By products in Drinking Water written by M.N.V. Prasad and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2020-02-18 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Detection and Treatment presents cutting-edge research on how to understand the procedures, processes and considerations for detecting and treating disinfection by-products from drinking water, swimming pool water, and wastewater. The book begins with an overview of the different groups of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), such as: Trihalomethanes (THM), Halo acetic acids, and Haloacetonitrile (HAN). This coverage is quickly followed by a clear and rigorous exposition of the latest methods and technologies for the characterization, occurrence, formation, transformation and removal of DBPs in drinking water. Other chapters focus on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Researchers will find a valuable resource to a breath of topics for DBP detection and treatment, including various recent techniques, such as microfiltration, nanofiltration membrane and nanotechnology. Explains the latest research in detection, treatment processes and remediation technologies Includes sampling, analytical and characterization methods and approaches Covers cutting-edge research, including membrane based technologies, nanotechnology treatment technologies and bioremediation treatment technologies Provides background information regarding contamination sources
Download or read book Disinfection By products in Drinking Water written by K Clive Thompson and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015-09-29 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the latest developments in themes related to water disinfection by-products, this book brings the reader right up to date. Stemming from an international conference, contributions are from decision-makers, regulators and the relevant scientific community. Coverage includes emerging disinfection by-products, water treatment, water recycling, monitoring, regulation and health and toxicology aspects. It will be of interest to water companies, public health professionals, drinking water quality regulators, suppliers of laboratory and on-line monitoring equipment, analytical chemists, and academic and industry researchers working in the area of disinfection by-products.
Download or read book Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Disinfection By products written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-01-22 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.
Download or read book Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Stage 1 Disinfectants disinfection Byproducts Rule written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Exposure to Contaminants in Drinking Water written by Stephen S Olin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-08-18 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exposure to Contaminants in Drinking Water: Estimating Uptake through the Skin and by Inhalation examines the current state of science in this field by identifying and reviewing the available information resources; evaluating various models and approaches; and demonstrating the feasibility of developing estimates of the distribution of absorbed doses of contaminants in drinking water through contact with the skin and by inhalation. This book, the product of a fifteen-member expert working group convened by the Risk Science Institute of the International Life Sciences Institute under a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Water, includes contributions from experts in exposure modeling and measurement; water chemistry; time-activity patterns; dermal and respiratory uptake; and the use of probability distributions in characterizing exposures.
Download or read book Health Effects and Occurrence of Disinfection By products written by Richard J. Bull and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the conclusions of the study is that the chemistry of the source water is an important variable in determining not only the concentration but also the types of by-products that are formed when drinking water utilities disinfect their systems. The report covers risk assessment, the chemistry of disinfection by-product formation, the occurrence of by-products in drinking water, epidemiology, toxicological profiles of disinfectants and by-products, practical considerations for individual water systems, communicating with the public, and directions for future research. It is double spaced and not indexed. c. Book News Inc.
Download or read book Health Effects of Disinfection By products written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Determining the Impacts of Storage Practice and Treatment Technology on the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts written by Greta Myerchin McGee and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Disinfection byproducts (DBP) are formed during the reaction of chemical disinfectants with natural organic material (NOM). DBPs are potential carcinogens and are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEP A) under the Disinfectant/DBP (D/DBP) rule. High concentrations of NOM in drinking water sources used by Alaska's communities often result in the formation of DBPs during treatment. Since surface water sources in the Arctic are frozen for 6-9 months of the year, communities are often forced to store raw water for treatment during the winter or treat and store enough drinking water during the summer to last through the winter. The effects of long-term water storage practice and treatment technology on DBP formation was examined in the drinking water systems of 5 rural Alaskan communities. Results from this research suggest NOM escaping treatment is likely to react in the storage tank producing DBP concentrations well above the estimated DBP formation potential"--Leaf iii.
