Download or read book Impact of an Export Subsidy on the Domestic Cotton Industry written by Michael Kurt Wohlgenant and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Impact of an Export Subsidy on the Domastic Cotton Industry written by M.K. Wohlgenant and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cotton Export Subsidy Program Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Cotton of 86 2 March 8 1960 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agricultural Subsidies in Industrialised Countries written by Laura Schmiedl and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2020-11-30 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2017 in the subject Economics - International Economic Relations, grade: 1,3, Berlin School of Economics and Law, course: Internationalisierung von Wirtschaftsprozessen, language: English, abstract: The aim of this term paper is to examine the magnitude of cotton subsidies in developed countries and their impact on developing and least-developed countries as well as to inquire the effectiveness of the WTO in promoting free trade among its member states, especially with regards to the cotton sector. The WTO does currently not have a specific definition or certain criteria that classify a country as ‘developed’ or ‘developing’; WTO members rather decide it for themselves. This classification can, however, be challenged by other members. Concerning a definition for least-developed countries, the WTO employs the classification of the United Nations. According to the UN, LDCs are countries that “are deemed highly disadvantaged in their development process, for structural, historical and also geographical reasons” (UNCTAD, 2017). There are currently 48 countries classified as an LDC, 36 of which are WTO members. Due to the scale of the paper, only subsidies in the USA and the European Union and their economic and social consequences for the Cotton-4 will be considered.
Download or read book The Cotton and Sugar Subsidies Decisions written by Stephen Joseph Powell and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acting on complaints by Brazil, the World Trade Organization (WTO) adopted in Spring 2005 two dispute settlement reports that not only require changes to U.S. and European agricultural subsidies, but alter the balance of concessions reached in the 1994 Agreement on Agriculture, further complicating the task of tightening agricultural disciplines underway in the Doha Development Round. The Cotton report reclassifies from the green box (permitted subsidies) to the amber box (subject to reduction commitments) two U.S. programs whose payments are based on historical acreage and yields and thus were thought by most observers to be decoupled both from price and production, the archetypal exemption from reduction commitments for non-trade distorting subsidies. The panel concluded that the so-called "fruit and vegetable exception," which results in reduced payments if the grower plants certain crops, was sufficient to link payments to production, despite evidence that virtually all cotton recipients would in any event have continued to plant cotton on their base acreage. The panel went on to find that subsidies to cotton producers exceeded the U.S. reduction commitment in the Agreement on Agriculture and caused world cotton prices to be "significantly suppressed," an actionable form of injury to Brazil's cotton exporters under the WTO Subsidies Agreement. We conclude that it is difficult to argue with the Panel's finding that price support programs tied to world prices have market insulating effects on farmers and a negative impact on world cotton prices. However, even in the absence of U.S. cotton policy, world cotton prices may be distorted from widespread use of subsidies by other cotton-producing nations. As a result, the Panel's statements concerning price suppression in the absence of U.S. cotton policy should be interpreted with caution, because price suppression can exist even in the absence of the U.S. cotton policy. Even more importantly, the Panel's failure to quantify either the magnitude of the subsidies or the nature of the price effects leaves governments without a road map to conform their agricultural support programs to these strict-liability interpretations of WTO mandates. The EC sugar regime establishes production quotas for two categories of sugar, labeled "A sugar" and "B sugar." These are the maximum amounts of sugar that may be sold within the EC in a given year. Producers must export any surplus amounts, designated "C sugar." Domestic prices for A and B sugar are supported by an array of government measures and also receive direct export subsidies. EC sugar producers receive no additional funds from the EC if they export a large amount or no C sugar. The Sugar panel found that "A, B or C sugar are part of the same line of production and thus to the extent that the fixed costs of A, B or C are largely paid for by the profits made on sales of A and B sugar, the EC sugar regime provides the advantage which allows EC sugar producers to produce and export C sugar at below total cost of production." The Sugar panel's finding that below-cost exports of an agricultural product may, even in the absence of "direct" export subsidies, represent proof of export subsidization if there is close linkage between these exports and domestic support programs makes the U.S. rice, corn, soybeans, and other commodities programs vulnerable to dispute challenge. The finding also substantially complicates the EC's task of bringing its sugar regime into compliance with its reduction commitments under the Agreement on Agriculture. If the 4 million tons of "C sugar" exports benefit from prohibited "export subsidies," either these exports must be eliminated or their subsidization must be ended. The former approach will put the EU in breach of its agreements with ACP countries and with India. The latter will be difficult, if possible at all, without elimination of domestic support for "A" and "B" quota sugar, because the Sugar opinions leave the EC with little guidance as what level of domestic support would end "C" sugar cross-subsidization. As in the Cotton case, the lack of quantification has left the losing WTO Member in a position of not knowing how to bring its subsidy program into compliance. Using both subsidies law and trade economics, we argue that these decisions markedly change the starting positions in the Doha Round by blurring distinctions between the "boxes" that were clear to agriculture negotiators during the Uruguay Round, as well as distinctions between domestic and export subsidies crucial to the balances struck in the Agreements on Subsidies and on Agriculture. No matter how destructive of efficient markets large subsidies may be, these cases should not be seen as proof that developing countries can bring to justice rich nations that abuse their financial power to cause injury. The cases simply demonstrate that an agricultural superpower can take advantage of technical traps caused by imprecise drafting and an increasingly literal WTO dispute settlement system with a built-in bias against deference to national agencies to penetrate its most desirable markets.
