Download or read book The Black White Test Score Gap written by Christopher Jencks and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: " The test score gap between blacks and whites—on vocabulary, reading, and math tests, as well as on tests that claim to measure scholastic aptitude and intelligence--is large enough to have far-reaching social and economic consequences. In their introduction to this book, Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips argue that eliminating the disparity would dramatically reduce economic and educational inequality between blacks and whites. Indeed, they think that closing the gap would do more to promote racial equality than any other strategy now under serious discussion. The book offers a comprehensive look at the factors that contribute to the test score gap and discusses options for substantially reducing it. Although significant attempts have been made over the past three decades to shrink the test score gap, including increased funding for predominantly black schools, desegregation of southern schools, and programs to alleviate poverty, the median black American still scores below 75 percent of American whites on most standardized tests. The book brings together recent evidence on some of the most controversial and puzzling aspects of the test score debate, including the role of test bias, heredity, and family background. It also looks at how and why the gap has changed over the past generation, reviews the educational, psychological, and cultural explanations for the gap, and analyzes its educational and economic consequences. The authors demonstrate that traditional explanations account for only a small part of the black-white test score gap. They argue that this is partly because traditional explanations have put too much emphasis on racial disparities in economic resources, both in homes and in schools, and on demographic factors like family structure. They say that successful theories will put more emphasis on psychological and cultural factors, such as the way black and white parents teach their children to deal with things they do not know or understand, and the way black and white children respond to the same classroom experiences. Finally, they call for large-scale experiments to determine the effects of schools' racial mix, class size, ability grouping, and other policies. In addition to the editors, the contributors include Claude Steele, Ronald Ferguson, William G. Bowen, Philip Cook, and William Julius Wilson. "

Download or read book Assessing Reading Multiple Measures Revised 2nd Edition written by Linda Diamond and published by Arena Press a Division of Academic Therapy Publications. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of formal and informal English and Spanish reading assessments for students in grades K-12. Includes assessment instructions, assessments and teacher scoring forms.

Download or read book Reading Fluency written by Timothy Rasinski and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-01-21 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reading fluency has been identified as a key component of proficient reading. Research has consistently demonstrated significant and substantial correlations between reading fluency and overall reading achievement. Despite the great potential for fluency to have a significant outcome on students’ reading achievement, it continues to be not well understood by teachers, school administrators and policy makers. The chapters in this volume examine reading fluency from a variety of perspectives. The initial chapter sketches the history of fluency as a literacy instruction component. Following chapters examine recent studies and approaches to reading fluency, followed by chapters that explore actual fluency instruction models and the impact of fluency instruction. Assessment of reading fluency is critical for monitoring progress and identifying students in need of intervention. Two articles on assessment, one focused on word recognition and the other on prosody, expand our understanding of fluency measurement. Finally, a study from Turkey explores the relationship of various reading competencies, including fluency, in an integrated model of reading. Our hope for this volume is that it may spark a renewed interest in research into reading fluency and fluency instruction and move toward making fluency instruction an even more integral part of all literacy instruction.

Download or read book Standards for the Assessment of Reading and Writing written by IRA/NCTE Joint Task Force on Assessment and published by International Reading Assoc.. This book was released on 2009-12-03 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With this updated document, IRA and NCTE reaffirm their position that the primary purpose of assessment must be to improve teaching and learning for all students. Eleven core standards are presented and explained, and a helpful glossary makes this document suitable not only for educators but for parents, policymakers, school board members, and other stakeholders. Case studies of large-scale national tests and smaller scale classroom assessments (particularly in the context of RTI, or Response to Intervention) are used to highlight how assessments in use today do or do not meet the standards.

Download or read book Assessment of Story Comprehension written by Trina Spencer and published by Brookes Publishing Company. This book was released on 2018-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Available in packs of ten, these are the forms needed to conduct the complete the Assessment of Story Comprehension (ASC(TM)). The record forms contain six brief tests, each with a teacher script, story, and eight literal and inferential comprehension questions. Listening comprehension during shared storybook reading is a foundational skill--and an indicator that children are ready for the language demands of kindergarten. With the Assessment of Story Comprehension (ASC), pre-K programs finally have a fast, easy way to measure the story comprehension of children ages 3-5 identify children who may need language intervention monitor the progress of children receiving intervention determine when comprehension has meaningfully improved A quick check that takes just 3 minutes to complete, the ASC is the sensitive, reliable tool that programs need to test the comprehension skills of all young learners and pick up even small improvements as the school year progresses. It's an essential tool for assessing and monitoring a wide range of young children, including those with language impairments and developmental disabilities, children at risk for early literacy difficulties, and young English language learners (ELLs). Used on its own or in tandem with Story Friends(TM) and PAth to Literacy, the ASC is the key to assessing and improving an essential building block of reading success and school readiness. Learn more about ASC. Learn more about the complete Multitiered Interventions for Language & Literacy in Early Childhood (MILLIE " ) product suite.

Download or read book Essentials of Assessing Preventing and Overcoming Reading Difficulties written by David A. Kilpatrick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-08-10 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical, effective, evidence-based reading interventions that change students' lives Essentials of Understanding and Assessing Reading Difficulties is a practical, accessible, in-depth guide to reading assessment and intervention. It provides a detailed discussion of the nature and causes of reading difficulties, which will help develop the knowledge and confidence needed to accurately assess why a student is struggling. Readers will learn a framework for organizing testing results from current assessment batteries such as the WJ-IV, KTEA-3, and CTOPP-2. Case studies illustrate each of the concepts covered. A thorough discussion is provided on the assessment of phonics skills, phonological awareness, word recognition, reading fluency, and reading comprehension. Formatted for easy reading as well as quick reference, the text includes bullet points, icons, callout boxes, and other design elements to call attention to important information. Although a substantial amount of research has shown that most reading difficulties can be prevented or corrected, standard reading remediation efforts have proven largely ineffective. School psychologists are routinely called upon to evaluate students with reading difficulties and to make recommendations to address such difficulties. This book provides an overview of the best assessment and intervention techniques, backed by the most current research findings. Bridge the gap between research and practice Accurately assess the reason(s) why a student struggles in reading Improve reading skills using the most highly effective evidence-based techniques Reading may well be the most important thing students are taught during their school careers. It is a skill they will use every day of their lives; one that will dictate, in part, later life success. Struggling students need help now, and Essentials of Understanding and Assessing Reading Difficulties shows how to get these students on track.

Download or read book Introspection in Second Language Research written by Claus Færch and published by Multilingual Matters Limited. This book was released on 1987 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a new solution to one of the major methodological problems of second language research, the reconstruction of learners' processes of language learning and language use. Based on recent developments in cognitive psychology, the contributors to the volume demonstrate how introspective methods - verbal reports by learners about thier thought processes - provide valuable information about central areas in second language research: cognitive comprehension, translation and test-taking.

Download or read book Reading Comprehension Difficulties written by Cesare Cornoldi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-04-03 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recognizing the characteristics of children with learning disabilities and deciding how to help them is a problem faced by schools all over the world. Although some disorders are fairly easily recognizable (e.g., mental retardation) or very specific to single components of performance and quite rare (e.g., developmental dyscalculia), schools must consider much larger populations of children with learning difficulties who cannot always be readily classified. These children present high-level learning difficulties that affect their performance on a variety of school tasks, but the underlying problem is often their difficulty in understanding written text. In many instances, despite good intellectual abilities and a superficial ability to cope with written texts and to use language appropriately, some children do not seem to grasp the most important elements, or cannot find the pieces of information they are looking for. Sometimes these difficulties are not immediately detected by the teacher in the early school years. They may be hidden because the most obvious early indicators of reading progress in the teacher's eyes do not involve comprehension of written texts or because the first texts a child encounters are quite simple and reflect only the difficulty level of the oral messages (sentences, short stories, etc.) with which the child is already familiar. However, as years go by and texts get more complex, comprehension difficulties will become increasingly apparent and increasingly detrimental to effective school learning. In turn, studying, assimilating new information, and many other situations requiring text comprehension -- from problem solving to reasoning with linguistic contents -- could be affected. Problems with decoding, dyslexia, and language disorders have attracted more interest from researchers than have specific comprehension problems and have occupied more room in specialized journals. Normal reading comprehension has also been a favorite with researchers. However, scarce interest has been paid to subjects who have comprehension difficulties. This book is an attempt to remedy this situation. In so doing, this volume answers the following questions: * Does a reading comprehension problem exist in schools? * How important and widespread is the problem? * Is the problem specific? * How can a reading comprehension difficulty be defined and identified? * Does the "syndrome" have a single pattern or can different subtypes be identified? * What are the main characteristics associated with a reading comprehension difficulty? * When can other well-identified problems add to our understanding of reading comprehension difficulties? * Which educational strategies are effective in preventing and treating reading comprehension difficulties? * What supplementary information can we get from an international perspective?

