Download or read book Impact of Atomization and Processing Gas on the Heat Treatment Response of Additively Manufactured 17 4 PH Stainless Steel written by Scott Meredith and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Precipitation hardened (PH) grade martensitic stainless steels are commonly used in additivemanufacturing (AM) processes. In order to obtain properties similar to their wroughtcounterparts, post-processing solutionizing and aging heat treatments are required. Dependingon the powder feedstock composition, which can be varied by the choice of atomization gas and,to a lesser extent, the processing gas during component fabrication, the post-process heattreatment response can be significantly altered. When the standard heat treatment cyclesdeveloped for wrought alloys are applied to as-deposited 17-4 PH grade stainless steel structuresfabricated from argon or nitrogen atomized powder feedstocks on different powder bed fusion(PBF) systems, the AM components exhibited a difference response. Argon atomized feedstockscontain approximately 0.01 wt.% nitrogen, possess low levels of retained austenite, and respondas expected to standard solutionizing and aging heat treatment cycles. In contrast, 17-4 PH gradestainless steel structures fabricated using nitrogen atomized feedstocks with higher nitrogenlevels (0.06 0.14 wt.%) and retained austenite levels (up to 81%) do not respond to standardsolutionizing and aging techniques. Peak aging at these high nitrogen levels occurs at atemperature of approximately 680C, which is significantly higher than the standard peak agingheat treatment at 482C.

Download or read book TMS 2023 152nd Annual Meeting Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings written by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-06 with total page 1349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection presents papers from the 152nd Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

Download or read book Effect of Atomization and Processing Gases on Microstructures in Additively Manufactured 17 4PH Stainless Steel written by Alexis T. Ernst and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Powder bed fusion (PBF) techniques have the capability to produce complex near-net shaped components from a variety of different powders. For PBF of stainless steels it has been suggested that the atomization gas and/or the background gas in the build chamber could have an important influence on the phase composition and microstructure in the as-built material. Since nitrogen is known to stabilize austenite, the use of nitrogen as the atomization gas or in the build chamber could affect the balance of the BCC ferrite and FCC austenite phases. The objective of the work described in this dissertation was to address the unresolved question of what effect nitrogen has on the microstructures of gas-atomized powders and additively manufactured builds. In attempt to resolve this question, a systematic study has been performed in which: (1) 17-4PH stainless steel powder was produced from the same ingot/raw material using different atomization gases (Ar or N2), (2) PBF builds were produced from these powders varying only the build gases (again Ar or N2), and (3) advanced characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy, electron back scattered diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, focused ion beam, and transmission/scanning transmission electron microscopy, were used to characterize the microstructures of the powders and the PBF builds. Both types of powder exhibited predominantly ferritic microstructures (less than 1% of austenite by volume) with similar surface morphologies and oxide scale thicknesses. The formation of these ~ 6 nm thick oxide layers was associated with significant segregation of Mn and Cu to the powder particle surfaces. The austenite volume fractions in the PBF build microstructures were also less than 1% but exhibited significant differences with the atomizing/build gas combination. The Ar/N2 build had the most austenite (0.8 vol%) whereas the N2/N2 build had the least. This is not what one would expect on the basis of the nitrogen content in the samples; this effect was explained on the basis of nitrogen gettering by adventitious aluminum to form nitrides and oxynitrides rather than being retained as interstitials in the metallic phase(s). The consequences of these observations for the choice of processing parameters in PBF of stainless steels such as 17-4PH are discussed.