Download or read book The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Agbiotech written by Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After almost fifteen years in the laboratory and in the test plots, bioengineered crops arrived to the market in the mid-1990s. Adoption was rapid and wide spread. In 1996, less than 4 million acres in six countries were planted with bioengineered crops. By 2001, worldwide adoption had expanded to more than 115 million acres. Important questions quickly followed. What were the factors driving the widespread adoption and rapid diffusion of these first-generation agrobiotech nologies? What were their economic and environmental impacts? How were such impacts distributed among large and small producers, innovators and adopters, developed and developing countries, exporters and importers, domestic and foreign consumers? How were such impacts and their distribu tion affected by market structure and government policies? A growing body of literature has provided valuable answers to some of these questions. However, an assessment that accounts for the full range of differences in geography, weather, pests, farm structures, and institutions had not been completed. It brings together leading This book provides just such an assessment. authors from around the world who have analyzed the production, environ mental, and economic impacts of first-generation crop biotechnologies. By pooling experiences across various countries, time periods, crops, and traits, this global panel is able to synthesize a complete picture of the impacts of first-generation crop biotechnologies.
Download or read book Problems of the Domestic Textile Industry written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Special Subcommittee to Study Textile Industry and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Problems of the Domestic Textile Industry written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 1084 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Problems of the Domestic Textile Industry written by United States. Congress. Senate. Interstate and Foreign Commerce and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 2114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Impact of Imports and Exports on Employment written by United States. Congress. House. Education and Labor and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 1630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Impact of Imports and Exports on Employment written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on the Impact of Imports and Exports on American Employment and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 1038 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cotton Policy in China written by Stephen MacDonald and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-04-06 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report examines China's 2011-13 attempt to maintain a high level of price support for its cotton producers, analyzing the policy's motivation, its consequences to date, and the impacts of various adjustment alternatives China might pursue. With China's wages rising rapidly in recent years, cotton production costs there have been rising faster than in the rest of the world. Rising costs both helped motivate China's policymakers to strengthen their price support for cotton production in 2011 and ensured that the policy ultimately proved unsustainable. After several years of sharply lower cotton consumption and sharply rising state-owned stockpiles of cotton, China in 2014 began switching producer support to direct subsidies, and focusing support on producers in the largest producing region, Xinjiang. Additional reforms include plans to restore market forces to a leading role in determining China's cotton prices. But China's large role in world cotton markets and the unprecedented size of the Government's stocks mean that difficult choices lie ahead for China's policymakers. Policy decisions in China will continue to have a significant impact on the rest of the world, and lower Chinese import quotas for cotton could reduce world cotton prices significantly.
Download or read book Impact of Imports and Exports on Employment written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 1494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book International Macroeconomics written by Robert C. Feenstra and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2011-03 with total page 984 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combining classic international economics with straight-from-the- headlines immediacy, Feenstra and Taylor’s text seamlessly integrates the subject’s established core content with topic areas and ideas that have emerged from recent empirical studies. A MODERN APPROACH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY International economics texts traditionally place greater emphasis on theory and a strong focus on the advanced countries. Feenstra/Taylor links theory to empirical evidence throughout the book, and incorporates coverage of emerging markets and developing economies (India, China, SE Asia) to reflect the evolving realities of the global economy. The new edition has been extensively revised and updated, especially in light of the ongoing world financial crisis. NOTE: Feenstra/Taylor, International Economics, Second Edition, is available in four versions: International Economics, 2e: 1-4292-3118-1 International Trade, 2e: 1-4292-4104-7 International Macroeconomics, 2e: 1-4292-4103-9 Essentials of International Economics, 2e: 1-4292-7710-5
Download or read book Situation and Outlook Yearbook written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cotton Textile Subsidy Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Cotton of 86 1 on H R 4033 and S 314 August 11 1959 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hearings Before the Committee on Agriculture written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 1352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
