Download or read book Identifying and Evaluating Groundwater Discharge Within Surface Water Systems Through Temperature Measurements written by University of Guelph. School of Engineering and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Determining the Spatial Distribution of Groundwater and Surface Water Exchange Using Heat as a Tracer written by Jeremy Crowley and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The magnitude, location, and timing of groundwater and surface water (GWSW) interaction (both as groundwater discharge and hyporheic cycling) in streams have implications stream ecosystems, nutrient and contaminant reactions, and stream restoration work. In many areas of the world, high phosphorus and nitrate agricultural runoff is a large threat to water quality. The study location, Elton Creek in Cattaraugus County, NY, is located in glacial outwash sediments and is typical of streams in the Great Lakes watershed. We evaluate four general controls of the indicators (stream morphology, stream gradient, bank slope, and in-stream features) of groundwater/surface water (GWSW) interaction using an analytical GIS model of groundwater discharge.^In order to identify locations of GWSW interaction along a 500 m stream reach, a variety of methods were used (including differential streamflow gaging, solute tracers (or channel water balance), and distributed temperature sensor (DTS) monitoring. . A GIS analytical model based on the superimposed indicators was compared to the DTS standard deviation in stream temperature derived gaining and losing portions of the stream. The relative correlation of the individual indicators with groundwater discharge areas was identified for the studied section. It was found that the superposition of indicators was able to delineate areas of groundwater discharge with increasing accuracy. The GIS model of the mapped locations of superimposed indicators is expected to be applicable in a wide range of stream systems to locate areas of potential groundwater discharge, groundwater contaminant discharge, and biogeochemical hotspots.^In addition to identifying the spatial location of groundwater discharge we applied a coupled heat/mass balance model to DTS stream temperature to determine the location and magnitude of groundwater discharge at high spatial resolution. Previous studies using heat/mass balance modeling of GWSW interaction have either averaged temperature over time and distance, or used multiple parameters which are difficult to quantify. We used a simple heat/mass balance model to determine high spatiotemporal resolution groundwater discharge from DTS stream temperature. A rating curve was developed establishing the relationship between head and stream discharge at cross sections using stilling wells with pressure transducers. The upstream discharge was used as the initial condition (for each time step) to model the groundwater discharge at the study location. Additional downstream discharges were used to determine the effectiveness of the model to predict stream discharge.^In this case, it was found that the measurement error in temperature and stream discharge was greater than the variation in predicted downstream streamflow. In addition, the volume of groundwater discharge was not substantial enough to significantly evaluate the model prediction. We suggest that this methodology would be more appropriately applied in shallow streams, with known significant groundwater inputs, and dynamic stream discharge over the studied section.

Download or read book A Rapid Method for Measuring Local Groundwater surface Water Interactions and Identifying Potential Non point Source Pollution Inputs to Rivers written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agriculture in the Central Valley of California is a potential contributor of non-point source pollution to surface waters via the groundwater pathway. This work presents a relatively simple method and inexpensive apparatus for quantifying local groundwater discharge into rivers using heat as a tracer. Two transects along a known gaining reach of the Lower Merced River were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the groundwater discharge monitoring instruments, known as Temperature Javelins, over three months. In terms of fulfilling deployment objectives, Temperature Javelins proved to be low cost, easy to install, and yielded easily interpretable data related to groundwater-surface water discharges. Groundwater discharge velocities were found to vary over time seasonally and spatially (on a scale of meters). Discharges ranged from 0.1 to 6.8 cm/day with higher discharge velocities found on the northern side of the river. These values are consistent with previous values obtained at the same site using other methods. Corresponding hyporheic water samples were collected to investigate solute transport (specifically nitrate) by the discharging water. Nitrate concentrations ranged from nondetectable to 50 ppm in these samples, where elevated values appear to be associated with groundwater entering on the north side of the river. Elevated nitrate flow lines in the hyporheic zone correspond with high discharge areas and alternate with ammonium enriched columns and low groundwater discharge. It is hypothesized that nitrification cells are induced by groundwater-surface water interactions. Testing of this hypothesis is proposed as a subject of further research.

