Download or read book Human Contingency Learning written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Two Mechanisms of Human Contingency Learning written by Daniel Alexander Sternberg and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding how we learn the relationships between events in the world, and how we learn to respond appropriately to those events has been an important focus of research in psychology and the cognitive sciences for many years. While many different theories have been proposed, two broad classes of accounts have been particularly popular. Findings from studies of animal conditioning and tasks requiring humans learners to make very fast responses have led to proposals that learning in these tasks is based on a process of gradual adjustments to pathways linking representations of cue events to representations of their outcomes and appropriate responses to those outcomes. However, many of the same findings can also be explained as a process of making explicit inferences about the likely causal relationships between events. Findings from human contingency learning tasks have been argued to support the idea that learners in these tasks rely on an inference-based reasoning process. This has led some to doubt that both types of processes necessarily exist. The experiments presented in this thesis set out to look for evidence that both processes exist, and that they are preferentially involved in different kinds of learning situations. In the presented experiments, participants saw displays containing single or paired objects and learned which displays were usually followed by the appearance of a dot shortly afterward. Some participants predicted whether the dot would appear and then saw the outcome, while others were required to respond very quickly if the dot appeared shortly after the objects. For prediction participants, instructions that guided them to infer which objects had the power to cause the dot outcome determined whether contingencies associated with one object affected predictions about its pair mate. For fast-paced responding participants, contingencies associated with one object affected responses to the pair-mate, even when more neutral instructions were provided. These results challenge single-mechanism accounts and support the proposal that the mechanisms underlying performance in the two tasks are distinct. The remainder of the thesis focuses on the development of computational models of the different kinds of processes thought to underlie responding in these tasks.

Download or read book Human Contingency Learning written by Tom Beckers and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present special issue presents an overview of recent developments and controversies in research on human contingency learning. Contributions range from purely fundamental, theoretical analyses, over empirically oriented reports, to more applied contributions, reflecting the breadth of scope of contemporary research on human contingency learning. Taken together, these papers attest to the richness and diversity of current research on human contingency learning and identify key issues to be addressed in future research.

Download or read book Human Contingency Learning Recent Trends in Research and Theory written by Tom Beckers and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2015-06-23 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present special issue presents an overview of recent developments and controversies in research on human contingency learning. Contributions range from purely fundamental, theoretical analyses, over empirically oriented reports, to more applied contributions, reflecting the breadth of scope of contemporary research on human contingency learning. Taken together, these papers attest to the richness and diversity of current research on human contingency learning and identify key issues to be addressed in future research.

Download or read book Special Issue Human Contingency Learning written by Tom Beckers and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Rule Governed Behavior written by Steven C. Hayes and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-06-02 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Animal learning and human learning traditions have been distinguishable within psychology since the start of the discipline and are to this day. The human learning wing was interested in the development of psychological functions in human organisms and proceeded directly to their examination. The animal learning wing was not distinguished by a corresponding interest in animal behavior per se. Rather, the animal learners studied animal behavior in order to identify principles of behavior of relevance to humans as well as other organisms. The two traditions, in other words, did not differ so much on goals as on strategies. It is not by accident that so many techniques of modem applied psychol ogy have emerged from the animal laboratory. That was one of the ultimate purposes of this work from the very beginning. The envisioned extension to humans was not just technological, however. Many animal researchers, B. F. Skinner most prominently among them, recognized that direct basic research with humans might ultimately be needed in certain areas but that it was wise first to build a strong foundation in the controlled environment of the animal laboratory. In a sense, animal learning was always in part a human research program in development.

Download or read book Information Integration and Associative Learning as Accounts of Human Contingency Judgment written by Shu-Fang Kao and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Science And Human Behavior written by B.F Skinner and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2012-12-18 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The psychology classic—a detailed study of scientific theories of human nature and the possible ways in which human behavior can be predicted and controlled—from one of the most influential behaviorists of the twentieth century and the author of Walden Two. “This is an important book, exceptionally well written, and logically consistent with the basic premise of the unitary nature of science. Many students of society and culture would take violent issue with most of the things that Skinner has to say, but even those who disagree most will find this a stimulating book.” —Samuel M. Strong, The American Journal of Sociology “This is a remarkable book—remarkable in that it presents a strong, consistent, and all but exhaustive case for a natural science of human behavior…It ought to be…valuable for those whose preferences lie with, as well as those whose preferences stand against, a behavioristic approach to human activity.” —Harry Prosch, Ethics

Download or read book Contingencies of Reinforcement written by B. F. Skinner and published by B. F. Skinner Foundation. This book was released on 2014-07-01 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: B. F. Skinner titled this book, Contingencies of Reinforcement, after the heart of his science of behavior. Contingencies relate classes of actions to postcedent events and to the contexts in which those action-postcedent relations occur. The basic processes seem straightforward, but many people do not know or understand the underlying theory. Skinner believed that ‘a theory is essential to the scientific understanding of behavior as a subject matter”. This book presents some of Skinner’s most sophisticated statements about theoretical issues. To his original articles, he added notes to clarify and expand subtle points. The book thus provides an overview of Skinner’s thinking about theory and the philosophy underpinning the science he began.

Download or read book A Computational Account of Contingency Learning written by Bradley Smith and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Associative learning is a fundamental concept that underlies the explanation of many psychological phenomena. Recent adaptations of the classic Stroop (1935) task offer insight into how associations are formed and augmented as a function of experience (Lin & Macleod, 2018). In this thesis, I collected data using word-colour contingency learning tasks that were designed to measure the ebb and flow of associations over the course of a controlled experiment. In the experiments, non-colour related words were presented in coloured text. I manipulated the contingency structure between the words and colours (i.e., words appeared in a particular colour more often than others). The participants' task was to identify the colour of the word. Associative learning was measured by observing increasingly quick responses when a word was presented in the colour in which it is most frequently paired. I then adapted an existing instance-based account of performance, based on the MINERVA 2 model of memory, to explain these results. The theory works by storing events into episodic memory and retrieving those traces in parallel. Unlike standard explanations for associative learning, it does not represent associative links directly. The model replicated the critical behaviours in the previously published results including simple acquisition and participants' responses to changes in the contingency structure mid-task. It also predicted behavioural differences that had not been considered in previous research. These behavioural differences were observed in the experimental data when the experiment was replicated with a larger sample size. Once the model was developed against known results, I used it to predict people's behaviour in novel experiments; exploring how participants would behave under more extreme mid-task changes to the contingency structure and how resilient learning for a contingency structure would be when all word-colour pairs were presented equally often. The model predicted results that contradicted conventional wisdom from prior experiments. The experimental data agreed with the model's predictions. The goal of this research was to define and articulate an instance-based theory explanation of how people come to learn and exploit the contingency structure of events in the environment. Because the theory was able to capture the critical behaviours exhibited by participants, and makes novel predictions about participants' behaviours in other tasks, it is a viable explanation for these associative learning behaviours. Being able to replicate human associative learning behaviour with a computational model has implications for cognitive technologies. If this theory can be generalized (MINERVA has already been shown to replicate other human behaviours like memory and decision making) and implemented at a larger scale then it can be used as a more intelligent, human-like machine learning algorithm. This algorithm would be inspired by human cognition and would theoretically behave and make decisions similar to humans. This algorithm could be utilized so that computers could learn and interact with humans in a comparable fashion to how humans interact with each other. More work will be needed to confirm that the theory is a good approximation for human cognition and to implement it into a more general machine learning context.

Download or read book The Marvelous Learning Animal written by Arthur W. Staats and published by Prometheus Books. This book was released on 2012-06-12 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What makes us human? In recent decades, researchers have focused on innate tendencies and inherited traits as explanations for human behavior, especially in light of groundbreaking human genome research. The author thinks this trend is misleading. As he shows in great detail in this engaging, thought-provoking, and highly informative book, what makes our species unique is our marvelous ability to learn, which is an ability that no other primate possesses. In his exploration of human progress, the author reveals that the immensity of human learning has not been fully understood or examined. Evolution has endowed us with extremely versatile bodies and a brain comprised of one hundred billion neurons, which makes us especially suited for a wide range of sophisticated learning. Already in childhood, human beings begin learning complex repertoires—language, sports, value systems, music, science, rules of behavior, and many other aspects of culture. These repertoires build on one another in special ways, and our brains develop in response to the learning experiences we receive from those around us and from what we read and hear and see. When humans gather in society, the cumulative effect of building learning upon learning is enormous. The author presents a new way of understanding humanness—in the behavioral nature of the human body, in the unique human way of learning, in child development, in personality, and in abnormal behavior. With all this, and his years of basic and applied research, he develops a new theory of human evolution and a new vision of the human being. This book offers up a unified concept that not only provides new ways of understanding human behavior and solving human problems but also lays the foundations for opening new areas of science.

Download or read book The Contingency Theory of Organizations written by Lex Donaldson and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2001-02-20 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a comprehensive, in-depth analysis of the theories, evidence and methodological issues of contingency theory - one of the major theoretical lenses used to view organizations.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning written by Norbert M. Seel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-05 with total page 3643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences.

Download or read book Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes Volume 2 written by William Estes and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-06-20 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1975, Volume 2 of this Handbook looks at areas traditionally associated with learning theory such as conditioning, discrimination and behavior theory. It deals with concepts and theories growing principally out of laboratory studies of conditioning and learning. The intention was to treat mechanisms, processes, and principles of some generality – applicable at least to all vertebrates. It was becoming well understood that detailed interpretations of particular behaviors required the authors to take account of the way general principles operate in the context of species-specific behavioral organizations and developmental histories; but detailed consideration of just how these interpretations were accomplished for different animal forms was another enterprise. Here the authors limit their task to abstracting from the enormous literature facts and ideas which seemed general enough to be of interest and perhaps utility to investigators in other disciplines at the time. Volume 1 presented an overview of the field and introduced the principal theoretical and methodological issues that persistently recurred in the expanded treatments of specific research areas that comprise the later volumes. Volume 3 looks at human learning and motivation, while the last 3 volumes range over the many active lines of research identified with human cognitive processes at the time.

Download or read book New Directions in Human Associative Learning written by Andy J. Wills and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2005-01-15 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The editor and authors of this book present a synthesis of work on human associative learning, tracing some of its historical roots but concentrating mainly on recent developments. It is divided into three sections: an introduction to the recent data and controversies in the study of human associative learning; recent developments in the formal theories of how associative learning occurs; and applied work on human associative learning, particularly its application to depression and to the development of preferences. The book is designed to be accessible to undergraduates, providing a clear illustration of how principles most commonly introduced in animal cognition courses are relevant to the contemporary study of human cognition.

Download or read book Causal Learning written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1996-09-26 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Psychology of Learning and Motivation publishes empirical and theoretical contributions in cognitive and experimental psychology, ranging from classical and instrumental conditions to complex learning and problem solving. This guest-edited special volume is devoted to current research and discussion on associative versus cognitive accounts of learning. Written by major investigators in the field, topics include all aspects of causal learning in an open forum in which different approaches are brought together. Up-to-date review of the literature Discusses recent controversies Presents major advances in understanding causal learning Synthesizes contrasting approaches Includes important empirical contributions Written by leading researchers in the field

Download or read book Determining whether causal order affects cue selection in human contingency learning written by Michael R. Waldmann and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: