Download or read book Identification of Putative Plasmodium Falciparum Mefloquine Resistance Genes written by Mara L. Jeffress and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Genetics of Drug Resistance in Malaria written by Katarzyna Kinga Modrzynska and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resistance to antimalarial drugs continues to be a major obstacle in controlling and eradicating malaria. The identification of genetic markers of resistance is vital for disease management but they can be difficult to predict before resistance arises in the field. This thesis describes an alternative approach to gene identification, combining an in vivo experimental evolution model, Linkage Group Selection (LGS) and Solexa genome re-sequencing. Here this model was used to resolve the genetic basis of chloroquine and artemisinin resistance in the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi. AS-30CQ is a parasite with high resistance to chloroquine and resistance to artemisinin. It was crossed with the genetically different drug-sensitive strain AJ. The resulting progeny were selected with drugs and backcrossed to the sensitive parent. Both crosses were treated with increasing concentrations of chloroquine and artemisinin. The frequency of markers from the sensitive parasite were analysed in order to characterize the signatures of drug selection. Three loci involved progressively in chloroquine resistance were identified on chromosomes 11, 3 and 2. One main locus on chromosome 2 was identified with artemisinin selection. The Solexa platform was used to re-sequence the genomes of both AS-30CQ and its sensitive progenitor, AS-sens. The differences between the two genomes were integrated with the LGS data to identify: 1) a strong candidate for the main CQresistance determinant - a putative amino acid transporter on chromosome 11 (aat1) 2) two candidates for high level chloroquine resistance on chromosome 3. and 3) a mutation in ubp1 gene on chromosome 2 that is likely to contribute to the highest level of chloroquine resistance and be main determinant of the artemisinin resistance phenotype. In addition the last section of this thesis describes two otherwise isogenic clones showing low- and high levels of chloroquine resistance were grown competitively to evaluate the effect of these mutations on parasite fitness. The highly resistant strain demonstrated a loss of fitness in relation to its more sensitive progenitor and was outcompeted in untreated and low-treated infections.

Download or read book Antimalarial Chemotherapy written by Philip J. Rosenthal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001-04-01 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Philip Rosenthal, MD, and a panel of leading malaria experts drawn from academia, the military, and international health organizations survey the latest scientific understanding of antimalarial chemotherapy, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms of resistance and the description of important new targets. Their survey covers the current status of malarial and antimalarial chemotherapy, the relevant biology and biochemistry of malaria parasites, the antimalarial drugs currently available, new chemical approaches to chemotherapy, and possible new targets for chemotherapy. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Antimalarial Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action, Resistance, and New Directions in Drug Discovery clearly delineates all the basic and clinical research now addressing one of the world's major unresolved disease problems, work that is now powerfully driving the rapid pace of antimalarial drug discovery today.

Download or read book Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Plasmodium Falciparum written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malaria continues as a major health threat throughout the tropical world and potential demand for antimalarials is higher than for any other medication yet the world faces a crisis--drug resistance is emerging and spreading faster than drugs are being developed and the flow in the pipeline of new drugs has all but stopped. This represents a particular threat to the US military. In a short time there may be parts of the world where no effective antimalarial drug is available. The recent emergence of multidrug resistant malaria parasites has intensified this problem. The goal of this work is to use a molecular genetic approach in the investigation of mechanisms of drug resistance and subsequently to use this information in the identification and development of new antimalarial drugs. These studies were initiated based on the observation that one mechanism of drug resistance in P. falciparum may be similar to multidrug resistance in cancer. During this work, we identified and fully characterized two mdr-like genes in P. falciparum, pfmdrl and pfmdr2 and have found an association with the amplification and over expression of one of these genes, pfmdrl with mefloquine resistance and multidrug resistant parasites both in laboratory derived and field isolated strains of Plasmodium falciparum. As a next step in this work, we have initiated the development methods of functional analysis which are critical both to developing and testing new chemotherapeutic interventions. Malaria, Drug resistance, Recombinant DNA, Tropical disease, Infectious disease.

Download or read book Identification and Characterization of Novel Drug Resistance Loci in Plasmodium Falciparum written by Daria Natalie Van Tyne and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malaria has plagued mankind for millennia. Antimalarial drug use over the last century has generated highly drug-resistant parasites, which amplify the burden of this disease and pose a serious obstacle to control efforts. This dissertation is motivated by the simple fact that malaria parasites have become resistant to nearly every antimalarial drug that has ever been used, yet the precise genetic mechanisms of parasite drug resistance remain largely unknown. Our work pairs genomics-age technologies with molecular biology, genetics and molecular epidemiology in order to identify and characterize novel genes that contribute to drug resistance in P. falciparum.

Download or read book P Falciparum and Its Molecular Markers of Resistance to Antimalarial Drugs written by Peter Hodoameda and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of molecular markers of resistance to monitor the emergence, and the spread of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs is a very effective way of monitoring antimalarial drug resistance. The identification and validation of molecular markers have boosted our confidence in using these tools to monitor resistance. For example, P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT), P. falciparum multidrug resistance protein 1 (PfMDR1), P. falciparum multidrug kelch 13 (pfk13), have been identified as molecular markers of resistance to chloroquine, lumefantrine, and artemisinin respectively. The mechanism of resistance to antimalarial drugs is mostly by; (1) undergoing mutations in the parasite genome, leading to expelling the drug from the digestive vacuole, or (2) loss of binding affinity between the drug and its target. Increased copy number in the pfmdr1 gene also leads to resistance to antimalarial drugs. The major cause of the widespread chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance globally is the spread of parasites resistant to these drugs from Southeast Asia to Africa, the Pacific, and South America. Only a few mutations in the parasite genome lead to resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine arising from indigenous parasites in Africa, Pacific, and South America.

Download or read book Saving Lives Buying Time written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-09-09 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more than 50 years, low-cost antimalarial drugs silently saved millions of lives and cured billions of debilitating infections. Today, however, these drugs no longer work against the deadliest form of malaria that exists throughout the world. Malaria deaths in sub-Saharan Africaâ€"currently just over one million per yearâ€"are rising because of increased resistance to the old, inexpensive drugs. Although effective new drugs called "artemisinins" are available, they are unaffordable for the majority of the affected population, even at a cost of one dollar per course. Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance examines the history of malaria treatments, provides an overview of the current drug crisis, and offers recommendations on maximizing access to and effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. The book finds that most people in endemic countries will not have access to currently effective combination treatments, which should include an artemisinin, without financing from the global community. Without funding for effective treatment, malaria mortality could double over the next 10 to 20 years and transmission will intensify.

Download or read book Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016 2030 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2015-11-04 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World Health Organization's Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016- 2030 has been developed with the aim to help countries to reduce the human suffering caused by the world's deadliest mosquito-borne disease. Adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2015 it provides comprehensive technical guidance to countries and development partners for the next 15 years emphasizing the importance of scaling up malaria responses and moving towards elimination. It also highlights the urgent need to increase investments across all interventions - including preventive measures diagnostic testing treatment and disease surveillance- as well as in harnessing innovation and expanding research. By adopting this strategy WHO Member States have endorsed the bold vision of a world free of malaria and set the ambitious new target of reducing the global malaria burden by 90% by 2030. They also agreed to strengthen health systems address emerging multi-drug and insecticide resistance and intensify national cross-border and regional efforts to scale up malaria responses to protect everyone at risk.

Download or read book Malaria Drugs Disease and Post genomic Biology written by David Sullivan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-09 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite rapid increases in knowledge, malaria continues to kill more than a million people each year and causes symptomatic disease in a further 300 million individuals. This volume brings some of the world's best investigators to describe recent advances in both the scientific and clinical aspects of malaria, and bridges between the two.

Download or read book Global Report on Antimalarial Drug Efficacy and Drug Resistance written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides a comprehensive, global overview of antimalarial drug efficacy and the resistance of malaria parasites to the antimalarial medicines used between 2000 and June 2010. Policy-makers in national ministries of health will benefit from this document, as it provides both a global and a regional picture of the efficacy of the antimalarial medicines currently used in national treatment programmes. In addition, the report will be a reference for scientists, enhancing their understanding of the complexity of antimalarial drug resistance.

Download or read book Assessment of Long Term Health Effects of Antimalarial Drugs When Used for Prophylaxis written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the many who serve in the United States Armed Forces and who are deployed to distant locations around the world, myriad health threats are encountered. In addition to those associated with the disruption of their home life and potential for combat, they may face distinctive disease threats that are specific to the locations to which they are deployed. U.S. forces have been deployed many times over the years to areas in which malaria is endemic, including in parts of Afghanistan and Iraq. Department of Defense (DoD) policy requires that antimalarial drugs be issued and regimens adhered to for deployments to malaria-endemic areas. Policies directing which should be used as first and as second-line agents have evolved over time based on new data regarding adverse events or precautions for specific underlying health conditions, areas of deployment, and other operational factors At the request of the Veterans Administration, Assessment of Long-Term Health Effects of Antimalarial Drugs When Used for Prophylaxis assesses the scientific evidence regarding the potential for long-term health effects resulting from the use of antimalarial drugs that were approved by FDA or used by U.S. service members for malaria prophylaxis, with a focus on mefloquine, tafenoquine, and other antimalarial drugs that have been used by DoD in the past 25 years. This report offers conclusions based on available evidence regarding associations of persistent or latent adverse events.

Download or read book The Malaria Genome Projects written by Irwin W. Sherman and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2012 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The year 2012 marks the tenth anniversary of the announcement of the genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and that of its mosquito vector Anopheles. The genome sequences were a result of the Plasmodium falciparum Genome Project. This book covers in detail the biology of malaria parasites and the mosquitoes that transmit the disease, how the Genome Project came into being, the people who created it, and the cadre of scientists who are attempting to see the promise of the Project realized. The promise was: a more complete understanding of the genes of the parasite (and its vector) would provide a rational basis for the development of antimalarial drugs and vaccines, allow a better understanding of the regulation of the complex life cycle in the red blood and liver cells of the human, identify the genes the parasite uses to thwart the host immune response and the ways in which the parasite evades cure by drug treatments, as well as leading to more effective measures of control transmission. The hope was that cracking the genetic code of Plasmodium and Anopheles would reveal the biochemical Achilles heel of the parasite and its vector, leading to the development of novel drugs and better methods of control, and by finding the targets of protective immunity could result in the manufacture of effective vaccines. Through a historic approach, this book will allow for those new to the field, or those with insufficient background in the sciences, to have an easier entry point. Even scientists already working in the field may better appreciate how discoveries made in the past can impact the direction of future research.

Download or read book Resistance of Malaria Parasites to Drugs written by World Health Organization. Scientific Group on Resistance of Malaria Parasites to Drugs and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook of Antimicrobial Resistance written by Matthias Gotte and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While many volumes have been written about various aspects of antimicrobial resistance, this book is a comprehensive reference work. All manifestations of resistance are addressed: viral; bacterial, parasitical and fungal are given dedicated sections. The underlining molecular mechanisms, which depend not only on the microbe but on the specific drug (target), are highly diverse. This work discusses and compares the biological, biochemical and structural aspects of resistance and its evolution.

Download or read book Towards Malaria Elimination written by Sylvie Manguin and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-07-18 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Towards Malaria Elimination - A Leap Forward was started to mark the occasion for renewed commitment to end malaria transmission for good (the WHO's call for "Malaria Free World" by 2030). This book is dedicated for the benefit of researchers, scientists, program and policy managers, students and anyone interested in malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases with the goal of sharing recent information on success stories, innovative control approaches and challenges in different regions of the world. Some main issues that emerged included multidrug-resistant malaria and pandemic risk, vaccines, cross-border malaria, asymptomatic parasite reservoir, the threat of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi, insecticide resistance in Anopheles vectors and outdoor malaria transmission. This book is one little step forward to bring together in 17 chapters the experiences of malaria-expert researchers from five continents to present updated information on disease epidemiology and control at the national/regional level, highlighting the constraints, challenges, accomplishments and prospects of malaria elimination.

Download or read book World Malaria Report 2008 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2008 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Curious kids will delight in the joy of scientific discovery through the fifty fun activities in The Budding Scientist! This book is filled with great ways for you and your child to learn about how our world works. Create memories together as you make invisible ink, explore ice crystals, and investigate magnets. Perfect for children ages three to six, this fun-filled introduction to science features easy-to-follow instructions and easy-to-find materials that will help you satisfy your child’s natural curiosity.

Download or read book World Malaria Report 2018 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2019-02-12 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This year s report shows that after an unprecedented period of success in global malaria control progress has stalled. Data from 2015?2017 highlight that no significant progress in reducing global malaria cases was made in this period. There were an estimated 219 million cases and 435 000 related deaths in 2017. The World malaria report 2018 draws on data from 90 countries and areas with ongoing malaria transmission. The information is supplemented by data from national household surveys and databases held by other organizations.