Download or read book Identification by Instrumental Methods of Chemical Compounds in Water Formed Deposits written by C. M. Maddin and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A combination of elemental and direct instrumental analyses has proved most successful for identifying the chemical compounds present in water-formed deposits. Qualitative X-ray diffraction analysis may be enhanced by improving resolution of lines, concentrating minor constituents, and converting amorphous compounds to crystalline form. Quantitative X-ray diffraction is accomplished with the aid of calcium fluoride as an internal standard, to compensate for absorption of X-rays by the deposit sample. Petrographic thin section techniques provide unique advantages for studying layers of deposition directly. Distinctive infrared absorption spectra have been obtained for phosphate, carbonate, and silicate compounds, which should aid in deposit identification. A wide variety of deposits undergo thermal reactions to give characteristic differential thermal analysis patterns. Thermal reactions taking place in steam atmospheres aid in the identification of hydrates; compounds which form carbonates are more easily detected in carbon dioxide atmospheres; and oxygen atmospheres bring about thermal reactions in compounds susceptible to oxidation. Although instrumental methods are extremely useful and may be expected to increase in utility, elemental analysis must still be relied on in difficult cases.

Download or read book Chapter 14 Chemical Analysis of Deposits written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many of the difficulties that arise during the industrial use of water are closely related to water-formed sludges, scales, and corrosion products. These water-formed deposits are the accumulations of insoluble material derived from the water, or are formed by the reaction of water with surfaces in contact with it. The composition of such deposits can be used to diagnose the reason(s) for deposition, to determine preventive treatment of either the water or its environment, and to effect their removal. A thorough and accurate analysis is an important beginning in this process. The analysis of water-formed deposits must be versatile and comprehensive in order to handle the most complex sample. It must also be flexible enough to handle the simplest samples easily and efficiently. The usual quantitative analysis will yield the elemental composition of the major constituents of such deposits. When single elements or simple compounds predominate, such an analysis is probably sufficient. For more complex deposits, however, other tools must be used to determine accurately the combinations of these elements. These include emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, electron probe microanalysis, flame photometry, atomic absorption, petrographic microscope, and the electron microscope. A method for atomic absorption and spectrographic analysis is outlined in ASTM Testing Water-Formed Deposits (Method D 2331) [1]; a procedure for identification by X-ray diffraction is dealt with in ASTM Test for Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed Deposits by X-Ray Diffraction (Method D 934) [1]; X-ray fluorescence is covered in ASTM Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits by X-Ray Fluorescence (Method D 2332) [1]; flame photometry in ASTM Test for Sodium and Potassium Ions in Industrial Water and Water-Formed Deposits by Flame Photometry (Methods D 1428) [1]; and microscopy in ASTM Examination of Water-Formed Deposits by Chemical Microscopy (Method D 1245) [1]; These and other instrumental techniques are also discussed in Chapter 13. It is often possible to determine the source or cause of water-formed deposits from the results of chemical and physical analyses. The treatment for removal or prevention of such deposits can thus be accomplished scientifically instead of by trial and error.

Download or read book Symposium on Identification of Water formed Deposits written by American Society for Testing Materials and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Manual on Water written by and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1969 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Chapter VII Sampling and Identification of Water Formed Deposits written by and published by . This book was released on 1956 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water-formed deposits usually are not homogeneous. Inorganic deposits may be formed by reaction between the water or its solutes and the containing vessel or piping, and by reaction between solutes in the water. Biological types grow by consuming the required nutrients from water and, like inorganic deposits, may be deposited where formed or carried in suspension and later deposited some distance away. Chemical and physical changes in the operation of the water system may alter the site and character of deposits either temporarily, cyclically, or permanently. Determination of the average chemical composition of the resultant mixture therefore is of limited help in diagnosing the cause, or in providing a means for prevention, of a water-formed deposit.

Download or read book Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Water Waste written by and published by ASTM International. This book was released on with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book ASTM Bulletin written by and published by . This book was released on 1940 with total page 884 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Chapter VIISampling and Identification of Water Formed Deposits written by and published by . This book was released on 1953 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water-formed deposits usually are not homogeneous. Inorganic deposits may be formed by reaction between the water or its solutes and the containing vessel or piping, and by reaction between solutes in the water. Biological types grow by consuming the required nutrients from water and, like inorganic deposits, may be deposited where formed or carried in suspension and later deposited some distance away. Chemical and physical changes in the operation of the water system may alter the site and character of deposits either temporarily, cyclically, or permanently. Determination of the average chemical composition of the resultant mixture therefore is of limited help in diagnosing the cause, or in providing a means for prevention, of a water-formed deposit.

Download or read book Manual on Water written by American Society for Testing and Materials. Committee D-19 on Water and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book D 1245 55 Standard Method for Examination of Water Formed Deposits by Chemical Microscopy written by Committee D-19 and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (A) This method describes a procedure for the examination of water-formed deposits by means of chemical microscopy. The procedures of chemical microscopy are applicable to all water-formed deposits. They are much less time consuming than chemical macroanalysis, and, when they can be supplemented by optical data, sufficient information may be obtained to make complete chemical analysis unnecessary. The sample required is small. The method can be applied in cases where there is not sufficient sample available for a macroanalysis. (b) The petrographic procedure which is a part of this method is limited to deposits that are composed of individual particles or crystals having a diameter of at least 10 μ, unless the particles have a characteristic form, cleavage, or highly specific identifying optical properties.

Download or read book Bulletin written by American Society for Testing Materials and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 874 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes list and announcements of the society's publications.

Download or read book Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book ASTM Special Technical Publication written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Introduction to Oilfield Water Technology written by Anton Gene Ostroff and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Selected Water Resources Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 734 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water 2nd Ed written by Geological Survey (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Chapter IV Composition and Classification of Industrial Water and Water Formed Deposits written by and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A discussion of the composition of industrial water and water-formed deposits must include the terms used by different industries, methods of reporting results of analyses, methods of interpreting these analyses, and systems for converting results of analyses into other terms that may be better understood by the users of water. In addition, the composition of water must be classified so that a particular user can choose the best supply for his purpose or forecast what difficulties might arise from the use of the water available. A user should know the general composition of his water and how it changes with the seasons. If deposits occur, he should be able to identify or classify the type of deposit formed so that he can trace its source and decide upon remedies. The range of composition of industrial water and of the deposits formed by these waters varies tremendously. Water is relatively pure when formed in clouds, but it absorbs gases from the air, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, during its fall as rain. Upon reaching the earth, water dissolves materials with which it comes in contact; these depend upon the composition of the soil or rocks in the locality. Water also becomes polluted with industrial wastes and sewage from factories and cities. Water flowing in surface or underground streams continues to pick up substances. Accumulations of insoluble material derived from water, or formed by the reaction of water with surfaces in contact with it, are called water-formed deposits. It is often the duty of the chemist to analyze water intended for use and, from this analysis, to attempt to forecast what deposits or other undesirable conditions it might cause.