Download or read book Immune regulation at the fetal maternal interface with focus on decidual macrophages written by Judit Svensson?Arvelund and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2015-04-21 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A successful pregnancy requires that the maternal immune system adapts to tolerate the semi-allogeneic fetal-placental unit. This adaptation mainly occurs locally, i.e. at the fetal-maternal interface, where fetal-derived tissues come into close contact with maternal cells in the uterine endometrium (called decidua during pregnancy). Macrophages and regulatory T (Treg) cells are maternal immune cells that are enriched in the decidua and they likely play a central role in promoting fetal tolerance. However, the precise function of decidual macrophages and the factors regulating both macrophages and Treg cells in humans are unknown. The aim of this thesis was to characterize the phenotype and function of decidual macrophages from first trimester human pregnancy and to identify factors responsible for inducing tolerogenic properties in both decidual macrophages and Treg cells. CD14+ decidual macrophages showed characteristics of immune suppressive or homeostatic macrophages (expression of CD163, CD206 and CD209), mainly produced immunosuppressive cytokines, like IL-10 and IL-35, while levels of inflammatory cytokines, for instance IL-12 and IL-23, were low. Decidual macrophages also induced the expansion of CD25highFoxp3+ Treg cells, but not of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells, in vitro. In addition, decidual macrophages preferentially secreted the monocyte- and Treg cell-associated chemokines CCL2 and CCL18, while Th1-, Th2- and Th17-related chemokines were produced at low levels. These results suggest that decidual macrophages contribute to create the unique decidual cell composition and a tolerogenic immune environment that is compatible with fetal development. Further, by comparing decidual macrophages with different in vitro macrophage subsets, we showed that M-CSF and IL-10, but not GM-CSF, Th1 or Th2 stimuli, induced macrophages that resemble decidual macrophages in terms of cell surface marker expression, cytokine andchemokine production and gene expression profile. First trimester placental tissue, in particular placental trophoblast cells, was identified as an important source of M-CSF and IL-10. We also demonstrated that human fetal-derived placental tissue can induce the characteristics of decidual macrophages (CD163+CD206+CD209+IL-10+CCL18+) and the selective expansion of functionally suppressive CD25highFoxp3+ Treg cells, the latter partly mediated through IL-10, TGF-? and TRAIL. The placenta also limited activation of Th cells, for instance by generally reduced cytokine production. Our data show that the placenta has a unique ability to induce tolerogenic immune cells with a reduced inflammatory potential, which is essential for maintaining tissue integrity and preventing inflammation-induced fetal loss.

