Download or read book Hypotheses in Clinical Medicine written by Mohammadali M. Shoja and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hypotheses are fundamental to all sciences, including medicine. They play a critical role in motivating the development of science, since interesting and important hypotheses foster the diversity and debate upon which the scientific process depends. It is necessary to learn and understand how to assess a process, realise and discuss details and consequently launch a hypothesis. This book offers a number of novel, non-mainstream hypotheses in various states of development from authors with relevant expertise and experience.
Download or read book Hypotheses in Clinical Medicine written by Mohammadali M. Shoja and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hypotheses are fundamental to all sciences, including medicine. They play a critical role in motivating the development of science, since interesting and important hypotheses foster the diversity and debate upon which the scientific process depends. It is necessary to learn and understand how to assess a process, realize and discuss details and consequently launch a hypothesis. This book offers a number of novel, non-mainstream hypotheses – in various states of development – from authors with relevant expertise and experience.
Download or read book Evidence and Hypothesis in Clinical Medical Science written by John Alexander Pinkston and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-08 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, the author argues that no current philosophical theory of evidence in clinical medical science is adequate. None can accurately explain the way evidence is gathered and used to confirm hypotheses. To correct this, he proposes a new approach called the weight of evidence account. This innovative method supplies a satisfactory explanation and rationale for the “hierarchical pyramid” of evidence–based medicine, with randomized clinical trials and their derivatives, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials at the top and case reports, case series, expert opinion, and the like at the bottom. The author illustrates the development of various “levels” of evidence by considering the evolution of less invasive surgical treatments for early breast cancer. He shows that the weight of evidence account explains the notion of levels of evidence and other efforts to rank them. In addition, he presents a defense of randomization as a method to maximize accuracy in the conduct of clinical trials. The title also considers ethical issues surrounding experimentation with medical therapies in human subjects. It illustrates and discusses these issues in studies of respiratory therapies in neonates and treatment for certain cancers in adults. The author shows that in many cases sufficient evidence can be accrued to warrant generally accepted new therapies without the need for evidence derived from randomized clinical trials.
Download or read book Evidence And Hypothesis In Clinical Medical Science written by John Pinkston and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several philosophical theories of scientific evidence (or confirmation) have been proposed. I argue, however, that none satisfactorily explain the way that evidence is gathered and used to confirm the variety of hypotheses that are commonly formulated in clinical medical science. I consider five philosophical theories of scientific evidence, and Inference to the Best Explanation to the extent that it can be considered a theory of evidence or theory choice. I argue that none adequately explain confirmation in clinical medical science, and I offer a new account of evidence that I argue does constitute a satisfactory explanation, and which I am calling the weight of evidence account. I divide hypotheses that are found in clinical medical science into three categories: therapeutic, etiologic, and diagnostic. Therapeutic hypotheses are those that are concerned with treatments or other medical interventions, etiologic hypotheses are those concerned with the causes of disease or other adverse medical conditions, and diagnostic hypotheses are those considered by clinicians when making a diagnosis. I illustrate the methods of gathering and using evidence in the confirmation process by using examples of each type of hypothesis drawn from the clinical medical scientific literature. I also argue that the weight of evidence account supplies a satisfactory explanation and rationale for the ìhierarchical pyramidî of evidenceñbased medicine, with randomized clinical trials and their derivatives, meta-analyses and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials, at the top of the pyramid, and case reports, case series, expert opinion and the like at the bottom. Cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, and nonrandomized clinical trials fall into the middle. I illustrate the development of various ìlevelsî of evidence by considering the evolution of less invasive surgical treatments for early breast cancer, and argue that the weight of evidence account satisfactorily explains the notion of levels of evidence and other efforts to rank evidence. In addition, I provide a defense of randomization as a method to maximize accuracy in the conduct of clinical trials. I also consider ethical issues surrounding experimentation with medical therapies in human subjects, and illustrate and discuss these issues as they arose in studies of respiratory therapies in neonates and treatment for cancers of the anus and testis in adults. I argue that in many cases sufficient evidence can be accrued to warrant generally accepted new therapies without the need for evidence derived from randomized clinical trials.
Download or read book Death Can be Cured written by Roger Dobson and published by Cyan. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Growing a beard will lower the risk of cancer"; "keeping a pet dog (as opposed to a cat) will increase the risk of breast cancer"; "to be short sighted is to be intelligent"; "shaving can make you sick"; "death can be cured" - these are just some of the 100 unthinkable theories, cures and explanations from the world of medicine contained in this fascinating book. Based on the bizarre but much respected journal Medical Hypotheses, the book describes in an accessible style the work of medical researchers and practitioners from all over the world who were encouraged to think the unthinkable and to conceive ideas well beyond the restrictive confines of their laboratories. The result is a popular science book that is often stimulating, sometimes downright bizarre, but certainly never dull. Can death really be cured? Well, in theory, yes, through the chemical preservation of the brain.
Download or read book Testing Statistical Hypotheses of Equivalence and Noninferiority written by Stefan Wellek and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-06-24 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While continuing to focus on methods of testing for two-sided equivalence, Testing Statistical Hypotheses of Equivalence and Noninferiority, Second Edition gives much more attention to noninferiority testing. It covers a spectrum of equivalence testing problems of both types, ranging from a one-sample problem with normally distributed observations
Download or read book The Hygiene Hypothesis and Darwinian Medicine written by Graham A.W. Rook and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-24 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Man has moved rapidly from the hunter-gatherer environment to the living conditions of industrialised countries. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that the resulting reduced exposure to micro-organisms has led to disordered regulation of the immune system, and hence to increases in certain chronic inflammatory disorders, like allergic disorders, autoimmunity, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, depression, some cancers and perhaps Alzheimer and Parkinson. This book discusses the evidence for and against in the context of Darwinian medicine, which uses knowledge of evolution to cast light on human diseases. The approach is interdisciplinary, looking at man’s microbiological history, at the biology of the effects of microorganisms on the immune system, and at the implications for chronic inflammatory disorders in multiple organ systems. Finally, the authors describe progress in the exploitation of microorganisms or their components as novel prophylactics and treatments.
Download or read book Statistical Reasoning in Medicine written by Lemuel A. Moye and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Employing a conversational format and consciously de-emphasizing computational devices, this text focuses instead on the features of experimental design that either clarify or blur p value interpretation, so as to make statistical reasoning accessible to the uninitiated. Through careful, deliberate thought this book provides the non-mathematician with a foundation for understanding the underlying statistical reasoning process in clinical research. It recognizes the inevitable tension between the mathematics of hypothesis testing and the ethical requirements in medical research and concentrates on resolving these issues in p value interpretation.
Download or read book Defense of the Scientific Hypothesis written by Bradley Eugene Alger and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Defense of Scientific Hypothesis: From Reproducibility Crisis to Big Data argues that the scientific hypothesis is the key to understanding what science is about, and explains its importance for scientists and non-scientists alike. Most scientists, like the general public, receive only cursory formal instruction about the scientific hypothesis. Since we all constantly assess what's going on around us, we continually formulate and test hypotheses, consciously and unconsciously. The book distinguishes scientific from statistical hypotheses, analyzes the benefits of hypotheses and hypothesis testing, sorts out sciences that do not require hypotheses, discusses educational and social policies relating to the hypothesis, and offers advice on recognizing and formulating hypotheses.
Download or read book Reasoning in Medicine written by Daniel A. Albert and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Small Clinical Trials written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical trials are used to elucidate the most appropriate preventive, diagnostic, or treatment options for individuals with a given medical condition. Perhaps the most essential feature of a clinical trial is that it aims to use results based on a limited sample of research participants to see if the intervention is safe and effective or if it is comparable to a comparison treatment. Sample size is a crucial component of any clinical trial. A trial with a small number of research participants is more prone to variability and carries a considerable risk of failing to demonstrate the effectiveness of a given intervention when one really is present. This may occur in phase I (safety and pharmacologic profiles), II (pilot efficacy evaluation), and III (extensive assessment of safety and efficacy) trials. Although phase I and II studies may have smaller sample sizes, they usually have adequate statistical power, which is the committee's definition of a "large" trial. Sometimes a trial with eight participants may have adequate statistical power, statistical power being the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the hypothesis is false. Small Clinical Trials assesses the current methodologies and the appropriate situations for the conduct of clinical trials with small sample sizes. This report assesses the published literature on various strategies such as (1) meta-analysis to combine disparate information from several studies including Bayesian techniques as in the confidence profile method and (2) other alternatives such as assessing therapeutic results in a single treated population (e.g., astronauts) by sequentially measuring whether the intervention is falling above or below a preestablished probability outcome range and meeting predesigned specifications as opposed to incremental improvement.