Download or read book Beyond Decoding written by Richard K. Wagner and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2009-06-19 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What cognitive processes and skills do children draw on to make meaning from text? How are these capacities consolidated over the course of development? What puts some learners at risk for comprehension difficulties? This authoritative volume presents state-of-the-science research on the behavioral and biological components of successful reading comprehension. Uniquely integrative, the book covers everything from decoding, fluency, and vocabulary knowledge to embodiment theory, eye movements, gene–environment interactions, and neurobiology. The contributors are prominent investigators who describe their methods and findings in depth and identify important implications for the classroom.

Download or read book Practical Handbook of School Psychology written by Gretchen Gimpel Peacock and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2012-07-20 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together leading authorities, this concise, state-of-the-science Handbook delves into all aspects of problem solving-based school psychology practice. Thirty-four focused chapters present data-based methods for assessment, analysis, intervention, and evaluation, with special attention given to working in a response-to-intervention framework. Tools and guidelines are provided for promoting success in key academic domains: reading, writing, and math. Social-emotional and behavioral skills are thoroughly....

Download or read book The Handbook of Educational Theories written by Beverly Irby and published by IAP. This book was released on 2013-03-01 with total page 1164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although educational theories are presented in a variety of textbooks and in some discipline specific handbooks and encyclopedias, no publication exists which serves as a comprehensive, consolidated collection of the most influential and most frequently quoted and consulted theories. There is a need to put such theories into a single, easily accessible volume. A unique feature of the Handbook is the way in which it conveys the theories. The organization of the chapters within each section makes the volume an easy·to-use and tu1derstandable reference tool as researchers and practitioners seek theories to guide their research and practice and as they develop theoretical frameworks. In addition to the traditional theories presented, the Handbook includes emerging theories for the 21st Century as well as presenting practical examples of the use of these theories in research from dissertations and published articles. An appendix which indicates which theories have instruments associated with them and where those instruments can be found is also included. The Handbook consists of 12 sections. Section I provides the jntroduction with a focus on what constitutes good theory as well as how theory guides research and practice. The remaining sections address Philosophical Educational Constructs, Leaming Theory, Instructional Theory, Curriculum theory, Literacy and Language Acquisition Theory, Counseling Theory, Moral Development Theory, Classroom Management Theory, Assessment Theory, Organizational Theory, and Leadership/Management Theory. Each section consists of an overview written by the section editor of the general theoretical concepts to be addressed by the chapter authors. Each chapter within the section will include (a) a description of the theory with goals, assumptions, and aspects particular to the theory, (b) the original development of and interactions of the theory, (c) validation of the theory, (d) generalizability of the theory across cultures, ethnicities, and genders, (e) the use and application of the theory, (f) critiques of the theory, (g) any instruments associated with the theory, and (h) two to five particular studies exemplifying particular theories as individuals have used them in theoretical framework of dissertations or published articles and be written by the original theorist or prominent contributors to the theory. The Handbook is intended for graduate students enrolled in research courses or completing theses and dissertations. Additionally, professors of all educational disciplines in the social scierices would be an interested audience. There is also potential use of the text as administrators, counselors, and teachers in schools use theory to guide practice. As more inquiry is being promoted among school leaders, this book has more meaning for practitioners.

Download or read book The General Educator s Guide to Special Education written by Jody L. Maanum and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2009-03-26 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essential guide for teaching effectively in the inclusive classroom! The third edition of this handbook offers easy-to-implement ideas, recommendations, and answers to questions to help general education teachers provide top-notch support for all students. In addition to an all-new section that outlines the basics of the RTI model and intervention strategies, this resource covers: 13 categories recognized under IDEA 2004 for which students may be eligible to receive special education services A step-by-step explanation of the special education process Accommodations and modifications to help students access the general education curriculum The transition process for students with special needs

Download or read book Fluency Instruction written by Timothy V. Rasinski and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2012-04-16 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Subject Areas/Keywords: assessments, decoding, elementary, English language learners, fluency, literacy instruction, oral reading, primary grades, prosody, reading comprehension, reading expressiveness, reading methods, secondary, struggling readers Description: This accessible guide brings together well-known authorities to examine what reading fluency is and how it can best be taught. Teachers get a clear, practical roadmap for navigating the often confusing terrain of this crucial aspect of balanced literacy instruction. Innovative approaches to instruction and assessment are described and illustrated with vivid examples from K-12 classrooms. The book debunks common misconceptions about fluency and clarifies its key role in comprehension. Effective practices are presented for developing fluency in specific populations, including English language learners, adolescents, and struggling readers"--

Download or read book Language at the Speed of Sight written by Mark Seidenberg and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-03 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We’ve been teaching reading wrong—a leading cognitive scientist tells us how we can finally do it right

Download or read book A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests written by Esther Strauss and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2006-04-06 with total page 1235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the practicing neuropsychologist or researcher, keeping up with the sheer number of newly published or updated tests is a challenge, as is evaluating the utility and psychometric properties of neuropsychological tests in a clinical context. The goal of the third edition of A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests, a well-established neuropsychology reference text, is twofold. First, the Compendium is intended to serve as a guidebook that provides a comprehensive overview of the essential aspects of neuropsychological assessment practice. Second, it is intended as a comprehensive sourcebook of critical reviews of major neuropsychological assessment tools for the use by practicing clinicians and researchers. Written in a comprehensive, easy-to-read reference format, and based on exhaustive review of research literature in neuropsychology, neurology, psychology, and related disciplines, the book covers topics such as basic aspects of neuropsychological assessment as well as the theoretical background, norms, and the utility, reliability, and validity of neuropsychological tests. For this third edition, all chapters have been extensively revised and updated. The text has been considerably expanded to provide a comprehensive yet practical overview of the state of the field. Two new chapters have been added: "Psychometrics in Neuropsychological Assessment" and "Norms in Psychological Assessment." The first two chapters present basic psychometric concepts and principles. Chapters three and four consider practical aspects of the history-taking interview and the assessment process itself. Chapter five provides guidelines on report-writing and chapters six through sixteen consist of detailed, critical reviews of neuropsychological tests, and address the topics of intelligence, achievement, executive function, attention, memory, language, visual perception, somatosensory olfactory function, mood/personality, and response bias. A unique feature is the inclusion of tables that summarize salient features of tests within each domain so that readers can easily compare measures. Additional tables within each test review summarize important features of each test, highlight aspects of each normative dataset, and provide an overview of psychometric properties. Of interest to neuropsychologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, and educational and clinical psychologists working with adults as well as pediatric populations, this volume will aid practitioners in selecting appropriate testing measures for their patients, and will provide them with the knowledge needed to make empirically supported interpretations of test results.

Download or read book Handbook of Language and Literacy written by C. Addison Stone and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2013-09-24 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An acclaimed reference that fills a significant gap in the literature, this volume examines the linkages between spoken and written language development, both typical and atypical. Leading authorities address the impact of specific language-related processes on K-12 literacy learning, with attention to cognitive, neurobiological, sociocultural, and instructional issues. Approaches to achieving optimal learning outcomes with diverse students are reviewed. The volume presents research-based practices for assessing student needs and providing effective instruction in all aspects of literacy: word recognition, reading comprehension, writing, and spelling. New to This Edition *Chapters on digital literacy, disciplinary literacy, and integrative research designs. *Chapters on bilingualism, response to intervention, and English language learners. *Incorporates nearly a decade's worth of empirical and theoretical advances. *Numerous prior edition chapters have been completely rewritten.

Download or read book Assessing Second Language Reading written by Karim Sadeghi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-25 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates the issue of cloze-validity as a measure of second language reading comprehension. It starts off by making a distinction between general reading ability and the more specific reading comprehension followed by a thorough review of the related research on L2 reading comprehension and sorting out the confusion in the literature in this categorization. A comprehensive account of cloze procedure is presented discussing its origin, different versions, its use for teaching and testing purposes, as well the latest research on cloze as measures of readability, language proficiency and second language reading. The book includes studies conducted at several stages on validating cloze as a measure of reading and interview and questionnaire techniques are applied to investigate the validity of eight cloze tests, criterion reading tests, and other cloze and reading tests in general. Two new cloze tests, i.e. reader-centered cloze test and phrase cloze test, are also introduced and researched as measures of reading ability. The book concludes with suggestions for developing tests that can better measure reading comprehension in light of recent research insights on the complex and dynamic nature of reading. This book will appeal to researchers, lecturers and graduate and post-graduate students taking a course in Second Language Acquisition, Applied Linguistics, TESOL, Language Assessment, and Educational Measurement.