Download or read book Handbook of Metal Injection Molding written by Donald F. Heaney and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-06-11 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal injection molding combines the most useful characteristics of powder metallurgy and plastic injection molding to facilitate the production of small, complex-shaped metal components with outstanding mechanical properties. The Handbook of metal injection molding provides an authoritative guide to this important technology and its applications.Part one discusses the fundamentals of the metal injection molding process with chapters on topics such as component design, important powder characteristics, compound manufacture, tooling design, molding optimization, debinding, and sintering. Part two provides a detailed review of quality issues, including feedstock characterisation, modeling and simulation, methods to qualify a MIM process, common defects and carbon content control. Special metal injection molding processes are the focus of part three, which provides comprehensive coverage of micro components, two material/two color structures, and porous metal techniques. Finally, part four explores metal injection molding of particular materials, including stainless steels, titanium and titanium alloys, thermal management alloys, high speed tool steels, heavy alloys, refractory metals, hard metals and soft magnetic alloys.With its distinguished editor and expert team of international contributors, the Handbook of metal injection molding is an essential guide for all those involved in the high-volume manufacture of small precision parts, across a wide range of high-tech industries such as microelectronics, biomedical and aerospace engineering. - Provides an authoritative guide to metal injection molding and its applications - Discusses the fundamentals of the metal injection molding processes and covers topics such as component design, important powder characteristics, compound manufacture, tooling design, molding optimization, debinding, and sintering - Comprehensively examines quality issues such as feedstock characterization, modeling and simulation, common defects and carbon content control

Download or read book Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels written by Andrea Di Schino and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-15 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stainless steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from a scientific and commercial point of view, following to their excellent combination in terms of strength and ductility together with corrosion resistance. Thanks to such properties, stainless steels have been indispensable for the technological progress during the last century and their annual consumption increased faster than other materials. They find application in all these fields requiring good corrosion resistance together with ability to be worked into complex geometries. Despite to their diffusion as a consolidated materials, many research fields are active regarding the possibility to increase stainless steels mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by grain refinement or by alloying by interstitial elements. At the same time innovations are coming from the manufacturing process of such a family of materials, also including the possibility to manufacture them starting from metals powder for 3D printing. The Special Issue scope embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting about experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during processing, microstructure-properties relations, applications including automotive, energy and structural.

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing of Metals written by John O. Milewski and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-28 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This engaging volume presents the exciting new technology of additive manufacturing (AM) of metal objects for a broad audience of academic and industry researchers, manufacturing professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, hobbyists, and artists. Innovative applications ranging from rocket nozzles to custom jewelry to medical implants illustrate a new world of freedom in design and fabrication, creating objects otherwise not possible by conventional means. The author describes the various methods and advanced metals used to create high value components, enabling readers to choose which process is best for them. Of particular interest is how harnessing the power of lasers, electron beams, and electric arcs, as directed by advanced computer models, robots, and 3D printing systems, can create otherwise unattainable objects. A timeline depicting the evolution of metalworking, accelerated by the computer and information age, ties AM metal technology to the rapid evolution of global technology trends. Charts, diagrams, and illustrations complement the text to describe the diverse set of technologies brought together in the AM processing of metal. Extensive listing of terms, definitions, and acronyms provides the reader with a quick reference guide to the language of AM metal processing. The book directs the reader to a wealth of internet sites providing further reading and resources, such as vendors and service providers, to jump start those interested in taking the first steps to establishing AM metal capability on whatever scale. The appendix provides hands-on example exercises for those ready to engage in experiential self-directed learning.

Download or read book Steels Processing Structure and Performance Second Edition written by George Krauss and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2015-03-01 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: George Krauss, University Emeritus Professor, Colorado School of Mines and author of the best-selling ASM book Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, discusses some of the important additions and updates to the new second edition.

Download or read book Powder Injection Molding written by Randall M. German and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metal Fatigue Effects of Small Defects and Nonmetallic Inclusions written by Yukitaka Murakami and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2002-04-29 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal fatigue is an essential consideration for engineers and researchers who are looking at factors that cause metals to fail through stress, corrosion, etc. This is an English translation of a book originally published in Japan in 1993, with an additional two chapters on the fatigue failure of steels and the effect of surface roughness on fatigue strength. The methodology is based on important and reliable results and may be usefully applied to other fatigue problems not directly treated in this book.

Download or read book Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 written by Dunyong Deng and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2018-01-24 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has gained significant interest in aerospace, energy, automotive and medical industries due to its capabilities of manufacturing components that are either prohibitively costly or impossible to manufacture by conventional processes. Among the various additive manufacturing processes for metallic components, electron beam melting (EBM) and selective laser melting (SLM) are two of the most widely used powder bed based processes, and have shown great potential for manufacturing high-end critical components, such as turbine blades and customized medical implants. The futures of the EBM and SLM are doubtlessly promising, but to fully realize their potentials there are still many challenges to overcome. Inconel 718 (IN718) is a nickel-base superalloy and has impressive combination of good mechanical properties and low cost. Though IN718 is being mostly used as a turbine disk material now, the initial introduction of IN718 was to overcome the poor weldability of superalloys in 1960s, since sluggish precipitation of strengthening phases ?’/?’’ enables good resistance to strain-age cracking during welding or post weld heat treatment. Given the similarity between AM and welding processes, IN718 has been widely applied to the metallic AM field to facilitate the understandings of process-microstructure-property relationships. The work presented in this licentiate thesis aims to better understand microstructures and mechanical properties EBM and SLM IN718, which have not been systematically investigated. Microstructures of EBM and SLM IN718 have been characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with the process conditions. Monotonic mechanical properties (e.g., Vickers microhardness and tensile properties) have also been measured and rationalized with regards to the microstructure evolutions before and after heat treatments. For EBM IN718, the results show the microstructure is not homogeneous but dependant on the location in the components, and the anisotropic mechanical properties are probably attributed to alignment of porosities rather than texture. Post heat treatment can slightly increase the mechanical strength compared to the as-manufactured condition but does not alter the anisotropy. SLM IN718 shows significantly different microstructure and mechanical properties to EBM IN718. The as-manufactured SLM IN718 has very fine dendritic microstructure and Laves phases in the interdendrites, and is “work-hardened” by the residual strains and dislocations present in the material. Mechanical properties are different between horizontally and vertically built samples, and heat treatment can minimize this difference. Results from this licentiate thesis provide the basis for the further research on the cyclic mechanical properties of EBM and SLM IN718, which would be the focus of following phase of the Ph.D. research.

Download or read book Maraging Steels written by W Sha and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-10-26 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maraging steels are high-strength steels combined with good toughness. They are used particularly in aerospace and tooling applications. Maraging refers to the ageing of martensite, a hard microstructure commonly found in steels.Maraging steels: modelling of microstructure, properties and applications covers the following topics: Introduction to maraging steels; Microstructure of maraging steels; Mechanical properties of maraging steels; Thermodynamic calculations for quantifying the phase fraction and element partition in maraging systems and precipitation hardening steels; Quantification of phase transformation kinetics in maraging steels; Quantification of age hardening in maraging steels; Maraging steels and overageing; Precipitation hardening stainless steel; Applications of artificial neural network on modelling maraging steel properties.With its distinguished authors, Maraging steels: modelling of microstructure, properties and applications is a standard reference for industry and researchers concerned with maraging steels and modelling as well as users of maraging steels in the aerospace and tooling sectors. The book includes both conventional maraging steels and precipitation hardened (PH) stainless steels. - Provides an overview of maraging steels including microstructure and mechanical properties - Reviews thermodynamic calculations for quantifying the phase fraction and element partition in maraging steels - Includes chapters on the quantification of phase transformation kinetics and age hardening in maraging steels

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing Handbook written by Adedeji B. Badiru and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-05-19 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theoretical and practical interests in additive manufacturing (3D printing) are growing rapidly. Engineers and engineering companies now use 3D printing to make prototypes of products before going for full production. In an educational setting faculty, researchers, and students leverage 3D printing to enhance project-related products. Additive Manufacturing Handbook focuses on product design for the defense industry, which affects virtually every other industry. Thus, the handbook provides a wide range of benefits to all segments of business, industry, and government. Manufacturing has undergone a major advancement and technology shift in recent years.

Download or read book Phase Transformations in Steels written by Elena Pereloma and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-05-11 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The processing-microstructure-property relationships in steels continue to present challenges to researchers because of the complexity of phase transformation reactions and the wide spectrum of microstructures and properties achievable. This major two-volume work summarises the current state of research on phase transformations in steels and its implications for the emergence of new steels with enhanced engineering properties.Volume 1 reviews fundamentals and diffusion-controlled phase transformations. After a historical overview, chapters in part one discuss fundamental principles of thermodynamics, diffusion and kinetics as well as phase boundary interfaces. Chapters in part two go on to consider ferrite formation, proeutectoid ferrite and cementite transformations, pearlite formation and massive austenite-ferrite phase transformations. Part three discusses the mechanisms of bainite transformations, including carbide-containing and carbide-free bainite. The final part of the book considers additional driving forces for transformation including nucleation and growth during austenite-to-ferrite phase transformations, dynamic strain-induced ferrite transformations (DIST) as well as the effects of magnetic fields and heating rates.With its distinguished editors and distinguished international team of contributors, the two volumes of Phase transformations in steels is a standard reference for all those researching the properties of steel and developing new steels in such areas as automotive engineering, oil and gas and energy production. - Discusses the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, diffusion and kinetics - Considers various transformations, including ferrite formation, proeutectoid ferrite and cementite transformations - Considers additional driving forces for transformation including nucleation and growth during austenite-to-ferrite phase transformations

Download or read book High Nitrogen Steels written by Valentin G. Gavriljuk and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basic research and new manufacturing methods have led to high nitrogen steels (HNS), a promising new group of materials for use in advanced applications in mechanical and chemical engineering. The book deals with the atomic structure, constitution, properties, manufacturing and application of martensitic, austenitic, duplex and dualphase steels of superior strength and corrosion resistance. Combining metallurgy and engineering aspects. It gives a detailed overview and presents new results on HNS. The book is intended for scientists as well as technologists, who will find stimulating information.

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing of Metals The Technology Materials Design and Production written by Li Yang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-11 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a unique guide to the three-dimensional (3D) printing of metals. It covers various aspects of additive, subtractive, and joining processes used to form three-dimensional parts with applications ranging from prototyping to production. Examining a variety of manufacturing technologies and their ability to produce both prototypes and functional production-quality parts, the individual chapters address metal components and discuss some of the important research challenges associated with the use of these technologies. As well as exploring the latest technologies currently under development, the book features unique sections on electron beam melting technology, material lifting, and the importance this science has in the engineering context. Presenting unique real-life case studies from industry, this book is also the first to offer the perspective of engineers who work in the field of aerospace and transportation systems, and who design components and manufacturing networks. Written by the leading experts in this field at universities and in industry, it provides a comprehensive textbook for students and an invaluable guide for practitioners

Download or read book Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys written by Flake C. Campbell and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical reference provides thorough and systematic coverage on both basic metallurgy and the practical engineering aspects of metallic material selection and application.

Download or read book Metal Additive Manufacturing written by Dyuti Sarker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-10-26 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: METAL ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING A comprehensive review of additive manufacturing processes for metallic structures Additive Manufacturing (AM)—also commonly referred to as 3D printing—builds three-dimensional objects by adding materials layer by layer. Recent years have seen unprecedented investment in additive manufacturing research and development by governments and corporations worldwide. This technology has the potential to replace many conventional manufacturing processes, enable the development of new industry practices, and transform the entire manufacturing enterprise. Metal Additive Manufacturing provides an up-to-date review of all essential physics of metal additive manufacturing techniques with emphasis on both laser-based and non-laser-based additive manufacturing processes. This comprehensive volume covers fundamental processes and equipment, governing physics and modelling, design and topology optimization, and more. The text adresses introductory, intermediate, and advanced topics ranging from basic additive manufacturing process classification to practical and material design aspects of additive manufacturability. Written by a panel of expert authors in the field, this authoritative resource: Provides a thorough analysis of AM processes and their theoretical foundations Explains the classification, advantages, and applications of AM processes Describes the equipment required for different AM processes for metallic structures, including laser technologies, positioning devices, feeder and spreader mechanisms, and CAD software Discusses the opportunities, challenges, and current and emerging trends within the field Covers practical considerations, including design for AM, safety, quality assurance, automation, and real-time control of AM processes Includes illustrative cases studies and numerous figures and tables Featuring material drawn from the lead author’s research and professional experience on laser additive manufacturing, Metal Additive Manufacturing is an important source for manufacturing professionals, research and development engineers in the additive industry, and students and researchers involved in mechanical, mechatronics, automatic control, and materials engineering and science.