Download or read book Problem Solving in Clinical Medicine written by Paul Cutler and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1998 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The clinical reasoning process is explained in terms of formation of an initial concept, formation of hypotheses, the further expansion of inquiry tactics, and application of appropriate clinical skills. Over 80 carefully selected cases are featured where pieces of data are interspersed with corresponding pieces of logic. The most common clinical presentations seen in medical practice are covered, and readers get an extensive body of medical knowledge. Compatibility: BlackBerry® OS 4.1 or Higher / iPhone/iPod Touch 2.0 or Higher /Palm OS 3.5 or higher / Palm Pre Classic / Symbian S60, 3rd edition (Nokia) / Windows Mobile™ Pocket PC (all versions) / Windows Mobile Smartphone / Windows 98SE/2000/ME/XP/Vista/Tablet PC
Download or read book Evaluating Evidence of Mechanisms in Medicine written by Veli-Pekka Parkkinen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-13 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY license. This book is the first to develop explicit methods for evaluating evidence of mechanisms in the field of medicine. It explains why it can be important to make this evidence explicit, and describes how to take such evidence into account in the evidence appraisal process. In addition, it develops procedures for seeking evidence of mechanisms, for evaluating evidence of mechanisms, and for combining this evaluation with evidence of association in order to yield an overall assessment of effectiveness. Evidence-based medicine seeks to achieve improved health outcomes by making evidence explicit and by developing explicit methods for evaluating it. To date, evidence-based medicine has largely focused on evidence of association produced by clinical studies. As such, it has tended to overlook evidence of pathophysiological mechanisms and evidence of the mechanisms of action of interventions. The book offers a useful guide for all those whose work involves evaluating evidence in the health sciences, including those who need to determine the effectiveness of health interventions and those who need to ascertain the effects of environmental exposures.
Download or read book Principles and Practice of Case based Clinical Reasoning Education written by Olle ten Cate and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This volume describes and explains the educational method of Case-Based Clinical Reasoning (CBCR) used successfully in medical schools to prepare students to think like doctors before they enter the clinical arena and become engaged in patient care. Although this approach poses the paradoxical problem of a lack of clinical experience that is so essential for building proficiency in clinical reasoning, CBCR is built on the premise that solving clinical problems involves the ability to reason about disease processes. This requires knowledge of anatomy and the working and pathology of organ systems, as well as the ability to regard patient problems as patterns and compare them with instances of illness scripts of patients the clinician has seen in the past and stored in memory. CBCR stimulates the development of early, rudimentary illness scripts through elaboration and systematic discussion of the courses of action from the initial presentation of the patient to the final steps of clinical management. The book combines general backgrounds of clinical reasoning education and assessment with a detailed elaboration of the CBCR method for application in any medical curriculum, either as a mandatory or as an elective course. It consists of three parts: a general introduction to clinical reasoning education, application of the CBCR method, and cases that can used by educators to try out this method.
Download or read book Medical Sciences Volume I written by B.P. Mansourian and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-08-10 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medical Sciences is a component of Encyclopedia of Biological, Physiological and Health Sciences in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. This 2-volume set contains several chapters, each of size 5000-30000 words, with perspectives, applications and extensive illustrations. It carries state-of-the-art knowledge in the fields of Medical Sciences and is aimed, by virtue of the several applications, at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students, Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers and NGOs.
Download or read book Acceptance and Rejection of Hypotheses in Medical Science written by Reidar Krummradt Lie and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES Volume VIII written by Osmo Otto Paivio Hanninen; Mustafa Atalay; B.P. Mansourian; A. Wojtezak; S.M. Mahfouz; Harry Majewski; Elaine Elisabetsky; Nina L. Etkin; Ralph Kirby; T.G. Downing and M.I. El Gohary and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2010-10-12 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medical and Health Sciences is a component of Encyclopedia of Biological, Physiological and Health Sciences in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. These volume set contains several chapters, each of size 5000-30000 words, with perspectives, applications and extensive illustrations. It carries state-of-the-art knowledge in the fields of Medical and Health Sciences and is aimed, by virtue of the several applications, at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students, Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers and NGOs.