Download or read book Immune regulation at the foetal maternal interface implications for healthy and complicated pregnancies written by Robert Lindau and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2020-11-10 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For a successful pregnancy, the maternal immune system must acquire tolerance towards the paternal antigens present in the semi-allogeneic foetus. This tolerance is mainly established locally at the foetal-maternal interface, where foetally-derived trophoblasts invade the maternal endometrium (called decidua during pregnancy) and come in close proximity to maternal immune cells. The decidua is populated by maternal immune cells of a unique composition, characterised by their suppressive phenotypes that are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Accordingly, failure of immune tolerance can lead to pregnancy complications. Macrophages and regulatory T-cells are enriched in the decidua and are believed to play important roles in the establishment of tolerance. However, there is limited information regarding the factors that regulate their functions and if their function is compromised in pregnancy complications. The aim of this thesis was to further elucidate which factors are responsible for induction of the regulatory phenotypes of macrophages and T-cells found in the decidua, how tissue resident cells in the decidua contribute to this and if this system is compromised during pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia and recurrent pregnancy loss. Decidual stromal cells (DSCs) constitute the largest population of tissue resident cells in the decidua. In an in vitro system of macrophage differentiation, we found that Isolated peripheral blood monocytes cultured in conditioned medium (CM) from DSCs acquired a high expression of the regulatory M2 markers CD163, CD209 and CD14, and a low expression of CD86, characteristics of decidual macrophages. This induction was in part mediated by macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), as neutralising its effects reduced the expression of CD163. However, since only a partial reduction was reached, other factors are involved. Another likely candidate for this polarisation is interleukin (IL)-34, a second ligand for the M-CSF receptor. We showed that IL-34 is expressed by both DSCs and the foetal placenta. Further, in vitro, IL-34 was able to induce macrophages with similar properties as that of M-CSF-induced macrophages, with high expression of CD163, CD209 and CD14. This was also coupled to a cytokine secretion profile similar to M-CSF-induced macrophages, with high production of IL-10, low production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and no production of IL-12. We found no evidence of IL-34 being aberrantly expressed in placentas from preeclamptic women. In addition to promoting induction of macrophages with a regulatory phenotype, CM from DSCs promoted expansion of Foxp3+CD25bright regulatory T (Treg) cells in an in vitro polarisation system, in a SMAD3 dependent manner. Protein profiling of DSCs revealed limited production of the Th2 related IL-13, IL-4, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), as well as no production of the Th17 related IL-17A and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 20. Instead we found that DSCs were more prone to production of regulatory factors, such as M-CSF, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-?, albeit with addition of the more pro-inflammatory IL-6, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) 8 and the Th1-related CXCL10. We also investigated if the placenta´s ability to induce Treg cells and regulatory M2 macrophages is compromised in women with a history of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (uRPL) and if the placental secreted protein profile is skewed to a pro-inflammatory response in uRPL. Using surplus materials from chorionic villous sampling (CVS), we generated CM from placental tissue taken from healthy and uRPL pregnancies and used this to polarise macrophages and T-cells in vitro. We found no difference in the ability to induce Treg cells and regulatory M2 macrophages between the healthy group and the uRPL group. Likewise, no differences in the protein profile was observed between the two groups. Taken together, our findings imply that DSCs produce a variety of factors promoting foetal tolerance by induction of Treg cells and regulatory M2 macrophages. Furthermore, we also showed that the placenta retained its ability to induce Treg cells and regulatory M2 macrophages in women with a history of uRPL. Graviditet utgör en stor utmaning för mammans immunförsvar eftersom fostret till hälften består av gener från pappan, vilket innebär att fostret bär på gener som är främmande för mammans immunförsvar. Detta betyder att mamman måste utveckla en tolerans för att förhindra en avstötningsreaktion, men samtidigt också bevara skyddet mot potentiellt farliga infektioner. Tolerans skapas främst lokalt i kontakten mellan livmoderslemhinnan (kallad decidua under graviditet) och placentan (moderkakan), där placentaceller från fostret kommer i nära kontakt med mammans immunceller. Således har dessa immunceller en central roll i att skapa tolerans. Två celltyper som är anrikade i deciduan under en graviditet är specialiserade makrofager och regulatoriska T-celler. Dock är det inte fastställt hur dessa celler får sina immundämpande egenskaper. I denna avhandling studeras hur mammans immunceller utvecklar tolerans genom kommunikation med andra celler och genom att interagera med varandra. Fokus i avhandlingen är stödjeceller, stroma-celler, i decidua, som inte bara bygger upp vävnaden utan också deltar genom produktion av tillväxtfaktorer och hormoner som bidrar till skapande av tolerans. De övergripande målen i avhandlingen var att kartlägga faktorer som styr utvecklingen av decidua-makrofager och regulatoriska T-celler, var dessa faktorer produceras och om kvinnor som utvecklat graviditetskomplikationer har en försämrad förmåga att utveckla immundämpande immunceller lokalt. I en delstudie visar vi att de stödjeceller som utgör majoriteten av alla celler i deciduan, deciduala stromaceller, har förmågan att stimulera utvecklingen av makrofager som liknar de som finns i deciduan. För utveckling av immundämpande makrofager visade det sig att tillväxtfaktorn M-CSF var en drivande faktor. Dock dämpades uttrycket endast delvis, vilket tyder på att även andra faktorer är inblandade. En av de mest troliga är IL-34, som binder till och aktiverar samma receptor som M-CSF. I en annan delstudie visade vi att IL-34 bildas både i placentan och av stromaceller i deciduan. IL-34 var, i likhet med M-CSF, också drivande i utvecklingen av makrofager som är mycket lika makrofager i deciduan. Utöver effekten på makrofagerna drev de deciduala stromacellerna även utvecklingen av regulatoriska T-celler, troligen via produktion av en annan tillväxtfaktor, TGF-?. Då IL-34 och M-CSF var involverade i utveckling av tolerans hos makrofager, undersökte vi även om havandeskapsförgiftning (preeklampsi) var associerad med en försämrad förmåga att producera dessa faktorer i placentan. Dock hittade vi inga skillnader i förekomst av IL-34 och M-CSF hos placenta-celler från kvinnor med havandeskapsförgiftning. Sammantaget visar våra studier att deciduala stromaceller är viktiga för att producera en repertoar av faktorer som skapar och bibehåller immundämpande egenskaper hos makrofager och regulatoriska T-celler under en graviditet. Vi visar att M-CSF, IL-34 och TGF-? är centrala för denna toleransutveckling och att de bildas av deciduala stromaceller. Dock verkar dessa faktorer inte vara avvikande vid havandeskapsförgiftning

Download or read book Immune Regulation at the Fetal Maternal Interface with Focus on Decidual Macrophages written by Judit SvenssonâÂÂArvelund and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Local Immune Regulation in Human Pregnancy written by Charlotte Gustafsson and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fetal Maternal Immune Interactions in Pregnancy written by Nandor Gabor Than and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-01-24 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Immunology of Pregnancy written by Gil Mor and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-27 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers in detail contemporary hypotheses and studies related to the immunology of implantation and provides a practical approach for the application of basic reproductive immunology research to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, pre-term labor and IUGR. Provides complete and up to date review of current knowledge of the role of the immune system during pregnancy and the interactions between the placenta and the maternal immune system.

Download or read book Reproductive Immunology written by Gil Mor and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-02-12 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reproductive Immunology: Basic Concepts gives a holistic insight into the understanding of the complex interactions between the maternal immune system and the fetal/placental unit necessary for the success of pregnancy. This interaction is critical for the support of the human fetal semiallograft and the protection against infections. The book covers various topics such as B cells, macrophages, T cells, discussion on fetal signals and their impact on maternal reproductive cells such as endometrial cells, mast cells, and the role of fetal Hofbauer cells, the immune regulatory role of glucorticoids, and many other novel topics within the field of reproductive immunology. Edited and written by experts in the field, this book introduces the up-to-date knowledge of the role of the immune system during pregnancy and provides the necessary background to understand pregnancy complications associated with alterations in the functioning of the immune system. The book provides a complete discussion on the immunological aspects of pregnancy and serves as a great tool for research scientists, students, reproductive immunologists and OBGYNs. Shows the detailed evaluation of the knowledge related to each immune cell type in the pregnant and not pregnant uterus Evaluates each immune cell type and its function during specific reproductive events Provides the biological background for understanding the clinical aspects that will be discussed in subsequent volumes in the series

Download or read book Maternal Immune Changes During Bovine Pregnancy written by Lilian De Jesus Oliveira and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Macrophages co-expressing CD68+CD14+ present in the stroma of the interplacentomal endometrium and in the caruncular septa of the placentome were regionally differentiated with regards to expression of CD11b and MHC class II. Moreover the macrophages present in the pregnant endometrium are regionally differentiated perhaps as a result of the different maternal and fetal interaction between the interplacentomal and placentome region in the cow. Transcriptomal analysis of endometrial CD14+ cells showed that these cells express genes characteristic of macrophages; the endometrial macrophages over-expressed genes related to alternative (M2) activation pathway. Gene ontology analysis comparing differentially-regulated genes between endometrium and blood CD14+ cells showed an enrichment of ontologies related to proteolysis activity which suggests a tissue remodeling role for the endometrial macrophages. Despite differences in the types of placentation between human and bovine, many genes preferentially regulated in decidual macrophages were also differentially regulated between blood and endometrial macrophage in the cow. Around 17% of the genes found to be differentially expressed between decidual and blood human monocytes were also differentially expressed in the same direction for the cow. Presence of macrophages in the endometrium during late pregnancy suggests a role for these cells in parturition, expulsion of fetal membranes, and the process of uterine involution. Better understanding of the complex role of the endometrial macrophages may help researchers develop new practical techniques to positively affect the ability of cows to establish pregnancy following parturition.

Download or read book Vascular Biology of the Placenta written by Yuping Wang and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2017-06-23 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, thereby allowing nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. Proper vascular development in the placenta is fundamental to ensuring a healthy fetus and successful pregnancy. This book provides an up-to-date summary and synthesis of knowledge regarding placental vascular biology and discusses the relevance of this vascular bed to the functions of the human placenta.

Download or read book Immunology of Pregnancy written by Udo R. Markert and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the discipline of immunology which studies a unique physiological phenomenon contradicting many of the generally established rules in the field: immunology of pregnancy. It provides a wide overview of the current research of this topic. Prominent and leading international groups contributed by reviewing the most significant findings in the field.

Download or read book Immunopharmacology and Inflammation written by Carlo Riccardi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-09 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of the current research on inflammation and immunopharmacology, with particular attention to the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, this book discusses future trends in this area of pharmacological research. It addresses an audience with basic knowledge in the inflammatory process, immune system and pharmacology. The book meets the needs of graduate students, junior and senior researchers and is useful as a source of the most current information for those already working in these fields.

Download or read book Preterm Birth written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-05-23 with total page 791 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing prevalence of preterm birth in the United States is a complex public health problem that requires multifaceted solutions. Preterm birth is a cluster of problems with a set of overlapping factors of influence. Its causes may include individual-level behavioral and psychosocial factors, sociodemographic and neighborhood characteristics, environmental exposure, medical conditions, infertility treatments, and biological factors. Many of these factors co-occur, particularly in those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged or who are members of racial and ethnic minority groups. While advances in perinatal and neonatal care have improved survival for preterm infants, those infants who do survive have a greater risk than infants born at term for developmental disabilities, health problems, and poor growth. The birth of a preterm infant can also bring considerable emotional and economic costs to families and have implications for public-sector services, such as health insurance, educational, and other social support systems. Preterm Birth assesses the problem with respect to both its causes and outcomes. This book addresses the need for research involving clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science disciplines. By defining and addressing the health and economic consequences of premature birth, this book will be of particular interest to health care professionals, public health officials, policy makers, professional associations and clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science researchers.

Download or read book The Placenta and Human Developmental Programming written by Graham J. Burton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-12-16 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developmental programming is a rapidly advancing discipline of great importance to basic scientists and health professionals alike. This text integrates, for the first time, contributions from world experts to explore the role of the placenta in developmental programming. The book considers the materno-fetal supply line, and how perturbations of placental development impact on its functional capacity. Chapters examine ways in which environmental, immunological and vascular insults regulate expression of conventional and imprinted genes, along with their impact on placental shape and size, transport, metabolism and endocrine function. Research in animal models is integrated with human clinical and epidemiological data, and questions for future research are identified. Transcripts of discussions between the authors allow readers to engage with controversial issues. Essential reading for researchers in placental biology and developmental programming, as well as specialists and trainees in the wider field of reproductive medicine.

Download or read book Pathology of the Placenta written by T. Yee Khong and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-24 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive resource on the pathology of the human singleton placenta. Agreed nomenclature, nosology, definitions and, where possible, thresholds for meaningful clinical corrections for lesions ideal for practical application in clinical practice are presented. Evidence is also featured on relevant potential clinical correlations to aid the reader in deciding upon the most appropriate management strategy. Areas of current uncertainty are also covered for potential future research. Pathology of the Placenta systematically describes placental pathology, and represents a valuable resource for practising and trainee pathologists, obstetricians, neonatologists and epidemiologists.

Download or read book Leong s Manual of Diagnostic Antibodies for Immunohistology written by Runjan Chetty and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-11-28 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a unique A-Z guide to antibodies for immunohistology, this is an indispensable source for pathologists to ensure the correct application of immunohistochemistry in daily practice. Each entry includes commercial sources, clones, descriptions of stained proteins/epitopes, the full staining spectrum of normal and tumor tissues, staining pattern and cellular localization, the range of conditions of immunoreactivity, and pitfalls of the antibody's immunoprofile, giving pathologists a truly thorough quick-reference guide to sources, preparation and applications of specific antibodies. Appendices provide useful quick-reference tables of antibody panels for differential diagnoses, as well as summaries of diagnostic applications. Expanded from previous editions with over forty new entries, this handbook for diagnostic, therapeutic, prognostic and research applications of antibodies is an essential desktop book for practicing pathologists as well as researchers, residents and trainees.

Download or read book The Immunology of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Pathology written by Susanne Sattler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-30 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiovascular immunology is a newly emerging research area, investigating the crosstalk between the cardiovascular and the immune system. This crosstalk is evident through (1) crucial immunological capacities and functions of cardiovascular cell types, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes and cardiac resident macrophages, (2) the impact of aberrant immune function on the development of cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, direct and indirect immune-mediated heart disease and vasculitis, and (3) the crucial role of the immune system in cardiac repair and regeneration. The Immunology of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Pathology covers all these aspects of cardiovascular immunology, starting with homeostatic immunological functions of traditional cardiovascular cell types, and moving then to the role of the immune system in cardiovascular pathology and to recent research into targeting the immune system to boost cardiac healing and regeneration.

Download or read book Culture Media Solutions and Systems in Human ART written by Patrick Quinn and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-03-27 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes culture media and solutions used in human ART; how they have been developed for in vitro human pre-implantation embryo development, the function and importance of the various components in media and solutions and how they interact, and how the systems in which these are used can influence outcomes. Chapters discuss inorganic solutes, energy substrates, amino acids, macromolecules, cytokines, growth factors, buffers, pH, osmolality, and the interaction of these parameters. The role of incubators and other physical factors are reviewed, along with the relevance and prospects of emerging technologies: morphokinetic analysis using time-lapse imaging and dynamic fluid incubation systems. Results of prospective randomized trials are emphasized to ascertain the added value of these techniques for selecting viable embryos. This comprehensive guide will be invaluable for embryologists, physicians and all personnel involved in the fluid products used in human ART seeking to optimize their successful use of these components.