Download or read book Impact of Microbial Iron Reduction on Reservoir Souring During Waterflooding written by Mohammed Alsaffar and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water-injection is widely practiced in petroleum reservoirs to improve oil recovery, maintain reservoir pressure and re-inject produced water. This practice can lead to microbial reservoir souring, which generates hydrogen sulfide via sulfate-reducing bacteria. Hydrogen sulfide adversely impacts the health and safety of employees, reduces oil quality and thus demands more processing requirements, corrodes pipeline and facilities, and plugs permeable formations. Reservoir souring costs the industry millions of dollars annually.Laboratory experiments that have been made to study microbial souring mechanisms and growth, while published mathematical models simulate and forecast the souring process. In spite of the diverse microbial communities in oil reservoirs, current studies have been limited to selective microbes that mostly include sulfate-reducers and nitrate-reducers. One of the processes that has not yet been considered is microbial iron reduction. Current reservoir souring studies narrow the impact of iron minerals to the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide, namely through abiotic reactions to precipitate iron sulfides. Studies show that ferric iron can exist as iron oxides in natural systems within clay minerals and coating grains, a fraction of which would be bio-available for microbial reduction.In this research, we have utilized the published results of microbial experiments conducted in upflow porous reactors to comprehend microbial processes and growth parameters. We used CrunchFlow, a reactive transport model, to simulate those processes in seawater injection for 1D homogeneous media at various ferric iron concentrations, and 2D heterogeneous media where ferric iron distribution was correlated with permeability reduction. Random heterogeneous fields were generated using a Fast Fourier Transform simulator at differing correlation lengths and Dykstra- Parson coefficients.iiiiv The analysis of microbial experiments by simulation indicate that microbial iron reductioninhibits sulfate reduction, imposing a delay on microbial souring by several pore volumes injected after seawater breakthrough. The results also show that higher concentrations of bio-available ferric iron would impose further delay on the microbial souring process in oil reservoirs. Formations with higher heterogeneity experience earlier hydrogen sulfide breakthrough than those that are more homogenous. In more heterogeneous reservoirs, the microbial reductions of sulfate and ferric iron are more isolated from one another than in homogenous reservoirs. Sulfate reduction prevails in permeable formations, while ferric iron reduction is limited to tight formations in which there are higher concentrations of iron minerals.Our research demonstrates the benefits of understanding potential microbial iron reduction and ferric iron bio-availability in oil fields. This knowledge will enhance the prediction and forecast regarding biogenic hydrogen sulfide breakthrough, leading to improvements in the field and further developments.
Download or read book Petroleum Microbiology written by Bernard Ollivier and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A state-of-the-art presentation of the specific microbes that inhabit oil reservoirs, with an emphasis on the ecological significance of anaerobic microorganisms. Provides fundamental and applied biological approaches, and serves as an invaluable reference source for petroleum engineers, remediation professionals, and field researchers."
Download or read book Microbial Inhibition of Sulfate Reduction Using Nitrate and Nitrite Addition written by Sarah Turner and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial sulfate reduction produces unwanted H2S in oil and gas reservoirs (i.e., reservoir souring) when seawater is used in secondary oil recovery. Previous studies have shown that the addition of nitrate and/or nitrite can inhibit sulfate reduction, but the effects are site-specific. In this thesis, seawater and produced waters were sampled offshore Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) for three incubation experiments to determine the affect of nitrate and/or nitrite addition on microbial sulfate reduction. Of the three amendments tested (i.e. just nitrate, just nitrite, and a combination of the two) all were successful at inhibiting sulfate reduction. No one type of amendment inhibited microbial sulfate reduction better than the others; however, nitrate showed potential of having a longer residence time, and therefore nitrate maybe an ideal choice for the inhibition of microbial sulfate reduction for offshore NL.
Download or read book Sulphate Reducing Bacteria written by Larry L. Barton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-05-31 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher description
Download or read book Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry written by Torben Lund Skovhus and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-03 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microorganisms are ubiquitously present in petroleum reservoirs and the facilities that produce them. Pipelines, vessels, and other equipment used in upstream oil and gas operations provide a vast and predominantly anoxic environment for microorganisms to thrive. The biggest technical challenge resulting from microbial activity in these engineered environments is the impact on materials integrity. Oilfield microorganisms can affect materials integrity profoundly through a multitude of elusive (bio)chemical mechanisms, collectively referred to as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). MIC is estimated to account for 20 to 30% of all corrosion-related costs in the oil and gas industry. This book is intended as a comprehensive reference for integrity engineers, production chemists, oilfield microbiologists, and scientists working in the field of petroleum microbiology or corrosion. Exhaustively researched by leaders from both industry and academia, this book discusses the latest technological and scientific advances as well as relevant case studies to convey to readers an understanding of MIC and its effective management.
Download or read book Iron Oxidizing Bacteria at the Groundwater surface Water Interface Presence Diversity Activity and Role in Natural Iron Deposition written by Ran Yu and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The groundwater surface water interface (GSI) is a transition zone with biogeochemical properties determined by both the adjacent groundwater and surface water bodies. We examined the presence of iron oxidizing bacteria (IOB) at a GSI impacted by reduced groundwater originating as leachate from an unlined landfill. The vertical IOB distribution was quantified and mirrored the distribution of iron reducing bacteria (IRB). Bench-scale experiments demonstrated that the enriched IOB could accelerate iron oxidation rates under low DO conditions (0.5-0.6mg/L) compared to chemical or the metabolically inactivated IOB controls. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from IOB enrichments indicated that the IOB were very diverse with clones mainly belonging to α-, Î2-, and Î3-Proteobacteria. As part of this analysis, an improved cell collection method was developed for IOB enrichments. This method only involves agarase digestion for agarose removal and was demonstrated to be simpler and faster than the published heating plus oxalic acid treatment method. The obtained cell pellets were applicable for further FISH performance and resulted in higher reliable DNA yields for further 16S rRNA gene recovery and IOB ecological community investigation. Active microbial communities in the GSI were captured by a series of glass-bead (GB)/activated carbon (AC) columns deployed in the sediment over several sequential short periods. The qPCR based molecular analysis of column samples revealed that although microbes might accelerate iron oxidation during the flooding season when more reducing environments developed in the study field, bacterial activities measured in columns did not vary significantly throughout the whole year. The spatial effects on bacterial activities retrieved from columns were detected mainly during the flooding seasons. Higher activities were measured in the column-trapped microbial communities than in the ambient sediments. Bacterial densities exhibited clear stratification trends in the sediment samples (but not in the columns) with similar depth-resolved bacteria distribution profiles obtained from these freeze core sediment samples as those previously retrieved from another two sediment samples via direct counting or dilution-to-extinction cultivation method. A 16S rRNA gene clone library was developed from the GB columns and demonstrated that the in-situ active microbial communities from different locations were phylogenetically diverse but similar. Several retrieved clones, which clustered with the known IOB enrichments derived clones or known IOB species, further indicated that IOB are metabolically active community members in the redox transition zone ecosystem. This is the first report of the depth-resolved IOB diversity distributions and of the seasonal and spatial effects of the associated metabolically active microbial community activity distributions in the GSI. The findings of high abundance of readily enriched IOB from the study site which accelerated iron oxidation rates over abiotic reactions under site pH and low DO conditions or even under anoxic conditions shed new light on the significance of microbial iron oxidization in retention of pollutants at the GSI.
Download or read book Produced Water written by Kenneth Lee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-18 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A state-of-the-art review of scientific knowledge on the environmental risk of ocean discharge of produced water and advances in mitigation technologies. In offshore oil and gas operations, produced water (the water produced with oil or gas from a well) accounts for the largest waste stream (in terms of volume discharged). Its discharge is continuous during oil and gas production and typically increases in volume over the lifetime of an offshore production platform. Produced water discharge as waste into the ocean has become an environmental concern because of its potential contaminant content. Environmental risk assessments of ocean discharge of produced water have yielded different results. For example, several laboratory and field studies have shown that significant acute toxic effects cannot be detected beyond the "point of discharge" due to rapid dilution in the receiving waters. However, there is some preliminary evidence of chronic sub-lethal impacts in biota associated with the discharge of produced water from oil and gas fields within the North Sea. As the composition and concentration of potential produced water contaminants may vary from one geologic formation to another, this conference also highlights the results of recent studies in Atlantic Canada.
Download or read book Petroleum Biotechnology written by Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-09-18 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is one of a kind in the field of petroleum biorefining and biological upgrade of petroleum; it presents a critical review as well as an integrated overview of the potential biochemical processes, bridging the gap between academia and industry. It addresses today’s demanding production challenges, taking into account energy efficient and environmentally friendly processes, and also looks at the future possibility of implementing new refinery systems. Suitable for those practitioners the petroleum industry, students and researchers interested in petroleum biotechnology. * Covers a new application field for biotechnology * Looks at innovative processes for the petroleum industry * Presents examples of modern environmental processes
Download or read book Waterflooding written by G. Paul Willhite and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waterflooding begins with understanding the basic principles of immiscible displacement, then presents a systematic procedure for designing a waterflood.
Download or read book Microbial Connections Between the Subsurface Sulfur Cycle and Other Elemental Cycles written by Alexandra V. Turchyn and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-11-16 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sulfur has many redox states and is a major metabolite in suboxic and anaerobic environments including, but not restricted to, marine and marginal marine sediments, the water column of oxygen minimum zones, salt marshes and oil wells. Microbially mediated redox cycling of sulfur typically comprises dissimilatory sulfate reduction (MSR), sulfide reoxidation, disproportionation and the oxidation and reduction of sulfur redox intermediates. These processes contribute to the degradation of organic matter, link the cycles of sulfur and carbon, control the production and consumption of methane and are critical for the long term budget of O2 in the atmosphere. Microbial and abiotic processes at redox interfaces also connect the sulfur cycle to the redox cycles of nitrogen, iron and other elements, producing distinctive geochemical and molecular signatures. Studies that couple microbiology with stable isotope geochemistry have informed interpretations of microbial sulfur cycling in modern and past environments. Laboratory-based studies and models of MSR have sought to understand the physiological and environmental controls of the magnitude of sulfur isotope fractionation. The fractionations of stable sulfur and oxygen isotopes during MSR are also used to track enzymatic activity during MSR and processes that oxidize sulfide in the presence of environmental oxidants. Outstanding questions in the field concern the importance of oxidative processes within the natural environment, the delivery of oxidants and carbon sources to the zones of sulfate reduction and the ability to detect or reconstruct oxidative processes from the chemical, isotopic, metagenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomics profiles in the environment. Recent studies have emphasized the complex connections between sulfur and methane, iron, nitrogen and other elements. These links may involve the redox cycling of species that occur at concentrations difficult to detect by standard geochemical techniques or that are cycled at very rapid rates (cryptic cycles). Of particular interest is the use of isotope geochemistry to quantify links among various electron acceptors, including sulfate, ferric iron, and nitrate, during the anaerobic methane oxidation. For example, recent geochemical measurements have hinted that microbial sulfate reduction coupled to organic matter oxidation is mechanistically different to when sulfate reduction is coupled to methane oxidation. Recent studies have also suggested a possible contribution of a number of previously uncultured microbial groups in sulfur cycling in sulfidic environments, inspiring further studies of these organisms and their partnerships in anaerobic environments. This Research Topic highlights studies of microbial interactions, processes and communities that couple the sulfur cycle to the cycles of other elements in aphotic environments.
Download or read book Oil Field Chemicals written by Johannes Fink and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-08-19 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oil field chemicals are gaining increasing importance, as the resources of crude oil are decreasing. An increasing demand of more sophisticated methods in the exploitation of the natural resources emerges for this reason. This book reviews the progress in the area of oil field chemicals and additives of the last decade from a rather chemical view. The material presented is a compilation from the literature by screening critically approximately 20,000 references. The text is ordered according to applications, just in the way how the jobs are emerging in practice. It starts with drilling, goes to productions and ends with oil spill. Several chemicals are used in multiple disciplines, and to those separate chapters are devoted. Two index registers are available, an index of chemical substances and a general index. * Gives an introduction to the chemically orientated petroleum engineer. * Provides the petroleum engineer involved with research and development with a quick reference tool. * Covers interdisciplinary matter, i.e. connects petroleum recovery and handling with chemical aspects.
Download or read book Applied Microbiology and Molecular Biology in Oilfield Systems written by Corinne Whitby and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-13 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applied Microbiology and Molecular Biology in Oil Field Systems addresses the major problems microbes cause in oil fields, (e.g. biocorrosion and souring) and how beneficial microbial activities may be exploited (e.g. MEOR and biofuels). The book describes theoretical and practical approaches to specific Molecular Microbiological Methods (MMM), and is written by leading authorities in the field from both academia and industry. The book describes how MMM can be applied to faciliate better management of oil reservoirs and downstream processes. The book is innovative in that it utilises real industrial case studies which gives useful technical and scientific information to researchers, engineers and microbiologists working with oil, gas and petroleum systems.
Download or read book Microbial Bioinformatics in the Oil and Gas Industry written by Kenneth Wunch and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-07-15 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together contributions from leading scientists, academics, and experts from the oil and gas industry to discuss microbial-related problems faced by the industry and how bioinformatics and an interdisciplinary scientific approach can address these challenges. Microbial Bioinformatics in the Oil and Gas Industry: Applications to Reservoirs and Processes presents the major industrial problems caused by microbes (e.g., souring, biocorrosion) as well as the beneficial activities (e.g., biofuels, bioremediation). FEATURES Offers a detailed description of how bioinformatics has advanced our understanding of numerous issues in the oil and gas industry Covers cases from geographically diverse oil fields, laboratories, and research groups Contains fundamentals and applied information of relevance to the oil and gas sector Presents contributions from a team of international experts across industry and academia With its cross-disciplinary approach, this comprehensive book provides microbial ecologists, molecular biologists, operators, engineers, chemists, and academics involved in the sector with an improved understanding of the significance of microbial bioinformatics applications in the oil and gas industry.
Download or read book The Dynamics of Microbial Ferric and Sulfate Reduction in Acidic Mine Lake Sediments and Their Impact on Water Quality written by Huynh Anh Pham and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [Truncated abstract] Acidic mine lakes are formed as a result of the oxidation and dissolution of metal sulfide minerals and are primarily characterized by low pH values of 2 4. Many strategies for the bioremediation of acidic mine lakes depend on the alkalinity generation capabilities of microbial ferric and/or sulfate reducing bacteria. However nearly all mine lakes are oligotrophic, with very low concentrations of available organic carbon and nutrients; all required for healthy microbial growth. There is also an unusual class of mine lakes characterized by low concentrations of organic carbon and also very low concentrations of dissolved iron and sulfate. Our ability to promote microbial activity in these systems is especially challenging. This study focuses on one of these systems, Lake Kepwari, a coal mine lake in Western Australia. Numerical modeling of remediation strategies is an efficient way of testing scenarios prior to expensive in-field trials. However such modeling relies on good descriptions of microbial processes, including kinetic parameterizations of ferric and sulfate reduction. There has been little research to date on the study of kinetic parameterizations of the chemical and biological alkalinity generation in acidic mine lakes. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate the viability of microbial ferric and sulfate reduction in an ultraoligotrophic, acidic mine lake, to assess the impact of these microbial processes on water quality and to parameterize the Dual Monod kinetics of neutralization under dual limitation conditions. Molecular analyses including most probable number, DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were used to examine the microbial communities in the lake sediments. ... The Monod maximum specific microbial growth rates with respect to dissolved organic carbon and ferric, and as determined in batch experiments, were 0.07 ± 0.01 and 0.048 ± 0.02 day-1, respectively, and their corresponding Monod half saturation constants and were 14.37 and 5.6 mmol L-1. The Monod maximum consumption rates under ferric and OC limitation were also estimated. The Monod maximum specific microbial growth rates with respect to dissolved organic carbon and sulfate, , and were 0.05 ± 0.01, 0.08 ± 0.01 and 0.07 ± 0.02 day-1, respectively, and their corresponding Monod half saturation constants, and were 75.5, 131.8 and 10.2 mmol L-1. The Monod maximum consumption rates under sulfate and OC limitation were also estimated. The results of this study suggest that strategies for the remediation of ultraoligotrophic, acidic mine lakes may rely on microbial ferric and sulfate reduction, however additions of both organic carbon and sulfate/ferric are essential. These results can be immediately applied to mesocosm studies in outdoor enclosures and to the management of acidic mine lakes. Furthermore, this thesis has provided a new, valuable understanding on the Dual Monod kinetic parameterizations of neutralization for an ultraoligotrophic, acidic mine lake environment. These parameterizations are essential for the lake ecological models that will be used to investigate remediation scenarios for acidic mine lakes.
Download or read book The Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Contemporary Perspectives written by J.M. Odom and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sulfate-reducing bacteria comprise a diverse and ecologically interactive group of anaerobic prokaryotes which share an extraordinary trait: growth by sulfate respiration with hydrogen sulfide as a major end-product. Sulfate-reducers are found in diverse environments ranging from estuaries to geological oil-bearing formations. They have attracted considerable scientific and commercial interest. These organisms have been actively investigated by researchers in microbial energetics, protein chemistry, ecology and more recently molecular biology. This interest has increased greatly over the past decade, and this volume presents the first book-length summary of our knowledge of sulfate-reducing bacteria in nearly 10 years. Featuring an introduction by the eminent microbiologist John Postgate and comprehensive reviews from recognized authorities, this book will be of interest to microbiologists with interests in physiology, evolution, and ecology.
Download or read book Microbicides for the Protection of Materials written by W. Paulus and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1993-09-30 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is chiefly intended for those who are using microbicides for the protection of materials. Another purpose is to inform teachers and students working on biodeterioration and to show today's technical standard to those engaged in R&D activities in the microbicide field. When trying to classify, or to subclassify, material-protecting microbicides according to their mode of action, e.g. as membrane-active and electrophilic active ingredients, it turned out that a clear assignment was not always possible. For that reason the author has resorted to chemistry's principle of classifying according to groups of substances (e.g. alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, amides, etc.), thus providing the first necessary information about the micro bicides' properties. The description of the various groups of substances includes, whenever possible, an outline of the mode and mechanism of action of the active ingredients involved. The effective use of microbicides presupposes knowledge of their character istics. That is why the microbicides' chemico-physical properties, their toxicity, ecotoxicity, effectiveness, and effective spectrum are described in greater detail. As mentioned before, the characteristics of microbicides play an important role. They have to be suited to the intended application to avoid detrimental effects on the properties and the quality of the material to be protected; also production processes in which microbicides are used to avoid disturbances by microbial action must not be disturbed by the presence of those microbicides.
Download or read book Electron Based Bioscience and Biotechnology written by Masaharu Ishii and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-07 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive introduction to electron-based bioscience, biotechnology, and biocorrosion. It both explains the importance of electron flow during metabolic processes in microorganisms and provides valuable insights into emerging applications in various fields. In the opening section, readers will find up-to-date information on topics such as electron transfer reactions, extracellular electron transfer mechanisms, direct interspecies electron transfer, and electron uptake by sulfate-reducing bacteria. The focus then shifts to state-of-the-art advances and applications in the field of biotechnology. Here, the coverage encompasses e.g. progress in understanding electrochemical interactions between microorganisms and conductive particles, enzymatic reactions and their application in the bioproduction of useful chemicals, and the importance of redox balance for fatty acid production. In closing, the book addresses various aspects of the complex phenomenon of microbiologically induced corrosion, highlighting novel insights from the fields of electromicrobiology and electrochemistry and their implications.