Download or read book Heat as a Tool for Studying the Movement of Ground Water Near Streams written by David Arthur Stonestrom and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Thermal Ground water Discharge and Associated Convective Heat Flux Bruneau Grand View Area Southwest Idaho written by Harold William Young and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Establishing Metrics to Quantify the Vulnerability of Municipal Supply Wells to Contaminants from Surface Water Sources written by Cailin Elizabeth Hillier and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study was completed in conjunction with the Regional Municipality of Waterloo and the Southern Ontario Water Consortium, with assistance from the Canadian Water Network and Grand River Conservation Area with the main focus of the field study in the Alder Creek Watershed, near Kitchener, Ontario. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of a broad range of field site characterization techniques designed to assess the vulnerability of public supply wells to water quality impacts from surface water sources. This was carried out through detailed field investigations at the site of an existing supply well, managed by the Regional Municipality of Waterloo. Focus was placed on determining which data would be most useful to collect to evaluate well vulnerability during extended pumping tests. Connections between different parameters were also important in this investigation for their potential to act as data surrogates, where easier to measure and more inexpensive parameters could advise on otherwise difficult to collect data. The main intention was to evaluate and streamline the process of field site assessment to determine well vulnerability without the need for or in concert with conventional predictive modeling approaches. A 60-day pumping test was conducted on a newly installed public supply well located within the Regional Municipality of Waterloo adjacent to a perennial stream, Alder Creek, in order to gather hydrogeological and water quality information to assess well vulnerability. A network of groundwater monitoring wells was installed and instrumented at the site in the vicinity of the supply well, which included multilevel wells at several locations and drive point piezometers in the stream bed. Additional instruments were also placed within Alder Creek itself to measure surface water characteristics. A multitude of parameters were measured during the course of the test, including hydraulic head, temperature, general chemistry, metals, stable water isotopes, electrical conductivity, turbidity, and climatic data from drive points in Alder Creek, the pumping well, surrounding monitoring and multi-level wells, along with Alder Creek itself. It is rare to have such an extensive data. Stratigraphic information from drill records indicated the subsurface was dominated by glacial sands and gravels and identified an isolated lower permeability unit of silty clay above the depth of the supply well screen separating a shallow and deeper groundwater system. The hydraulic data collected during the pumping test were processed through standard pump test analysis methods to determine hydrogeologic parameters and understand the subsurface behaviour. The analysis indicated the subsurface responded as an unconfined system suggesting that the lower permeability unit did not significantly restrict the hydraulic connection between the shallow and deep systems. In this instance, the early, intermediate, and late time drawdown response indicative of the unconfined sand aquifer required six days of pumping to become apparent, providing evidence of the value for extended time pumping tests. Both the data from the stratigraphic mapping and the aquifer test analysis indicated the potential for a high degree of vulnerability of the supply well to surface sources of contamination. The groundwater water level data illustrated a fairly rapid response to the influx of recharge following significant precipitation events throughout the entire monitored subsurface region, again suggesting a high degree of hydraulic connection. Mapping of the drawdown cone resulting from the long term pumping from the supply well based on regional hydraulic head data illustrate that Alder Creek was situated within the capture zone of the well and that the influence of pumping passed beneath the creek and was clearly observable on the side opposite to where the pumping well is situated. These combined observations based on the hydraulic head data provide more evidence of a high degree of vulnerability of the supply well. Alder Creek and shallow groundwater beneath the streambed did not respond to the pumping process and this may be due to a low permeability bed under the stream or perched conditions. A strong downward gradient was measured across the streambed that indicates downward flow below the creek; however, additional information is required to quantify the groundwater-surface water interaction in the stream. Water quality and temperature data were collected for their potential to act as tracers of groundwater flow and groundwater-surface water interaction. Based on the relatively low average concentrations of hardness and calcium in the shallow system, they were identified as shallow tracers that decreased concentration in the pumping well during the pumping test below those levels in the intermediate and deeper groundwater systems. Higher concentrations of iron and sulphate were attributed to deeper groundwater contributions as a result of aquifer materials weathering in the subsurface. These data indicate that both shallow and deep groundwaters were captured by the pumping well. Temperature was an excellent indicator of precipitation influxes, which could be observed as pulses of higher temperature water in the wells after a given time lag. Variations in groundwater temperature distributions resulting from transient groundwater flow could be correlated to geologic heterogeneity. At the site, a silt layer in the subsurface caused a difference in temperature, where multi-level ports above the silt layer were considerably warmer than the ports screened below the silt layer. Water temperature from the pumping well became colder during the test, likely a result of deep groundwater being drawn up to the well screen. Additionally, pumping caused temperature increases in the shallower multilevel ports indicating that warmed water was also been drawn downward as a result of pumping. This deep and shallow groundwater movement matches the geochemical data analysis. The multilevel well between Alder Creek and TW2-13 showed the largest degree of change in groundwater temperatures, with shallower ports becoming warmers throughout the test, which might be a result of some surface water infiltration from the creek. The 50-day time of travel distance, a common method to assess well vulnerability, was determined for the groundwater flow system; Alder Creek is contained well within this estimated distance, once again increasing the vulnerability at the site. Several different vulnerability index calculations were performed, with a mixture of results ranging from moderately to extremely vulnerable. It is evident that there is room for improvement when it comes to establishing the vulnerability of an aquifer, where there is a specific need for indexing methods which focus on well vulnerability. Correlation coefficient and covariance calculations were applied to compare the different continuous and discrete data parameters available. The statistical analyses found correlation coefficients effective in determining the surface water level and turbidity correlation, pump well water level and temperature correlation, and the inverse relationship between conductivity and turbidity for the data sets available. Once again, sodium, chloride, anions and cations, and electrical conductivity were correlated to one another. Calcium, manganese, and hardness also correlated, indicating the mineral signature of the subsurface. Manganese and iron concentrations correlated positively to each other. Correlation coefficients are helpful in indicating groundwater flow direction and water sources based on quality parameter connections, where shallow or deep groundwater systems can be attributed to having certain qualities allowing for trend analyses to indicate groundwater movement. Statistically, surface water temperature can also act as a surrogate for air temperature, however there was no data available that would act as a reasonable surrogate for precipitation data. Given its usefulness, precipitation information should be gathered during longer duration pumping tests where the groundwater system is potentially connected to the surface. These statistical analyses are extremely easy to perform on existing or newly collected data sets, allowing for quick connections at the site to be identified. The statistical analysis can provide useful additional understanding of geochemistry associated with shallow or deeper groundwaters, assist in interpreting the movement of water in the subsurface and assess any response to surface changes. Overall, lengthy data sets allow for the myriad of conclusions to be made regarding long term water quality changes and impacts of seasonality, precipitation events, and shallow and deep groundwater mixing on the vulnerability of a public supply well. In the event of a short test being run, the depth of information gathered would not have been possible. Long term monitoring, coupled with quantifiable changes and correlations are paramount in addressing well vulnerability to surface water sources. Although certain geochemical parameters are bound to be site specific, monitoring turbidity, and electrical conductivity are valuable starting points; however detailed water level, water chemistry, and temperature data, from drive points and multi-level wells, are most important in estimating groundwater-surface water interaction and well vulnerability.

Download or read book Selected Water Resources Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Assessment of Non Point Source Pollution in the Vadose Zone written by Dennis L. Corwin and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1999-01-26 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 108. Non-point source (NPS) pollution in the vadose zone (simply defined as the layer of soil extending from the soil surface to the groundwater table) is a global environmental problem. Characteristically, NPS pollutants are widespread and occasionally ubiquitous in extent, thus making remediation efforts difficult and complex; have the potential for maintaining a relatively long active presence in the global ecosystem; and may result in long?]term, chronic health effects in humans and other life forms. Similar to other global environmental issues, the knowledge and information required to address the problem of NPS pollutants in the vadose zone cross several technological and subdisciplinary lines: spatial statistics, geographic information systems (GIS), hydrology, soil science, and remote sensing. Cooperation between disciplines and scientific societies is essential to address the problem. Evidence of such cooperation was the jointly sponsored American Geophysical Union Chapman/Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) Outreach Conference that occurred in October 1997, entitled “Applications of GIS, Remote Sensing, Geostatistics, and Solute Transport Modeling to the Assessment of Non-Point Source Pollution in the Vadose Zone.” The objective of the conference and this book, which was developed from the conference, was to explore current multidisciplinary research for assessing NPS pollution in soil and groundwater resources.

Download or read book Publications of the Geological Survey written by Geological Survey (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 876 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Groundwater Surface Water Interactions written by Habil. Jörg Lewandowski and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-10 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent years have seen a paradigm shift in our understanding of groundwater–surface water interactions: surface water and aquifers were long considered discrete, separate entities; they are now understood as integral components of a surface–subsurface continuum. This book provides an overview of current research advances and innovative approaches in groundwater–surface water interactions. The 20 research articles and 1 communication cover a wide range of thematic scopes, scales, and experimental and modelling methods across different disciplines (hydrology, aquatic ecology, biogeochemistry, and environmental pollution). The book identifies current knowledge gaps and reveals the challenges in establishing standardized measurement, observation, and assessment approaches. It includes current hot topcis with environmental and societal relevance such as eutrophication, retention of legacy, and emerging pollutants (e.g., pharmaceuticals and microplastics), urban water interfaces, and climate change impacts. The book demonstrates the relevance of processes at groundwater–surface water interfaces for (1) regional water balances and (2) quality and quantity of drinking water resources. As such, this book represents the long-awaited transfer of the above-mentioned paradigm shift in understanding of groundwater–surface water interactions from science to practice.

Download or read book The Office of Environmental Management Technical Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 972 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Federal Register written by and published by . This book was released on 2012-03 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Field Techniques for Estimating Water Fluxes Between Surface Water and Ground Water written by Donald O. Rosenberry and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-06-16 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in the use and development of our Nation's surface - and ground-water resources has increased significantly during the past 50 years. This work discusses field techniques for estimating water fluxes.

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 1922 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Submarine Groundwater Discharge Impacts on Coastal Ecosystem by Hidden Water and Dissolved Materials written by Makoto Taniguchi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Handbook of Groundwater Engineering written by John H. Cushman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-11-25 with total page 1092 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition adds several new chapters and is thoroughly updated to include data on new topics such as hydraulic fracturing, CO2 sequestration, sustainable groundwater management, and more. Providing a complete treatment of the theory and practice of groundwater engineering, this new handbook also presents a current and detailed review of how to model the flow of water and the transport of contaminants both in the unsaturated and saturated zones, covers the protection of groundwater, and the remediation of contaminated groundwater.

Download or read book A Manual for Training Reclamation Inspectors in the Fundamentals of Hydrology written by Willie R. Curtis and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: