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Book The Impact of Recanted False Confession Types and Clarified Instructions on Jury Decision Making

Download or read book The Impact of Recanted False Confession Types and Clarified Instructions on Jury Decision Making written by Andrew Christian Pollack and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A substantial amount of research has been dedicated to understanding how and why innocent people confess to crimes that they did not commit. Unfortunately, false confessions occur even with the best possible interrogation practices. This study aimed to examine how different types of false confession (voluntary, compliance, and internalization) and the use of jury instructions specific to confessions influences jurors' verdicts. A sample of 414 participants read a criminal trial case summary that presented one of four reasons why the defendant falsely confessed followed by either the standard jury instruction for confessions or a clarified version. Afterwards, participants completed several items assessing the perceived guilt of the defendant, their attitudes on confessions in general, and their opinions on jury instructions. Although the three confession reasons did not differ among one another, jurors who were given no explanation for the false confession tended to more harshly judge the defendant. Further, the clarified jury instructions did not influence the participants' judgments. Future research should focus on how expert witness testimonies affect verdicts regarding each type of false confession reason and whether the media may influence a juror's knowledge of factors that could provoke false confessions.

Book Educating Jurors about the Phenomenon of False Confessions with Juveniles

Download or read book Educating Jurors about the Phenomenon of False Confessions with Juveniles written by Stephanie C. Burke and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expert witnesses may be used at trial to educate jurors about information beyond their typical scope of knowledge or to help them understand evidence. Previous research on expert witness testimony regarding false confessions is mixed, and no published studies to date have examined expert testimony specifically as it relates to juvenile false confessions. Given expert testimony on false confessions is occasionally prohibited at trial, other means of educating the public are also warranted. The present study investigated jury-eligible citizens' knowledge of false confessions and whether education, via an expert witness testimony video or a false confession TED Talk, improved the accuracy of, relative to a control video, jurors' knowledge and decision making regarding a vignette-based juvenile defendant who falsely confessed. Results revealed the 284 participants, recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk and social media sites, had substantial knowledge of false confessions. Nonetheless, results of a 2x3 mixed factorial ANOVA indicated that, compared to the control video, both expert witness testimony and the TED Talk significantly improved jurors' knowledge. Although condition did not impact the verdict assigned to the juvenile defendant, the TED Talk led a greater proportion of participants to report it very likely the defendant falsely confessed, whereas the expert witness video led participants to have greater confidence in their confession decisions, compared to the control video. Along with study limitations, policy and practice implications on the use of expert witness testimony and ways of educating jury-eligible citizens about false confessions are discussed.

Book Confessions in the Courtroom

Download or read book Confessions in the Courtroom written by Lawrence S. Wrightsman and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 1993-05-28 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the prosecution introduces confession testimony during a criminal trial, the effect is usually overwhelming. In fact, jurors′ verdicts are affected more by a confession than by eyewitness testimony. While eyewitness studies are massive in numbers, the topic of confession evidence has been largely ignored by psychologists and other social scientists. Confessions in the Courtroom seeks to rectify this discrepancy. This timely book examines how the legal system has evolved in its treatment of confessions over the last half century and discusses, at length, the U.S. Supreme Court′s decision regarding Arizona v. Fulminante which caused a reassessment of the acceptability of confessions generated under duress. The authors examine the causes of confessions and the interrogation procedure used by the police. They also evaluate the process for determining the admissability of confession testimony and provide excellent research on jurors′ reactions to voluntary and coerced confessions. Social scientists, attorneys, members of the criminal justice system, and students will find Confessions in the Courtroom to be an objective and readable treatment on this important topic. "In this short volume, the authors seek "to describe and evaluate what we know about confessions given to police and their impact at the subsequent trial." It is a comprehensive review of the social psychological literature and legal decisions surrounding confessions. One of the primary strengths of the manuscript is the interplay between social science and law fostered by the authors′ clear understanding of the boundaries between these disciplines and appreciation of the substantive areas they share. . . . [The authors] have produced a comprehensive and imminently readable legal and psychological treatise on confessions, valuable for established scholars and for students." --Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice

Book Expert Psychological Testimony for the Courts

Download or read book Expert Psychological Testimony for the Courts written by Mark Costanzo and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2020-07-24 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past two decades, the frequency and range of expert testimony by psychologists have increased dramatically. Courts now routinely hear expert testimony from clinical, cognitive, developmental, and social psychologists. Expert Psychological Testimony for the Courts provides a comprehensive, research-based analysis of the content, ethics, and impact of expert testimony. This book features leading scholars who have contributed to the scientific foundation for expert testimony and who have also served as expert witnesses. The opening chapter explores issues surrounding the admissibility of expert testimony, and the closing chapter explores the ethics and limits of psychological testimony. Each of the intervening chapters focuses on a different area of expert testimony: forensic identification, police interrogations and false confessions, eyewitness identification, sexual harassment, mitigation in capital cases, the insanity defense, battered women, future dangerousness, and child custody. These chapters describe the typical content of expert testimony in a particular area, evaluate the scientific foundation for testimony, examine how jurors respond to expert testimony, and suggest ways in which legal standards or procedures might be modified in light of psychological research. This groundbreaking book should be on the shelf of every social scientist interested in the legal system and every trial attorney who is likely to retain a psychologist as an expert witness. It can also serve as a text for advanced courses in psychology, legal studies, criminal justice, law, and sociology.

Book Can Expert Testimony Sensitize Jurors to Variations in Confession Evidence

Download or read book Can Expert Testimony Sensitize Jurors to Variations in Confession Evidence written by Kelsey S. Henderson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: False confessions are one of the leading causes of wrongful conviction in the United States. Confession evidence can be extremely damaging in the criminal courtroom, and jurors are more willing to convict based on the presence of a confession than eyewitness evidence and character testimony (Kassin & Neumann, 1997). However, to date, no research has examined whether jurors notice variations in the quality of confession evidence based on whether the confession is consistent (high quality) or inconsistent (low quality) with the crime facts. In our pilot study, mock jurors were questioned about their verdict after reading a trial vignette in which a suspect's account did or did not match the facts of the crime. Jurors did not view the confession differently or render largely different decisions based on whether the confession was consistent or inconsistent with other evidence. Researchers have suggested that expert testimony could help educate jurors on the dangers and causes of false confessions (Leo & Liu, 2009). Past research has also shown that the expert testimony can cause jurors to become more skeptical or sensitize jurors to variations in evidence. In the current study, jurors read a trial in which we varied the presence of expert testimony, whether the defendant confessed, and whether that confession was consistent with other trial evidence. The expert testimony did not sensitize jurors to variations in the confession's quality; instead, jurors were not affected by the expert testimony and were unable to spot a bad confession on the basis of inconsistencies.

Book Sensitizing the General Public

Download or read book Sensitizing the General Public written by Victoria Hall and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: False confessions are a leading cause of wrongful convictions in Canada, suggesting a lack of protection against false confessions. Moreover, minimization tactics can increase the chance of false confessions. Current educational efforts (i.e., cautionary instructions and expert testimony) do not sufficiently sensitize jurors to false confessions, increasing the chance that false confessions will result in a wrongful conviction. We hypothesized that experiential processing (via personal learning) would alter perceptions of confessions. In Study 1, participants read vignettes whereby minimization led to a confession, and provided perceptions of the confession. Veracity of the confession was manipulated. Learning that a seemingly appropriate interrogation lead to a false confession altered perceptions of that confession evidence. This change in perception carried over to a second, unrelated case. In Study 2, we replicated these findings using video clips of actual Canadian interrogations, strengthening ecological validity of the study. Implications for jury decision making are discussed.

Book Criminal Interrogation and Confessions

Download or read book Criminal Interrogation and Confessions written by Fred E. Inbau and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2011-09-19 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Criminal Interrogation and Confessions, Fifth Edition presents the Reid Technique of interviewing and interrogation and is the standard used in the field. This updated Fifth Edition presents interviewing and interrogation techniques, based on actual criminal cases, which have been used successfully by thousands of criminal investigators. This practical text is built around simple psychological principles and examines interrogation as a nine-step process that is easily understood by the reader. New and Key Features of the updated Fifth Edition: -The text contains updated photographs throughout to illustrate behavior symptoms; the proper room setting and positioning; as well as the placement of electronic recording equipment. -Every chapter of the text includes updated information. -Chapter 9 (Behavior Symptom Analysis) contains new research that has been conducted on the efficacy of behavior symptom analysis, as well as building for the reader the behavioral model of the truthful individual versus the subject who is withholding or fabricating relevant information. -Chapters 7 through 12 discuss in detail how to build the investigative interview, including the proper use of both investigative and behavior provoking questions, as well as guidelines for evaluating the credibility of allegations, and the proper use of follow-up and bait questions. -Chapter 15 (Distinguishing between True and False Confessions) has been updated to include new cases throughout and contains two new sections; "The Issue of False Confessions in the Courtroom – The Testimony of Expert Witnesses" and “The Issue of False Confessions in the Courtroom – Court Decisions”. -Chapter 17 discusses all of the legal issues related to interrogation and confession law, including Miranda, the meaning of custody, the use of threats and/or promises, the use of deception, and confession voluntariness. The chapter contains update legal references including 2011 court decisions.

Book The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions

Download or read book The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions written by Gisli H. Gudjonsson and published by . This book was released on 2003-01-10 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this sequel to The Psychology of Interrogations, Confessions and Testimony Gisli Gudjonsson focuses specifically on aspects of vulnerability, confabulation and false confessions supported by vivid case illustrations and the latest theories.

Book Comparing Judicial Instructions about Confession Evidence in a Criminal Case

Download or read book Comparing Judicial Instructions about Confession Evidence in a Criminal Case written by Christina M. O'Donnell and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most false confessors will plead, or will be found, guilty at trial in the U.S. DNA exonerations indicate that false confessions are the second leading cause of wrongful conviction. Jurors have an incomplete understanding of the factors that affect confession evidence. This study sought to sensitize mock jurors to factors that can increase or decrease the strength of confession evidence, by way of a novel set of modified ("enhanced") jury instructions. The enhanced instructions combined best-practice standard ("general") criminal case instructions with empirical findings about factors occurring before, during, and after an interrogation that impact confession reliability. Participants (N= 314) read a weak or strong murder trial transcript online, followed by general or enhanced jury instructions. The key evidence in the trial was the defendant's confession, gathered by police using either coercive (weak case) or appropriate (strong case) tactics. The cases differed in 11 key details. For example, in the weak case, police employed coercive tactics, such as lying about the existence of incriminating evidence against the suspect, whereas in the strong case, the police ensured the suspect's sobriety prior to the interview and recorded the interview in its entirety. Altogether, 64% of the general instruction group convicted the defendant in the weak case and 74% in the strong case--a 10% difference that was not statistically significant. In contrast, 60% of the enhanced group convicted the defendant in the weak case and 78% in the strong case--an 18% difference that was significant. The enhanced instruction participants were 1.47 times more likely to render a guilty verdict in the strong case than the weak case compared to the general instruction participants. This is the first study to demonstrate that jury instructions can sensitize jurors to confession evidence, without making them more skeptical about confession evidence in general. However, 30% of participants who considered the confession to be involuntary still convicted the defendant, and the enhanced instructions did not lower convictions for involuntary confessions. Implications are discussed for educating jurors and legal professionals about confession evidence.

Book Effects of a False Confession and Rapport on Alibi Corroboration

Download or read book Effects of a False Confession and Rapport on Alibi Corroboration written by Carisa M. Collins and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, DNA exoneration cases have shed light on the issue of false confessions. Research has demonstrated that a confession is a highly influential piece of evidence and can bias expert and lay witnesses alike, though little research has involved alibi witnesses. Alibi witnesses who share a relationship with an individual are perceived as less credible than strangers, although there has been little empirical research to support the idea that the former are less reliable. The present study aimed to determine the effects of false confession evidence, as well as rapport between a suspect and an alibi witness, on alibi corroboration evidence. Using a mock crime scenario, student and confederate pairs were asked to complete short sets of problem solving questions. The confederate was later accused of stealing money from an adjacent office and provided a true alibi that she was present in the testing room during the time of the theft. Results showed that only 50% of students maintained their initial alibi corroboration when they were informed the confederate had confessed, compared to 91% of students who were informed the confederated denied. In contrast, our manipulation of rapport did not have any effect on alibi corroboration. A confession also decreased participants' confidence in the accuracy of the alibi and increased their belief that the confederate was guilty. These findings demonstrate that a confession can sway alibi witnesses' decisions to maintain corroboration, and that they should not be given specific case details.

Book Social Psychological Process And Effects On The Law

Download or read book Social Psychological Process And Effects On The Law written by Colleen M. Berryessa and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-09-27 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Determining Damages

Download or read book Determining Damages written by Allan E. Raitz and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Examining the Impact of Expert Testimony and Judicial Instructions on Juror Decision Making

Download or read book Examining the Impact of Expert Testimony and Judicial Instructions on Juror Decision Making written by Shirley Joseph and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Faulty eyewitness identification has contributed to the majority of exonerations due to wrongful convictions (Yarmey, 2001). Safeguards such as eyewitness testimony and judicial instructions were designed to aid jurors in evaluating this type of evidence (Cutler, Dexter & Penrod, 1989; Greene, 1988; Wells & Olson, 2003). The aim of the present study was to test whether expert eyewitness testimony and judicial instructions improve juror decision-making. Community members and undergraduate students watched a videotape of a rape trial, which varied in the quality of the eyewitness identification as well as the type of safeguard presented. System variables (feedback, lineup instructions, and lineup procedure) were manipulated where participants heard about either good or poor police practices. Additionally, participants were randomly placed in the expert, Henderson instructions or control conditions. Good police practices increased witness ratings in terms of credibility of the eyewitness, detective and defendant. It also increased the odds for a conviction. Henderson instructions did not influence jurors' verdicts.